1
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Yue Y, Guo X, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Tang Q, Bai R, Yi H, Liu J. Electrochemical Oxidation Enables Radical Dearomative Spiroannulation to 2H-Spiro[benzofuran-3,9'-fluoren]-2-one. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401303. [PMID: 38794842 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Developing pragmatic strategies for accessing functional benzofuran-2-ones from 3-([1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)benzofuran remains an enduring challenge. Herein, we have achieved a highly discriminating electrochemical oxidative dearomative spiroannulation of 3-([1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)benzofuran, culminating in the synthesis of 2H-spiro[benzofuran-3,9'-fluoren]-2-one derivatives. By harnessing the electrophilic intermediates of benzofuryl radical cations supported by DFT calculations, we attain exceptional regioselectivity while eliminating the need for stoichiometric oxidants. Mechanistic investigations reveal a sequence of events involving the benzofuran radical cation, encompassing the capture of H2O, nucleophilic arene attack, and subsequent deprotonation, ultimately yielding the final benzofuran-2-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Jianhang Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Qinghu Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Ruopeng Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jianming Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
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2
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Huang QH, Li SX, Kang JC, Liu RX, Li ZH, Xiong F, Ding TM, Zhang SY. Regioselective Electrooxidative [3+2] Annulation between Indole and Aniline Derivatives to Construct Functionalized Indolo[2,3- b]indoles. Org Lett 2024; 26:5657-5663. [PMID: 38941517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
A protocol for the electrooxidative [3+2] annulation to generate indolo[2,3-b]indoles in an undivided cell is reported. It exhibits good yields with excellent regioselectivities and tolerates various functional groups without external chemical oxidants. Cyclic voltammetry and density functional theory calculations indicate that the [3+2] annulation is initiated by the simultaneous anodic oxidation of indole and aniline derivatives, and the step to determine the rate relies on the combination of radical cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shuai-Xin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Chen Kang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ru-Xin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Hao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tong-Mei Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Inner Mongolia Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Inner Mongolia 010052, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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3
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Zhang BS, Homölle SL, Bauch T, Oliveira JCA, Warratz S, Yuan B, Gou XY, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Skeletal Indole Editing via Nitrogen Atom Insertion by Sustainable Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407384. [PMID: 38959168 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal molecular editing gained considerable recent momentum and emerged as a uniquely powerful tool for late-stage diversifications. Thus far, superstoichiometric amounts of costly hypervalent iodine(III) reagents were largely required for skeletal indole editing. In contrast, we herein show that electricity enables sustainable nitrogen atom insertion reactions to give bio-relevant quinazoline scaffolds without stoichiometric chemical redox-waste product. The transition metal-free electro-editing was enabled by the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and proved robust on scale, while tolerating a variety of valuable functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Sheng Zhang
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simon L Homölle
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tristan Bauch
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Svenja Warratz
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xue-Ya Gou
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Noël F, El Kaïm L, Masson G, Claraz A. Electrocatalytic dehydrogenative and defluorinative coupling between aldehyde-derived N, N-dialkylhydrazones and fluoromalonates: synthesis of 2-pyrazolines. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4269-4273. [PMID: 38742988 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00588k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
An electrocatalytic synthesis of 2-pyrazolines via dehydrogenative and defluorinative cross-coupling reactions between (hetero)arylaldehyde-derived N,N-dialkylhydrazones and fluoromalonates is disclosed. Salient features of this work include (i) readily available starting materials, (ii) practical reaction conditions, and (ii) a formal oxidative (4 + 1)-cycloaddition via triple C-H bond functionalization. Cyclic voltammetry analyses support the electrocatalytic formation of an α-fluoromalonyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Noël
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Laurent El Kaïm
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique (LSO-UMR 76523), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, ENSTA-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Bd des Maréchaux, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS Joint Laboratory, Seqens'Lab, Porcheville, France
| | - Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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5
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Liu S, Liu X, Zhang TS, Bao X, Sheng X, Qi Z, Jiang D. Electro-oxidative intermolecular C SP2-H amination of heteroarenes via proton-coupled electron transfer. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2549-2553. [PMID: 38446035 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00164h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
A new electrochemical proton-coupled electron transfer method for the intermolecular CSP2-H amination of heteroarenes without oxidants, metal catalysts and external electrolytes has been developed. Various new N-containing heteroarenes were prepared in medium to high yields, and the indole-containing product could be converted into practical 2-oxindole by simple basic hydrolysis. Mechanistic investigation indicated that ester sulfonyl-substituted N-radicals could be formed by the combination of 2,6-lutidine and electrochemical oxidation, which is the key to achieve the desired chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, P. R. China.
| | - Tian-Shu Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyu Bao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyu Sheng
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenjie Qi
- Department of Engineering, Jining University, Qufu, Shandong, 273155, P. R. China.
| | - Dongfang Jiang
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, Hunan, 412008, P. R. China.
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6
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Ma T, Wei XP, Wang XC, Qiao XX, Li G, He Y, Zhao XJ. Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of 3 a-Fluorofuro[3,2- b]indolines via Organocatalytic Aza-Friedel-Crafts Reaction/Selective C-F Bond Activation. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38014969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroalkylated compounds are of high interest in drug discovery and have inspired the evolution of diverse C-F bond activation methodologies. However, the selective activation of polyfluorinated compounds remains challenging. Herein, we describe an unprecedented strategy for synthesizing enantioenriched fluorofuro[3,2-b]indolines through the organocatalytic aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction coupled with selective C-F bond activation. These reactions feature excellent enantioselectivities (≤96% ee) and yields (≤96%) as well as good functional group compatibility. Mechanistic investigations by means of 19F nuclear magnetic resonance experiments provided sufficient support for silica gel as the key medium in this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xing-Pin Wei
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xin-Chun Wang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Qiao
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ganpeng Li
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
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7
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Liu M, Ohashi M, Zhou Q, Sanders JN, McCauley EP, Crews P, Houk KN, Tang Y. Enzymatic Benzofuranoindoline Formation in the Biosynthesis of the Strained Bridgehead Bicyclic Dipeptide (+)-Azonazine A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311266. [PMID: 37589717 PMCID: PMC10868402 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We uncovered and reconstituted a concise biosynthetic pathway of the strained dipeptide (+)-azonazine A from marine-derived Aspergillus insulicola. Formation of the hexacyclic benzofuranoindoline ring system from cyclo-(l-Trp-N-methyl-l-Tyr) is catalyzed by a P450 enzyme through an oxidative cyclization. Supplementing the producing strain with various indole-substituted tryptophan derivatives resulted in the generation of a series of azonazine A analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Masao Ohashi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Qingyang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jacob N. Sanders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Erin P. McCauley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University–Dominguez Hills, Carson, California 90747, USA
| | - Phillip Crews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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8
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Lee Y, Nam YS, Kim SY, Ki JE, Lee HG. Mechanistic duality of indolyl 1,3-heteroatom transposition. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7688-7698. [PMID: 37476715 PMCID: PMC10355096 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00716b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel mechanistic duality has been revealed from the indolyl 1,3-heteroatom transposition (IHT) of N-hydroxyindole derivatives. A series of in-depth mechanistic investigations suggests that two separate mechanisms are operating simultaneously. Moreover, the relative contribution of each mechanistic pathway, the energy barrier for each pathway, and the identity of the primary pathway were shown to be the functions of the electronic properties of the substrate system. Based on the mechanistic understanding obtained, a mechanism-driven strategy for the general and efficient introduction of a heteroatom at the 3-position of indole has been developed. The reaction developed exhibits a broad substrate scope to provide the products in various forms of the functionalised indole. Moreover, the method is applicable to the introduction of both oxygen- and nitrogen-based functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Yun Seung Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Ki
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Hong Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
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9
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Arteaga Giraldo JJ, Lindsay AC, Seo RCY, Kilmartin PA, Sperry J. Electrochemical oxidation of 3-substituted indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37366580 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00831b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
2-Oxindoles are an abundant heteroaromatic motif in natural products and pharmaceuticals. An appealing method for accessing 2-oxindoles is by oxidation of the corresponding indole, a transformation currently executed using stoichiometric quantities of unsafe chemical oxidants that can also form unwanted side-products. Herein, we report that 3-substituted indoles undergo a logistically straightforward, electrochemical oxidation to the corresponding 2-oxindole in the presence of potassium bromide (>20 examples), with only traces of the oxidative dimer detected. Cyclic voltammetry and control studies infer that the reaction proceeds by electrochemical generation of elemental bromine (Br2) that upon reaction with indole, followed by hydrolysis, delivers the 2-oxindole. This procedure is an appealing alternative to existing methods used to access 2-oxindoles by oxidation of the parent indole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Arteaga Giraldo
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Ashley C Lindsay
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Rachel Chae-Young Seo
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Paul A Kilmartin
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
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10
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Surgenor RR, Liu X, Keenlyside MJH, Myers W, Smith MD. Enantioselective synthesis of atropisomeric indoles via iron-catalysed oxidative cross-coupling. Nat Chem 2023; 15:357-365. [PMID: 36509852 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heterobiaryl compounds that exhibit axial chirality are of increasing value and interest across several fields, but direct oxidative methods for their enantioselective synthesis remain elusive. Here we disclose that an iron catalyst in the presence of a chiral PyBOX ligand and an oxidant enables direct coupling between naphthols and indoles to yield atropisomeric heterobiaryl compounds with high levels of enantioselectivity. The reaction exhibits remarkable chemoselectivity and exclusively yields cross-coupled products without competing homocoupling. Mechanistic investigations enable us to postulate that an indole radical is generated in the reaction but that this is probably an off-cycle event, and that the reaction proceeds through formation of a chiral Fe-bound naphthoxy radical that is trapped by a nucleophilic indole. We envision that this simple, cheap and sustainable catalytic manifold will facilitate access to a range of heterobiaryl compounds and enable their application across the fields of materials science, medicinal chemistry and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiangqian Liu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - William Myers
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin D Smith
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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11
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Liu X, Yang D, Liu Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Wang P, Cong H, Chen YH, Lu L, Qi X, Yi H, Lei A. Unraveling the Structure and Reactivity Patterns of the Indole Radical Cation in Regioselective Electrochemical Oxidative Annulations. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3175-3186. [PMID: 36705997 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation-induced strategy for inert chemical bond activation through highly active radical cation intermediate has exhibited unique reactivity. Understanding the structure and reactivity patterns of radical cation intermediates is crucial in the mechanistic study and will be beneficial for developing new reactions. In this work, the structure and properties of indole radical cations have been revealed using time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy, in situ electrochemical UV-vis, and in situ electrochemical electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to explain and predict the regioselectivity of several electrochemical oxidative indole annulations. Based on the understanding of the inherent properties of several indole radical cations, two different regioselective annulations of indoles have been successfully developed under electrochemical oxidation conditions. Varieties of furo[2,3-b]indolines and furo[3,2-b]indolines were synthesized in good yields with high regioselectivities. Our mechanistic insights into indole radical cations will promote the further development of oxidation-induced indole functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Dali Yang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yunkun Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yichang Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Shengchun Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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12
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Mo K, Zhou X, Wu J, Zhao Y. Manganese-Mediated Electrochemical Dearomatization of Indoles To Access 2-Azido Spirocyclic Indolines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16106-16110. [PMID: 36382858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and environmentally friendly electrochemical protocol for dearomatization of indoles was developed, delivering a series of azido-containing spirocyclic indolines with good functional group tolerance. This dearomatization process is proposed to result from the oxidation of MnII-N3 species, supported by cyclic voltammetry experiments. Moreover, synthetic transformations can provide an alternative approach to a range of functionalized indolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangdong Mo
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaocong Zhou
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Zhejiang, China
| | - Ju Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, 315211 Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, 315211 Zhejiang, China
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13
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Gall BK, Smith AK, Ferreira EM. Dearomative (3+2) Cycloadditions between Indoles and Vinyldiazo Species Enabled by a Red-Shifted Chromium Photocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212187. [PMID: 36063422 PMCID: PMC9828771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A direct dearomative photocatalyzed (3+2) cycloaddition between indoles and vinyldiazo reagents is described. The transformation is enabled by the development of a novel oxidizing CrIII photocatalyst, its specific reactivity attributed to increased absorptive properties over earlier Cr analogs and greater stability than Ru counterparts. A variety of fused indoline compounds are synthesized using this method, including densely functionalized ring systems that are feasible due to base-free conditions. Experimental insights corroborate a cycloaddition initiated by nucleophilic attack at C3 of the indole radical cation by the vinyldiazo species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley K. Gall
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
| | - Avery K. Smith
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
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14
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Electrochemically time-dependent oxidative coupling/coupling-cyclization reaction between heterocycles: tunable synthesis of polycyclic indole derivatives with fluorescence properties. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Chen Z, Tang W, Yang S, Yang L. Electrochemical synthesis of 3-halogenated spiro [4,5]trienones based on dearomative spirocyclization strategy. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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16
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Panja S, Ahsan S, Pal T, Kolb S, Ali W, Sharma S, Das C, Grover J, Dutta A, Werz DB, Paul A, Maiti D. Non-directed Pd-catalysed electrooxidative olefination of arenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9432-9439. [PMID: 36093017 PMCID: PMC9383708 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03288k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fujiwara-Moritani reaction is a powerful tool for the olefination of arenes by Pd-catalysed C-H activation. However, the need for superstoichiometric amounts of toxic chemical oxidants makes the reaction unattractive from an environmental and atom-economical view. Herein, we report the first non-directed and regioselective olefination of simple arenes via an electrooxidative Fujiwara-Moritani reaction. The versatility of this operator-friendly approach was demonstrated by a broad substrate scope which includes arenes, heteroarenes and a variety of olefins. Electroanalytical studies suggest the involvement of a Pd(ii)/Pd(iv) catalytic cycle via a Pd(iii) intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Panja
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Salman Ahsan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Department of Chemistry Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Tanay Pal
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Simon Kolb
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Wajid Ali
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Sulekha Sharma
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Department of Chemistry Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Chandan Das
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Jagrit Grover
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Arnab Dutta
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Amit Paul
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Department of Chemistry Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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17
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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18
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Sen PP, Prakash R, Roy SR. Electricity Induced Rhodium-Catalyzed Oxidative C-H/N-H Annulation of Alkynes with Arylhydrophthalazinediones. Org Lett 2022; 24:4530-4535. [PMID: 35727892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of stoichiometric oxidant-free regioselective annulation protocol is a challenging aspect in organic synthesis. Herein, we disclose electricity as a greener oxidant for the C-H/N-H annulation to construct cinnolines using rhodium(III) catalyst under mild conditions. A detailed mechanistic investigation revealed the possibility of both Rh(III/I) and Rh(III/IV) catalytic cycles for the formation of annulated product. Exclusive regioselectivity, diverse substrate scope, and commercially available cheap graphite electrodes are key features of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Rashmi Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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19
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Mironova IA, Nenajdenko VG, Postnikov PS, Saito A, Yusubov MS, Yoshimura A. Efficient Catalytic Synthesis of Condensed Isoxazole Derivatives via Intramolecular Oxidative Cycloaddition of Aldoximes. Molecules 2022; 27:3860. [PMID: 35744982 PMCID: PMC9229713 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The intramolecular oxidative cycloaddition reaction of alkyne- or alkene-tethered aldoximes was catalyzed efficiently by hypervalent iodine(III) species to afford the corresponding polycyclic isoxazole derivatives in up to a 94% yield. The structure of the prepared products was confirmed by various methods, including X-ray crystallography. Mechanistic study demonstrated the crucial role of hydroxy(aryl)iodonium tosylate as a precatalyst, which is generated from 2-iodobenzoic acid and m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Mironova
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (I.A.M.); (P.S.P.)
| | | | - Pavel S. Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (I.A.M.); (P.S.P.)
| | - Akio Saito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan;
| | - Mekhman S. Yusubov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (I.A.M.); (P.S.P.)
| | - Akira Yoshimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University, 2-3-1 Kobata, Aomori 030-0943, Japan
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20
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Abstract
Phenols and their derivatives are the elementary building blocks for several classes of complex molecules that play essential roles in biological systems. Nature has devised methods to selectively couple phenolic compounds, and many efforts have been undertaken by chemists to mimic such coupling processes. A range of mechanisms can be involved and with well-studied catalysts, reaction outcomes in phenol-phenol oxidative coupling reactions can be predicted with a good level of fidelity. However, reactions with catalysts that have not been studied or that do not behave similarly to known catalysts can be hard to predict and control. This Perspective provides an overview of catalytic methods for the oxidative coupling of phenols, focusing on the last 10 years, and summarizes current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingze Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Marisa C Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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21
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Lan J, Li S, Lin K, Zhou P, Chen W, Gao L, Zhu T. The eco-friendly electrosynthesis of trifluoromethylated spirocyclic indolines and their anticancer activity. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3475-3479. [PMID: 35388872 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00459c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A method for the electrochemical diastereoselective oxytrifluoromethylation of indoles was developed for the eco-friendly synthesis of CF3-containing spirocyclic indolines. The cascade reaction comprised anodic oxidation to obtain CF3 radicals, the addition of radicals to indoles, and intramolecular spirocyclization. The reaction system without external chemical oxidants could easily be scaled up. Antiproliferation assays of these CF3-substituted spirocyclic indolines exhibited their promising activities and selectivities toward several types of cancer cells, including Huh-7, A549, and cisplatin-resistant cancer cells (A549/DDP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Lan
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Shaoyun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China.
| | - Kejun Lin
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Weili Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China.
| | - Tingshun Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
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22
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Yu X, Meng QY, Daniliuc CG, Studer A. Aroyl Fluorides as Bifunctional Reagents for Dearomatizing Fluoroaroylation of Benzofurans. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7072-7079. [PMID: 35315651 PMCID: PMC9052760 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran scaffold is widely found in natural products and biologically active compounds. Herein, dearomatizing 2,3-fluoroaroylation of benzofurans with aroyl fluorides as bifunctional reagents to access 2,3-difunctionalized dihydrobenzofurans is reported. The reaction that occurs by cooperative NHC/photoredox catalysis provides 3-aroyl-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans with moderate to good yield and high diastereoselectivity. Cascades proceed via radical/radical cross-coupling of a benzofuran radical cation generated in the photoredox catalysis cycle with a neutral ketyl radical formed through the NHC catalysis cycle. The redox-neutral transformation exhibits broad substrate scope and high functional group compatibility. With anhydrides as bifunctional reagents, dearomatizing aroyloxyacylation of benzofurans is achieved and the strategy can also be applied to N-acylated indoles to afford 3-aroyl-2-fluoro-dihydroindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Yu
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Qing-Yuan Meng
- Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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23
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Mo K, Zhou X, Wu J, Zhao Y. Electrochemical Dearomatization of Indoles: Access to Diversified Fluorine-Containing Spirocyclic Indolines. Org Lett 2022; 24:2788-2792. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangdong Mo
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaocong Zhou
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ju Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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24
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Yount J, Piercey DG. Electrochemical Synthesis of High-Nitrogen Materials and Energetic Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8809-8840. [PMID: 35290022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis is a valuable method for the preparation of molecules. It is innately eco-friendly, as potentially hazardous oxidation and reduction agents are replaced with electrochemical potentials. Electrochemistry is commonly applied globally in the synthesis of numerous chemicals, but the energetic materials field lags in this regard. In this review, we endeavor to cover the entire history of synthetic electrochemistry for the preparation of energetic materials and detail the electrochemical transformations of high-nitrogen materials that are relevant for the preparation of new energetic molecules. We hope this review serves as a starting point to inform those involved in synthetic energetic materials chemistry, and those interested in other applications of high-nitrogen molecules, about the environmentally friendly electrochemical methods available for such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yount
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Davin G Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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25
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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26
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Leclair A, Wang Q, Zhu J. Two-Carbon Ring Expansion of Cyclobutanols to Cyclohexenones Enabled by Indole Radical Cation Intermediate: Development and Application to a Total Synthesis of Uleine. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Leclair
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Peng Q, Xu L, Wang W, Zhang L, Tang L, Liu J, Sheng L. Electrochemical synthesis of dipyrazolo/dipyrimidine-fused pyridines via oxidative domino cyclization of C(sp3)–H bonds. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01641e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemically oxidative domino cyclization reaction of methyl azaarenes/ketones with pyrazol-5-amines and 6-amino-pyrimidine-2,4-diones was developed, providing a variety of dipyrazolo[3,4-b:4',3'-e]pyridines and dipyrimidine-fused pyridines with moderate to good yields. The reaction...
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28
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Lu L, Shi R, Lei A. Single-electron transfer oxidation-induced C–H bond functionalization via photo-/electrochemistry. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Bashir MA, Wei J, Wang H, Zhong F, Zhai H. Recent advances in catalytic oxidative reactions of phenols and naphthalenols. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00758d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This critical review aims to provide an overview of oxidative phenol and naphthalenol transformations in nature and synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan Bashir
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jian Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fangrui Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongbin Zhai
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
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30
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Feng P, Peng X, Wen L, Ning Z, Zhang Z, Sun C, Tang Y. Electrochemistry-controlled dearomative 2,3-difunctionalization of indoles to synthesize oxoindoline derivatives. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00670g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A general and practical protocol for electrochemisty-controlled dearomative 2,3-difunctionalization of indoles via electrochemically anode-selective oxidative cross coupling has been demonstrated. The reaction runs under metal, oxidant and catalyst free condition,...
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31
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Wang ZH, Wei L, Jiao KJ, Ma C, Mei TS. Nickel-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling of Indole-3-acetic Acids with Aryl Bromides by Convergent Paired Electrolysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8202-8205. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02641d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, nickel-catalyzed decarboxylative cross-coupling of indole-3-acetic acids with aryl bromides by convergent paired electrolysis was developed in an undivided cell. This protocol features good functional group tolerance, chemical redox agent-...
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32
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Wan H, Li D, Xia H, Yang L, Alhumade H, Yi H, Lei A. Synthesis of 1 H-indazoles by an electrochemical radical C sp2-H/N-H cyclization of arylhydrazones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:665-668. [PMID: 34918720 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04656j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficient and sustainable C-N bond-forming reactions to N-heterocyclic frameworks has been a long-standing interest in organic synthesis. In this work, we develop an electrochemical radical Csp2-H/N-H cyclization of arylhydrazones to 1H-indazoles. The electrochemical anodic oxidation approach was adopted to synthesize a variety of 1H-indazole derivatives in moderate to good yields. HFIP was not only employed as a solvent or the proton donor, but also can promote the formation of N free radicals. This synthetic methodology is operationally simple, and less expensive electrodes would be suitable for this chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wan
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China.
| | - Dongting Li
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China.
| | - Huadan Xia
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China.
| | - Liwen Yang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China.
| | - Hesham Alhumade
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hong Yi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
| | - Aiwen Lei
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China. .,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China. .,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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33
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Shukla G, Saha P, Pali P, Raghuvanshi K, Singh MS. Electrochemical Synthesis of 1,2,3-Thiadiazoles from α-Phenylhydrazones. J Org Chem 2021; 86:18004-18016. [PMID: 34818010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an electrochemical approach for the synthesis of fully substituted 1,2,3-thiadiazoles from α-phenylhydrazones at room temperature, which is very challenging and complementary to the conventional thermal reactions. The key step involves anodic oxidation of phenylhydrazone derivatives at a constant current followed by N,S-heterocyclization. The protocol is remarkable in that it is free of a base and free of an external oxidant and can be converted to a gram scale for postsynthetic drug development with functional thiadiazoles. Most importantly, the electrochemical transformation reflected efficient electro-oxidation with an operationally friendly easy procedure with ample functional molecules. Cyclic voltammograms support the mechanism of this electro-oxidative cyclization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Priya Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Pragya Pali
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Keshav Raghuvanshi
- Chemical Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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34
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35
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Gu X, Zhang Z, Wei W, Liang T. Synthesis of 3-halogenated 2,3'-biindoles by a copper-mediated 2,3-difunctionalization of indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10403-10407. [PMID: 34842891 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02024b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A copper-mediated 2,3-difunctionalization of indoles to afford 3-halogenated 2,3'-biindoles is described herein. The protocol uses readily available feedstocks and a naturally abundant copper catalyst system, which allows the regioselective formation of C-C and C-X (X = Cl & Br) bonds in one single operation. Here the copper metal salt serves not only as a catalyst but also as a reactant to provide the source of halogen. This operationally simple procedure avoids the utilization of environmentally unfriendly reagents and displays good functional group compatibility. Noteworthily, the introduction of halogen into molecules would offer great potential for further chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoting Gu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wanxing Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Taoyuan Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
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36
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Kang JC, Li ZH, Chen C, Dong LK, Zhang SY. Paired Electrolysis Enabled Ni-Catalyzed Unconventional Cascade Reductive Thiolation Using Sulfinates. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15326-15334. [PMID: 34633802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have reported a nickel-catalyzed cascade reductive thiolation of aryl halides with sulfinates driven by paired electrolysis. This protocol uses sulfinates as the sulfur source, and various thioethers could be synthesized under mild conditions. By mechanism exploration, we find that a cascade chemical step is allowed on the electrode interface and could alter the reaction pathway in paired electrolysis, whose findings could help the discovery of novel cascade reactions with unique reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Chen Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education & Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Hao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education & Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education & Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Li-Kun Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education & Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education & Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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37
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Zhang H, He J, Chen Y, Zhuang C, Jiang C, Xiao K, Su Z, Ren X, Wang T. Regio‐ and Stereoselective Cascade of β,γ‐Unsaturated Ketones by Dipeptided Phosphonium Salt Catalysis: Stereospecific Construction of Dihydrofuro‐Fused [2,3‐b] Skeletons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongkui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Jiajia He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Yayun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhuang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 P. R. China
| | - Kai Xiao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Tianli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
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38
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Yue Y, Chao J, Wang Z, Yang Y, Ye Y, Sun C, Guo X, Liu J. Electrooxidative double C-H/C-H coupling of phenols with 3-phenylbenzothiophenes: facile access to benzothiophene derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7156-7160. [PMID: 34378603 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01208h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An efficient electrooxidative double C-H/C-H coupling of phenols with 3-phenylbenzothiophene has been developed under external oxidant- and catalyst-free conditions. This strategy could enable the highly tunable access to benzothiophene derivatives and exhibited broad substrate generality under mild conditions. The reaction is likely to proceed via the cross-coupling of the p-methoxylphenol radical and the 3-phenylbenzothiophene radical cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China.
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39
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Zhang H, He J, Chen Y, Zhuang C, Jiang C, Xiao K, Su Z, Ren X, Wang T. Regio- and Stereoselective Cascade of β,γ-Unsaturated Ketones by Dipeptided Phosphonium Salt Catalysis: Stereospecific Construction of Dihydrofuro-Fused [2,3-b] Skeletons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19860-19870. [PMID: 34213051 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chiral (dihydro)furo-fused heterocycles are significant structural motifs in numerous natural products, functional materials and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, developing efficient methods for preparing compounds with these privileged scaffolds is an important endeavor in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we develop an effective, modular method by a dipeptide-phosphonium salt-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective cascade reaction of readily available linear β,γ-unsaturated ketones with aromatic alkenes, affording a wide variety of structurally fused heterocyclic molecules in high yields with excellent stereoselectivities. Moreover, mechanistic investigations revealed that the bifunctional phosphonium salt controlled the regio- and stereoselectivities of this cascade reaction, particularly proceeding through the initial ketone α-addition followed by O-participated substitution; and the multiple hydrogen-bonding interactions between Brønsted acid moieties of catalyst and nitro group of aromatic alkene were crucial in asymmetric induction. Given the generality, versatility, and high efficiency of this method, we anticipate that it will have broad synthetic utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yayun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.,School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhuang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, P. R. China
| | - Kai Xiao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Tianli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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40
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Sun X, Zhang F, Yan K, Feng W, Sun X, Yang J, Wen J. Electrochemical‐In‐Situ‐Oxidative Sulfonylation of Phenols with Sulfinic Acids as an Access to Sulfonylated Hydroquinones. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Sun
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu Shandong 273165 People's Republic of China
| | - Fanjun Zhang
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu Shandong 273165 People's Republic of China
| | - Kelu Yan
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu Shandong 273165 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Feng
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu Shandong 273165 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu Shandong 273165 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu Shandong 273165 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangwei Wen
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu Shandong 273165 People's Republic of China
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41
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Cembellín S, Batanero B. Organic Electrosynthesis Towards Sustainability: Fundamentals and Greener Methodologies. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2453-2471. [PMID: 33955158 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The adoption of new measures that preserve our environment, on which our survival depends, is a necessity. Electro-organic processes are sustainable per se, by producing the activation of a substrate by electron transfer at normal pressure and room temperature. In the recent years, a highly crescent number of works on organic electrosynthesis are available. Novel strategies at the electrode are being developed enabling the construction of a great variety of complex organic molecules. However, the possibility of being scaled-up is mandatory in terms of sustainability. Thus, some electrochemical methodologies have demonstrated to report the best results in reducing pollution and saving energy. In this personal account, these methods have been compiled, being organized as follows: • Direct discharge electrosynthesis • Paired electrochemical reactions. and • Organic transformations utilizing electrocatalysis (in absence of heavy metals). Selected protocols are herein presented and discussed with representative recent examples. Final perspectives and reflections are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cembellín
- University of Alcala, Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department (Organic area), Campus, km 33,6 A2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Batanero
- University of Alcala, Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department (Organic area), Campus, km 33,6 A2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Química, "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR) University of Alcala
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42
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Weng Y, Chen H, Li N, Yang L, Ackermann L. Electrooxidative Metal‐Free Cyclization of 4‐Arylaminocoumarins with DMF as C1‐Source. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Weng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou People's Republic of China
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universitaet Gottingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Hantao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Nanhui Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Long Yang
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universitaet Gottingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universitaet Gottingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Goettingen Germany
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43
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Tian Z, Gong Q, Huang T, Liu L, Chen T. Practical Electro-Oxidative Sulfonylation of Phenols with Sodium Arenesulfinates Generating Arylsulfonate Esters. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15914-15926. [PMID: 33789426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A practical and sustainable synthesis of arylsulfonate esters has been developed through electro-oxidation. This reaction employed the stable and readily available phenols and sodium arenesulfinates as the starting materials and took place under mild reaction conditions without additional oxidants. A wide range of arylsulfonate esters including those bearing functional groups were produced in good to excellent yields. This reaction could also be conducted at a gram scale without a decrease of reaction efficiency. Those results well demonstrated the potential synthetic value of this reaction in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qihang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Tianzeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Tieqiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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44
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Wei BY, Xie DT, Lai SQ, Jiang Y, Fu H, Wei D, Han B. Electrochemically Tuned Oxidative [4+2] Annulation and Dioxygenation of Olefins with Hydroxamic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3182-3188. [PMID: 33058402 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work represents the first [4+2] annulation of hydroxamic acids with olefins for the synthesis of benzo[c][1,2]oxazines scaffold via anode-selective electrochemical oxidation. This protocol features mild conditions, is oxidant free, shows high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity, broad substrate scope of both alkenes and hydroxamic acids, and is compatible with terpenes, peptides, and steroids. Significantly, the dioxygenation of olefins employing hydroxamic acid is also successfully achieved by switching the anode material under the same reaction conditions. The study not only reveals a new reactivity of hydroxamic acids and its first application in electrosynthesis but also provides a successful example of anode material-tuned product selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Tai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Qiang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Dian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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45
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Tang S, Vincent G. Natural Products Originated from the Oxidative Coupling of Tyrosine and Tryptophan: Biosynthesis and Bioinspired Synthesis. Chemistry 2021; 27:2612-2622. [PMID: 32820845 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative coupling of tyrosine and tryptophan units is a pivotal step in the total synthesis of some peptide-derived marine and terrestrial natural products, such as the diazonamides, azonazine and tryptorubin A. This Minireview details the biosynthesis and bioinspired synthesis of natural products with such structures. A special focus is put on the challenges of the synthesis of these natural products and the innovative solutions adopted by synthetic chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Tang
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
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46
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Deng Y, You S, Ruan M, Wang Y, Chen Z, Yang G, Gao M. Electrochemical Regioselective Phosphorylation of Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles and Related Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Deng
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi You
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyao Ruan
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 People's Republic of China
| | - Zuxing Chen
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 People's Republic of China
| | - Guichun Yang
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Gao
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 People's Republic of China
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47
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Li K, Wang Y, Chen L, Li L, Jia Y. Synthesis of benzofuro[3,2-b]indolines via regioselective electrooxidative coupling of indoles and phenols. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Wei B, Xie D, Lai S, Jiang Y, Fu H, Wei D, Han B. Electrochemically Tuned Oxidative [4+2] Annulation and Dioxygenation of Olefins with Hydroxamic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bang‐Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Dong‐Tai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Sheng‐Qiang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Hong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Dian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
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49
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Cui HL, Liu SW, Xiao X. Synthesis of Tetrahydroindolizino[8,7- b]indole Derivatives in the Presence of Fe(OTf) 3 or CF 3SO 3H through Intramolecular Dearomatization of Indole. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15382-15395. [PMID: 33124816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a convenient synthesis of tetrahydroindolizino[8,7-b]indole derivatives via intramolecular dearomatization of indole. Highly functionalized tetrahydroindolizinoindoles can be prepared in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in good to excellent yields (up to >99% yield) with novel designed pyrrole-tethered indoles. The same products can also be synthesized through a mild Fe(OTf)3-catalyzed process in acceptable to good yields (up to 75% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lei Cui
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Si-Wei Liu
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China.,Tonichem Pharmaceutical Technology Company, Ltd., Huizhou 516008, P. R. China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China.,Tonichem Pharmaceutical Technology Company, Ltd., Huizhou 516008, P. R. China
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50
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Qin J, Luo M, An D, Li J. Electrochemical 1,2‐Diarylation of Alkenes Enabled by Direct Dual C–H Functionalizations of Electron‐Rich Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Hao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Mu‐Jia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - De‐Lie An
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Jin‐Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
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