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Xia H, Jiang T, Qi G, Liu T, Zhang W, Zhang Q. Revisiting Pentazole: An Investigation into the Intriguing Molecule Exhibiting Dual Organic and Inorganic Characteristics. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13166-13170. [PMID: 38973778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Pentazole (cyclo-HN5) is a unique heterocycle categorized as both an organic and inorganic compound. However, attempts to synthesize and characterize cyclo-HN5 have been unsuccessful thus far. In this study, we synthesized a cyclo-HN5 solution and investigated the spectra, structure, aromaticity, acidity, and stability of cyclo-HN5. The lone pair of electrons on the protonated N atom of cyclo-HN5 participates in π-electron delocalization, forming two N═N bonds. Further investigations suggest that cyclo-HN5 exhibits significantly decreased π aromaticity and slightly lower σ aromaticity than cyclo-N5-. Experimental results suggest that pure cyclo-HN5 is unstable at ambient temperatures and pressures, but it can be isolated at high pressures or stabilized in solution by abundant hydrogen bonds. The pKa of cyclo-HN5 was determined as 1.63 (H2O, 25 °C) via potentiometric titration, indicating that cyclo-HN5 is a medium-strong acid. This study reveals the fundamental structure and properties of cyclo-HN5, thereby providing important data for advancing cyclo-HN5 chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Xia
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Tianyu Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Guangyu Qi
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Tianlin Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
- School of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710072, China
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2
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Jiang Z, Fu P, Chen M, Chen C, Chen B, Dai W, Ding K, Lu C. Geometries and stabilities of chromium doped nitrogen clusters: mass spectrometry and density functional theory studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14538-14546. [PMID: 38715520 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01203h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Metal-doped nitrogen clusters serve as effective models for elucidating the geometries and electronic properties of nitrogen-rich compounds at the molecular scale. Herein, we have conducted a systematic study of VIB-group metal chromium (Cr) doped nitrogen clusters through a combination of mass spectrometry techniques and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The laser ablation is employed to generate CrNn+ clusters. The results reveal that CrN8+ cluster exhibits the highest signal intensity in mass spectrometry. The photodissociation experiments with 266 nm photons confirm that the chromium heteroazide clusters are composed of chromium ions and N2 molecules. Further structural searches and electronic structure calculations indicate that the cationic CrN8+ cluster possesses an X shaped geometry with D2 symmetry and exhibits robust stability. Molecular orbital and chemical bonding analyses demonstrate the existence of strong interactions between Cr+ cation and N2 ligands. The present findings enrich the geometries of metal doped nitrogen clusters and provide valuable guidance for the rational design and synthesis of novel transition metal nitrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaifu Jiang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Jingchu University of Technology, Hubei 448000, China
| | - Peixin Fu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Jingchu University of Technology, Hubei 448000, China
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Meicheng Chen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Bole Chen
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Wei Dai
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Jingchu University of Technology, Hubei 448000, China
| | - Kewei Ding
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China.
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3
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Cao Y, Liu Y, Zhang W. Pentazolate Anion: A Rare and Preferred Five-Membered Ligand for Constructing Pentasil-Zeolite Topology Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317355. [PMID: 38165698 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
As the fourth full-nitrogen structure, the pentazolate anion (cyclo-N5 - ) was highly coveted for decades. In 2017, the first air-stable non-metal pentazolate salt, (N5 )6 (H3 O)3 (NH4 )4 Cl, was obtained, representing a milestone in this field. As the latest member of the azole family, cyclo-N5 - is comprised of five nitrogen atoms. Although significant attention has been paid to the potential of cyclo-N5 - as an energetic material, its poor thermostability hinders any practical application. However, the unique ring structure and multiple coordination capability of cyclo-N5 - provide a platform for the fabrication of various structures, among which pentasil-zeolite topologies are the most intriguing. In addition, the introduction of structure-directing auxiliaries enables the self-assembly of diverse topological architectures, potentially imparting cyclo-N5 - with the potential to impact wide-ranging areas of coordination chemistry and topology. In this minireview, different pentasil-zeolite topologies based on metal-pentazolate frameworks are evaluated. To date, three zeolitic and zeolite-like topologies have been reported, namely the melanophlogite (MEP), chibaite (MTN), and unj topologies. The MEP topology consists of two nanocages, Na20 N60 and Na24 N60 , whereas the MTN topology contains Na20 N60 and Na28 N80 nanocages. Furthermore, the unj topology features multiple homochiral channels consisting of two helical chains. Various possible strategies for obtaining additional pentasil-zeolite topologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuteng Cao
- Institute of Chemical Materials (ICM), China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials (ICM), China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials (ICM), China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
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4
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Yao C, Dou KL, Yang Y, Li C, Sun CQ, Sun J, He C, Zhang L, Pang S. Nonbonding Electron Delocalization Stabilizes the Flexible N 8 Molecular Assembly. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1507-1514. [PMID: 38299556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Electron delocalization has an important impact on the physical properties of condensed materials. However, the L-electron delocalization in inorganic, especially nitrogen, compounds needs exploitation to improve the energy efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability of high-energy-density materials (HEDMs). This Letter presents an intriguing N8 molecule, ingeniously utilizing nitrogen's L-electron delocalization. The molecule, exhibiting a unique lollipop-shaped conformation, can fold at various angles with very low energy barriers, self-assembling into environmentally stable, all-nitrogen crystals. These crystals demonstrate unparalleled stability, high energy density, low mechanical sensitivity, and optimal electronic thermal conductivity, outperforming existing HEDMs. The remarkable properties of these designed materials are attributed to two distinct delocalized systems within nitrogen's L-shell: π- and lone pair σ-electrons, which not only stabilize the molecular structure but also facilitate interconnected 3D networks of intermolecular nonbonding interactions. This work might pave the way to the experimental synthesis of environmentally stable all-nitrogen solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advance Materials Technology (EBEAM) of Chongqing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Kai-Le Dou
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yezi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advance Materials Technology (EBEAM) of Chongqing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Chongyang Li
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Chang Q Sun
- Research Institute of Interdisciplinary Science & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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5
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Qu C, Li J, Ding K, Guo S, Jia Y. All-Nitrogen Energetic Material Cubic Gauche Polynitrogen: Plasma Synthesis and Thermal Performance. Molecules 2024; 29:504. [PMID: 38276582 PMCID: PMC10819177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous theoretical calculations have demonstrated that polynitrogen with an extending polymeric network is an ultrahigh-energy all-nitrogen material. Typical samples, such as cubic gauche polynitrogen (cg-N), have been synthesized, but the thermal performance of polynitrogen has not been unambiguously determined. Herein, macroscopic samples of polynitrogen were synthesized utilizing a coated substrate, and their thermal decomposition behavior was investigated. Polynitrogen with carbon nanotubes was produced using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method and characterized using infrared, Raman, X-ray diffraction X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope. The results showed that the structure of the deposited polynitrogen was consistent with that of cg-N and the amount of deposition product obtained with coated substrates increased significantly. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at various heating rates and TG-DSC-FTIR-MS analyses were performed. The thermal decomposition temperature of cg-N was determined to be 429 °C. The apparent activation energy (Ea) of cg-N calculated by the Kissinger and Ozawa equations was 84.7 kJ/mol and 91.9 kJ/mol, respectively, with a pre-exponential constant (lnAk) of 12.8 min-1. In this study, cg-N was demonstrated to be an all-nitrogen material with good thermal stability and application potential to high-energy-density materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Qu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Q.)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Q.)
| | - Kewei Ding
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Q.)
| | - Songsong Guo
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Q.)
| | - Yating Jia
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Q.)
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6
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Li L, Yan Z, Tong W, Hu C, Wang S, Li H, Yang L, Han JM. Construction of High Energy Nanoscale Lead Azide Composite with Improved Flame Sensibility from Intercalated Hydroxide. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:474-484. [PMID: 38100511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
It is of great significance to develop efficient methods for preparing high-content modified nanoscale lead azide (LA) composites used in microinitiating devices. In this work, a structurally controllable salicylate-intercalated lead hydroxide with a nanoscale mesoporous structure is designed. Using it as a precursor, carbon-based lead azide (LA/C) and salicylate-based lead azide (LA/SA) are fabricated by the gas-solid azidation of the framework (GAF) method within 3 h, greatly reducing the preparation time of nano-LA composites. The characterizations of the composites demonstrate that the Pb in the precursors is transformed into nanoscale LA attached to the salicylate radical or its carbonized skeleton. Due to the unique embedded nanostructures and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity of salicylate-derived carbon materials, LA/C exhibits excellent electrostatic safety (E50 = 0.25 J) and flame sensitivity (H50 = 28 cm). The adjustable organic-inorganic ratio of intercalated hydroxides allows the LA content in LA/C to reach as high as 92.5%, enabling 6.50 mg of LA/C to successfully detonate secondary explosive CL-20 in a microinitiating device, demonstrating an amazing detonation ability superior to other reported LA complexes. The research provides a new perspective for the development of nanoscale LA composites with high LA content and appropriate sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Min Han
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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7
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Jin B, Liu Y, Yao Z, Liu S, Wang P. Novel nitrogen-rich lanthanum nitrides induced by the ligand effect under pressure. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:14142-14150. [PMID: 37750206 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01724a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
N-rich La-N compounds have been studied by first-principles calculations in this work. We identified nine unknown polynitrides, which reveals that the miraculous ligand effect of La plays an important role in the electronic properties and hybridization of nitrogen atoms. Unique tri-coordination atoms with alternate sp2 and sp3 hybridizations are formed in the N18 ring of LaN8. The ligand effect of La induces a novel 1-D chain-like N10 cage polymeric structure in LaN10 and stabilizes it under mild pressure (25 GPa). Moreover, the ligand effect of the introduced La atom on the N10 cage has been clarified by the analysis of the structural evolution behavior from I4̄3m-N10 to Imm2-LaN10. In addition, Imm2-LaN10 with excellent energy (4.56 kJ g-1) and explosive performance (Vd = 16.88 km s-1, Vp = 1887.53 kbar) is a good energetic material candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China.
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China.
| | - Zhen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China.
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China.
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China.
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8
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Li X, Long Y, Zhang C, Sun C, Hu B, Qin L, Chen J. Synthesis mechanism of four metallic Cyclo-N5- energetic materials: A theoretical Perspective. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:124305. [PMID: 38127389 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past five years, over 20 types of cyclo-N5- energetic materials (EMs) have been successfully synthesized. Metallic cyclo-N5- EMs exhibit higher density and performance compared to non-metallic cyclo-N5- EMs. However, the mechanisms for such metallic cyclo-N5- EMs remain unexplored. Herein, we performed a thorough quantum chemistry study on the mechanistic pathway for the cyclo-N5- trapped by metal cations in four cyclo-N5- EMs: [Na(H2O) (N5)] · 2H2O, [M(H2O)4(N5)2] · 4H2O (M = Mn, Fe, and Co), by density functional theory methods and transition state theory. During the synthesis process, the cyclo-N5- in the precursor hybrid aromatic compound is susceptible to electrophilic attack by metal cations. This attack disrupts the hydrogen bond interaction surrounding the cyclo-N5-, ultimately leading to the formation of either an ionic bond or a coordination bond between the metal cation and the cyclo-N5-, resulting in an electrophilic substitution reaction. In addition, solvent effects reduce the energy of the ionic bond, thereby promoting the reaction. Our findings will provide valuable insights for future route design and contribute to enhancing the synthesis yield of cyclo-N5- EMs in both theoretical and experimental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Sensors, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Testing Technology, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yao Long
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Chengguo Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Bingcheng Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Sensors, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Testing Technology, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
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9
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Laniel D, Trybel F, Yin Y, Fedotenko T, Khandarkhaeva S, Aslandukov A, Aprilis G, Abrikosov AI, Bin Masood T, Giacobbe C, Bright EL, Glazyrin K, Hanfland M, Wright J, Hotz I, Abrikosov IA, Dubrovinsky L, Dubrovinskaia N. Aromatic hexazine [N 6] 4- anion featured in the complex structure of the high-pressure potassium nitrogen compound K 9N 56. Nat Chem 2023; 15:641-646. [PMID: 36879075 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent high-pressure synthesis of pentazolates and the subsequent stabilization of the aromatic [N5]- anion at atmospheric pressure have had an immense impact on nitrogen chemistry. Other aromatic nitrogen species have also been actively sought, including the hexaazabenzene N6 ring. Although a variety of configurations and geometries have been proposed based on ab initio calculations, one that stands out as a likely candidate is the aromatic hexazine anion [N6]4-. Here we present the synthesis of this species, realized in the high-pressure potassium nitrogen compound K9N56 formed at high pressures (46 and 61 GPa) and high temperature (estimated to be above 2,000 K) by direct reaction between nitrogen and KN3 in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell. The complex structure of K9N56-composed of 520 atoms per unit cell-was solved based on synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction and corroborated by density functional theory calculations. The observed hexazine anion [N6]4- is planar and proposed to be aromatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Laniel
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. .,Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Florian Trybel
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yuqing Yin
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Timofey Fedotenko
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Andrey Aslandukov
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Alexei I Abrikosov
- Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Talha Bin Masood
- Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ingrid Hotz
- Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor A Abrikosov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Natalia Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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10
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Theoretical design of new insensitive high energy metal complexes based on the double fused-ring insensitive ligands strategy. J Mol Model 2023. [PMID: 36864315 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In this work, 24 new nitrogen-rich fused-ring energetic metal complexes were designed based on the double fused-ring insensitive ligands strategy. First, 7-nitro-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-4-amine and 6-amino-3-(4H,8H-bis([1,2,5]oxadiazolo)[3,4-b:3',4'-e]pyrazin-4-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-1,5-dioxide were linked together by coordinating with metals cobalt and copper. Then, three energetic groups (NH2, NO2, and C(NO2)3) were introduced into the system to modify the structure and adjust the performance. Then, their structures and properties were investigated theoretically; the effects of different metals and small energetic groups were studied also. Finally, 9 compounds which have both higher energy and lower sensitivity than the famous high energy compound compound 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine were selected out. In addition, it was found that copper, NO2, and C(NO2)3 could increase the energy while cobalt and NH2 would be helpful for reducing the sensitivity. METHODS Calculations were performed at the TPSS/6-31G(d) level by using the Gaussian 09 software.
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11
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Xie HH, Wang Q, Weng JL, Yan YF, Bian HY, Huang Y, Zheng FK, Qiu RH, Xu JG. Coordination polymerization of nitrogen-rich linkers and dicyanamide anions toward energetic coordination polymers with low sensitivities. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:818-824. [PMID: 36594594 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03180a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of energetic materials (EMs) with high energy and reliable stabilities has attracted much attention in the field of EMs. In this work, we employed a strategy of the coordination polymerization of mild dicyanamide ions (DCA-), two isomeric ligands 1-methyl-5-aminotetrazole (1-MAT) and 2-methyl-5-aminotetrazole (2-MAT) to construct energetic coordination polymers (ECPs). Four new ECPs {[Co(DCA)2(1-MAT)2]·H2O}n1, [Cu(DCA)2(1-MAT)]n2, [Cd(DCA)2(1-MAT)2]n3 and [Cd(DCA)2(2-MAT)2]n4 were successfully synthesized through solvent evaporation routes. Compounds 1 and 4 display 1D chains, while 2 and 3 exhibit 2D-layered structures. Compounds 1-3 with the 1-MAT ligand all exhibit reliable thermal stabilities (> 200 °C). The calculated heats of detonation (ΔHdet) of 1-3 are all higher than 1.4 kJ g-1, which are higher than traditional explosive TNT (1.22 kJ g-1) and the reported ECP AgMtta (HMtta = 5-methyl-1H-tetrazole, ΔHdet = 1.32 kJ g-1). Furthermore, sensitivity testing demonstrates that 1-4 features low mechanical sensitivity to external mechanical action in contrast with the extremely sensitive azide-based ECPs [Cu3(2-MAT)2(N3)6]n. In addition, compound 2 shows hypergolic properties via an 'oxidizer-fuel' drop experiment, demonstrating its application prospects in the field of propellants. This work details an approach of synthesizing multipurpose ECPs with reliable stabilities by introducing mild dicyanamide anions into nitrogen-rich skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hui Xie
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Jiao-Lin Weng
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Yun-Fan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yi Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Fa-Kun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.,Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Ren-Hui Qiu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Jian-Gang Xu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.,Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
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12
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Prediction of novel tetravalent metal pentazolate salts with anharmonic effect. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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13
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Singh J, Chinnam AK, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Energetic Salts of Sensitive N,N'-(3,5-Dinitropyrazine-2,6-diyl)dinitramide Stabilized through Three-Dimensional Intermolecular Interactions. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:16493-16500. [PMID: 36194387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-nitration of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine (ANPZ) leads to a sensitive energetic compound N,N'-(3,5-dinitropyrazine-2,6-diyl)dinitramide. This nitro(nitroamino) compound was stabilized by synthesizing energetic salts, dipotassium (3,5-dinitropyrazine-2,6-diyl)bis(nitroamide) (3) and diammonium (3,5-dinitropyrazine-2,6-diyl)bis(nitroamide) (4). Compounds 3 and 4 are fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 3 exhibits a three-dimensional energetic metal-organic framework (3D EMOF) structure and an outstanding overall performance by combining high experimental density (2.10 g cm-3), good thermal stability (Td(onset) = 220 °C), and good calculated performance of detonation (D = 8300 m s-1, P = 29.9 GPa). Compound 4 has acceptable thermal stability (155 °C), moderate experimental density (1.73 g cm-3), and good calculated performance of detonation (D = 8624 m s-1, P = 30.8 GPa). The sensitivities of compounds 3 and 4 toward impact and friction were determined following standard methods (BAM). The energetic character of compounds 3 and 4 was determined using red-hot needle and heated plate tests. The results highlight a 3D EMOF (3) based on a six-membered heterocycle as a potential energetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Ajay Kumar Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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14
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Yan Z, Yang L, Tong W, Han JM. Facile Synthesis of Energetic Nanoparticles of Copper Azide with High Initiation Ability for Micro-Initiator Applications Using Layered Copper Hydroxide. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9096-9103. [PMID: 35670700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Copper azide (CA) is one of the preferred primary explosives in the micro-initiating device, and it is of conducive significance to develop high-content CA-modified materials. In this work, we reported two types of CA composites with CA nanorods embedded in carbon nanosheets (CA/C) and CA distributed on salicylic acid (CA/SA) using layered copper hydroxide nanosheets intercalated with salicylic acid as the precursor. The detailed characterizations demonstrated that CA/C exhibits eximious electrostatic sensitivity (1.06 mJ) due to the inherent structural characteristics of CA/C such as the limitation of the free movement of CA by the layered structure and preeminent electrical conductivity of carbon nanosheets. Surprisingly, CA/C with nearly 1.0 mg in the miro-initiating device can reliably detonate Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). CA/C exhibits extremely high CA content (93%), excellent ignition ability, and detonation ability, and its performance is superior to pure CA and most CA-modified materials reported previously. CA/SA also has an excellent detonation ability and its electrostatic sensitivity is as low as 0.92 mJ. These findings provide a new perspective for the development of high-performance primary explosives for the micro-initiating device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Wenchao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Min Han
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
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15
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Zhao Z, Liu R, Guo L, Liu S, Sui M, Niu S, Liu B, Wang P, Yao Z, Liu B. High-Pressure Synthesis and Stability Enhancement of Lithium Pentazolate. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9012-9018. [PMID: 35658435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pentazolate anion, cyclo-N5-, has received extensive attention as a new generation of energetic species for explosive or propulsion applications. Binary pentazolate compounds have been obtained under high-pressure conditions and their stability enhancement is crucial for obtaining more competitive high energy density materials (HEDMs). Here, we report the synthesis of a new solid phase of lithium pentazolate (space group P21/c) through the chemical transformation of pure lithium azide under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. Upon decompression, the structural transition from P21/c-LiN5 to P21/m-LiN5 at ∼15.6 GPa was observed for the first time. Cyclo-N5- can be traced down to ∼5.7 GPa at room temperature and recovered to ambient pressure under a low-temperature condition (80 K). Our results reveal the enhancement of pentazolate anion stability with the increasing content of metal cations and demonstrate that low temperature is an effective route for the recovery of the pentazolate anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Linlin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Minghong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shifeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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16
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Stabilization of hexazine rings in potassium polynitride at high pressure. Nat Chem 2022; 14:794-800. [PMID: 35449217 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polynitrogen molecules are attractive for high-energy-density materials due to energy stored in nitrogen-nitrogen bonds; however, it remains challenging to find energy-efficient synthetic routes and stabilization mechanisms for these compounds. Direct synthesis from molecular dinitrogen requires overcoming large activation barriers and the reaction products are prone to inherent inhomogeneity. Here we report the synthesis of planar N62- hexazine dianions, stabilized in K2N6, from potassium azide (KN3) on laser heating in a diamond anvil cell at pressures above 45 GPa. The resulting K2N6, which exhibits a metallic lustre, remains metastable down to 20 GPa. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were used to identify this material, through good agreement with the theoretically predicted structural, vibrational and electronic properties for K2N6. The N62- rings characterized here are likely to be present in other high-energy-density materials stabilized by pressure. Under 30 GPa, an unusual N20.75--containing compound with the formula K3(N2)4 was formed instead.
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17
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Grishakov KS, Degtyarenko NN. Low pressure metastable single-bonded solid nitrogen phases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8351-8360. [PMID: 35332346 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00620k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Within the framework of the density functional theory, the possibility of the formation of single-bonded solid atomic nitrogen phases as a result of adiabatic compression of molecular and cluster nitrogen structures at zero temperature has been studied. It has been demonstrated that nitrogen clusters N8(C2v)-B, which are theoretically predicted as one of the promising candidates for high energy density materials, can transform under compression into a solid atomic phase with crystal lattice symmetry P21. The P21 phase is dynamically stable under decompression to zero pressure. It is shown that the ε-N2 molecular phase transforms under compression into a solid atomic phase with R3̄c symmetry, and retains a vibrationally stable crystal structure when the pressure is reduced to 30 GPa, transforming into a stable cluster form at lower pressures. The atoms in the P21 and R3̄c solid atomic phases are linked by single bonds; therefore, these structures can store a large amount of energy ≈1.4 eV per atom. A detailed comparison of the properties of new P21 and R3̄c solid atomic phases with other nitrogen crystal structures that are dynamically stable at low pressures has been carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin S Grishakov
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Kashirskoe Shosse 31, Moscow 115409, Russia. .,Research Institute for the Development of Scientific and Educational Potential of Youth, 14/55 Aviatorov St., Moscow, 119620, Russia
| | - Nikolay N Degtyarenko
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Kashirskoe Shosse 31, Moscow 115409, Russia.
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18
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Lang Q, Jiang S, Xu Y, Lu M. Theoretical study on N‐oxide pentazolate high‐energy‐density materials: Toward excellent energetic performance and good stability. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Shuaijie Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
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19
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Niu S, Xu D, Li H, Yao Z, Liu S, Zhai C, Hu K, Shi X, Wang P, Liu B. Pressure-stabilized polymerization of nitrogen in manganese nitrides at ambient and high pressures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5738-5747. [PMID: 35191433 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03068j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two stable high-pressure phases (C2/m-MnN4 and P1̄-MnN4) and four metastable phases (P4/mmm-MnN4, P1̄-MnN5, C2/m-MnN6 and P1̄-MnN8) are proposed by using ab initio evolutionary simulations. Besides the reported quasi-diatomic molecule N2, the armchair chain and S-like chain, the N4 ring and N22 ring are firstly reported in the P4/mmm-MnN4 and P1̄-MnN5 phases. A detailed study is performed on the energetic properties, mechanical properties and stability of these polynitrogen structures. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show that P1̄-MnN4 and P1̄-MnN5 can be quenched down to ambient conditions, and large decomposition energy barriers result in the high decomposition temperatures of P1̄-MnN4 (2000 K) and P1̄-MnN5 (3000 K). Interestingly, P4/mmm-MnN4 with the N4 ring exhibits outstanding mechanical properties, including high incompressibility, high hardness, uniform strength in the 2-D direction and excellent ductility. Strong N-N covalent bond and weak Mn-N ionic bond interactions are observed in the predicted Mn-N compounds, and the charge transfer between the Mn and N atoms provides an important contribution to the stabilization of polymeric N-structures. All the proposed structures are metallic phases. Our results provide a deep understanding of the chemistry of transition metal polynitrides under pressure and encourage experimental synthesis of these new manganese polynitrides in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Haiyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Chunguang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Kuo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Xuhan Shi
- Aviation University of Air Force, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Bingbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
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20
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Li X, Long Y, Zhang C, Sun C, Hu B, Lu P, Chen J. Hydrogen Bond and π-π Stacking Interaction: Stabilization Mechanism of Two Metal Cyclo-N 5 --Containing Energetic Materials. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6627-6639. [PMID: 35252658 PMCID: PMC8892846 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, cyclo-N5 - has attracted extensive attention because all-nitrogen high-energy-density materials (HEDMs) have been expected to reach a TNT equivalent of over 3.0. However, for cyclo-N5 --containing HEDMs, the stabilization mechanism has remained enigmatic. In this study, two typical cyclo-N5 --containing metal hydrates, [Na(H2O)(N5)]·2H2O (Na-cyclo-N5 -) and [Mg(H2O)6(N5)2]·4H2O (Mg-cyclo-N5 -), are selected to gain insights into the factors affecting their stability by the first-principles method. Both binding/lattice energy calculations and density of states analysis show that Mg-cyclo-N5 - is more stable than Na-cyclo-N5 -. Hydrogen bonding is the main stabilization mechanism for stabilizing crystals and cyclo-N5 -. Two types of hydrogen bonds, O-H···O and O-H···N, are clarified, which construct a 3D hydrogen bond network in Mg-cyclo-N5 - and an intralayer 2D hydrogen bond network in Na-cyclo-N5 -. Moreover, nonuniform stress causes distortion of cyclo-N5 -. Comparing the two samples, the distortion degree of cyclo-N5 - is higher in Na-cyclo-N5 -, which indicates that cyclo-N5 - decomposition is easier. These findings will enhance the future prospects for the design and synthesis of cyclo-N5 --containing HEDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School
of Science, Beijing University of Posts
and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications,
Ministry of Education, Beijing University
of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- Beijing
Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Yao Long
- Beijing
Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University
of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Chengguo Sun
- School
of Chemical Engineering, University of Science
and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, China
| | - Bingcheng Hu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University
of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Pengfei Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications,
Ministry of Education, Beijing University
of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Beijing
Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
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21
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Li X, Long Y, Zhang C, Sun C, Hu B, Lu P, Chen J. Symmetrical cyclo-N 5- hydrogen bonds: stabilization mechanism of four non-metallic cyclo-pentazolate energetic salts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:3970-3983. [PMID: 35099481 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05340j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pairing different cations (R+) to stabilize cyclo-N5- is the main synthesis path for non-metallic cyclo-pentazolate (cyclo-N5-) salts. As novel energetic materials (EMs), crystalline packing-force of cyclo-N5- salts has been a puzzle, and whether cyclo-N5- is protonated also is a controversial issue. In this paper, four non-metallic cyclo-N5- salts, PHAC, N2H5N5, NH3OHN5, and NH4N5, are quantitatively studied by coupling first-principle method and bond-strength analyzing technology. Different from the traditional CHON-EMs (molecular crystal) and azide-EMs (ionic crystal), the four salts are stabilized by 3D hydrogen bond (HB) networks. One new type of hydrogen bond, protonated HB (p-H, R-H⋯N5-), is discovered to be a key stabilizing factor for cyclo-N5-. Proton competition mechanism between R and cyclo-N5- in p-H HB showed that cyclo-N5- cannot be protonated into HN5. In general, p-H HB can be adopted to estimate the stability of novel non-metallic cyclo-N5- EMs. Such findings have great significance for future design and performance prediction of novel cyclo-N5- EMs in both theoretical and experimental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China. .,Beijing Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China.
| | - Yao Long
- Beijing Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Chengguo Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Bingcheng Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Pengfei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Beijing Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China.
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22
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Yuan Y, Xu Y, Xie Q, Li D, Lin Q, Wang P, Lu M. Pentazolate coordination polymers self-assembled by in situ generated [Pb 4(OH) 4] 4+ cubic cations trapping cyclo-N 5−. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5801-5809. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04392g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of cyclo-N5−-based lead-containing energetic coordination polymers [Pb(OH)]4(N5)4 (1), [Pb3(N5)3(H2O)9(NO3)]4(N5)8(H2O)5 (2), [Pb(OH)]4(N5)3(NO3)(H2O)3 (3), and [Pb(OH)]4(N5)3(ClO4)(H2O) (4) were synthesized by self-assembly and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction,...
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23
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Yan Z, Yang L, Tong W, Han JM. Fabrication of nanoscale core–shell structured lead azide/porous carbon based on a metal–organic framework with high safety performance. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj06060k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-based lead azide with nano-scale lead azide coated with a carbon shell (LA/C) was prepared using a lead-containing MOF material. The prepared LA/C exhibits excellent electrostatic sensitivity (1.84 J), higher LA content (85%), and better ignition ability (22 cm) compared to other reported modified LA materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhan Yan
- Department: State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department: State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Tong
- Department: State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Min Han
- Department: State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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24
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Zhang X, Hou T, Lin Q, Wang P, Li D, Xu Y, Lu M. Fascinating 3D energetic [Ag2(N5)2(EDA)]n: filling the ethylenediamine molecules into [Ag(N5)]n framework. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An interesting 3D energetic motif based on Ag(I) ion, cyclo-pentazolate anion (cyclo-N5-) and ethylenediamine (EDA), namely, [Ag2(N5)2(EDA)]n, was prepared through embedding the ethylenediamine molecules into [Ag(N5)]n structure. The architecture was...
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25
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Williams AS, Nguyen Cong K, Gonzalez JM, Oleynik II. Crystal structure of silver pentazolates AgN 5 and AgN 6. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16364-16370. [PMID: 34734596 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02319e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Silver pentazolate, a high energy density compound containing the cyclo-N5- anion, has recently been synthesized under ambient conditions. However, due to high sensitivity to irradiation, its crystal structure has not been determined. In this work, silver-nitrogen crystalline compounds under ambient conditions and at high pressures, up to 100 GPa, are predicted and characterized by performing first-principles evolutionary crystal structure searching with variable stoichiometry. It is found that newly discovered AgN5 and AgN6 are the only thermodynamically stable silver-nitrogen compounds at pressures between 42 and 80 GPa. In contrast to AgN5, the pentazolate AgN6 compound contains N2 diatomic molecules in addition to cyclo-N5-. These AgN5 and AgN6 crystals are metastable under ambient conditions with positive formation enthalpies of 54.95 kJ mol-1 and 46.24 kJ mol-1, respectively. The underlying cause of the stability of cyclo-N5- silver pentazolates is the enhanced aromaticity enabled by the charge transfer from silver atoms to nitrogen rings. To aid in the experimental identification of these materials, calculated Raman spectra are reported at ambient pressure: the frequencies of N5- vibrational modes of AgN5 are in good agreement with those measured in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Williams
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Kien Nguyen Cong
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Joseph M Gonzalez
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Ivan I Oleynik
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The utility of high energy density materials (HEDMs) comes from their thermodynamic properties which arise from specific structural features that contribute to energy storage. Studies of such structural features seek to increase our understanding of these energy storage mechanisms in order to further enhance their properties. High-nitrogen-containing HEDMs are of particular interest because they are less toxic than traditional HEDMs. Pentazole is the largest of the nitrogen rings which has been synthesized and considered for an HEDM; however, few experimental studies exist due to the difficulty involved in the synthesis, and most previous theoretical studies employed composite methods where lower level geometries were used with higher level methods. Here, the decomposition reaction of pentazole is studied. Geometries, fundamental frequencies, and energies for each of the stationary points of the decomposition pathway are computed using ab initio methods up to CCSDT(Q). Decomposition rates are calculated over a range of temperatures using canonical transition state theory in order to determine the kinetic stability of pentazole. Based on the present results, it would be difficult for pentazole to act as an HEDM, requiring temperatures close to 200 K to achieve a suitable level of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry F Mull
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Gary E Douberly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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27
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Zybin SV, Morozov SI, Prakash P, Zdilla MJ, Goddard WA. Reaction Mechanism and Energetics of Decomposition of Tetrakis(1,3-dimethyltetrazol-5-imidoperchloratomanganese(II)) from Quantum-Mechanics-based Reactive Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16960-16975. [PMID: 34623813 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Energetic materials (EMs) are central to construction, space exploration, and defense, but over the past 100 years, their capabilities have improved only minimally as they approach the CHNO energetic ceiling, the maximum energy density possible for EMs based on molecular carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-oxygen compounds. To breach this ceiling, we experimentally explored redox-frustrated hybrid energetic materials (RFH EMs) in which metal atoms covalently connect a strongly reducing fuel ligand (e.g., tetrazole) to a strong oxidizer (e.g., ClO4). In this Article, we examine the reaction mechanisms involved in the thermal decomposition of an RFH EM, [Mn(Me2TzN)(ClO4]4 (3, Tz = tetrazole). We use quantum-mechanical molecular reaction dynamics simulations to uncover the atomistic reaction mechanisms underlying this decomposition. We discover a novel initiation mechanism involving oxygen atom transfer from perchlorate to manganese, generating energy that promotes the fission of tetrazole into chemically stable species such as diazomethane, diazenes, triazenes, and methyl azides, which further undergo exothermic decomposition to finally form stable N2, H2O, CO, CO2, Mn-based clusters, and additional incompletely combusted products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Zybin
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sergey I Morozov
- Department of Physics of Nanoscale Systems, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospekt, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
| | - Prabhat Prakash
- Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, India.,Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Michael J Zdilla
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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28
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Khakimov DV, Fershtat LL, Pivina TS, Makhova NN. Nitrodiaziridines: Unattainable yet, but Desired Energetic Materials. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3920-3927. [PMID: 33909974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using quantum chemical methods and the original technique based on atom-atom potential methods, the molecular and crystal structure simulation of all possible structural forms of nitrodiaziridines were carried out. The possible pathways of thermal decomposition of nitrodiaziridines were modeled, and the most stable forms were identified. Thermodynamic stability, physicochemical characteristics, and detonation properties were also estimated. The obtained results enable a huge potential of the nitrodiaziridine-based compounds as high-energy materials for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Khakimov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.,Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Keldysh Research Center", Onezhskaya Str., 8, Moscow 125438, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid L Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana S Pivina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Nina N Makhova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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29
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Gettings ML, Davis Finch SE, Sethia A, Byrd EFC, Zeller M, Piercey DG. Heterocyclic Nitrilimines and Their Use in the Synthesis of Complex High-Nitrogen Materials. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7607-7611. [PMID: 33970605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We show the ability of a nitrilimine prepared from 3-amino-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazole to undergo various cyclization and rearrangement reactions, giving a beautiful diversity of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic products. This chemistry includes the first cyclization of a nitrilimine with a diazonium species, giving a tetrazole, a previously unknown transformation, as well as leading to the creation of several new energetic materials with backbones not available by traditional techniques. New materials prepared were characterized both chemically (multinuclear NMR, IR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis) and energetically, with sensitivities and performances reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Gettings
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Life Science, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - Sarah E Davis Finch
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Ashank Sethia
- College of Engineering, Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Edward F C Byrd
- Detonation Sciences & Modeling Branch, CCDC U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Davin G Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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30
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Gao Y, Wang R, Lei J, Zhu Y, Li D, Zhang L, Xie W, Wang Z. Fully Active Nitrogen Energetic Chains Mg
2
(N
5
)
2
N
2
[Mg
2
(N
5
)
2
N
2
]
n
under Ambient Conditions. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Physics and Space Science College China West Normal University Nanchong 637002 China
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Jiehong Lei
- Physics and Space Science College China West Normal University Nanchong 637002 China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Danhui Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation Beijing 100088 China
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics Beijing 100088 China
| | - Weiyu Xie
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
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31
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Sessa F, Olsson M, Söderberg F, Wang F, Rahm M. Experimental Quantum Chemistry: A Hammett-inspired Fingerprinting of Substituent Effects. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:569-576. [PMID: 33502056 PMCID: PMC8049055 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The quantum mechanically calculable Q descriptor is shown to be a potent quantifier of chemical reactivity in complex molecules - it shows a strong correlation to experimentally derived field effects in non-aromatic substrates and Hammett σm and σp parameters. Models for predicting substituent effects from Q are presented and applied, including on the elusive pentazolyl substituent. The presented approach enables fast computational estimation of substituent effects, and, in extension, medium-throughput screening of molecules and compound design. An experimental dataset is suggested as a candidate benchmark for aiding the general development and comparison of electronic structure analyses. It is here used to evaluate the experimental quantum chemistry (EQC) framework for chemical bonding analysis in larger molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sessa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologySE-412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Martina Olsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologySE-412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Fredrik Söderberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologySE-412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Rhode Island140 Flagg RoadKingstonRhode Island02881USA
| | - Martin Rahm
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologySE-412 96GothenburgSweden
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32
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Yao Y, Lin Q, Zhou X, Lu M. Recent research on the synthesis pentazolate anion cyclo-N5−. FIREPHYSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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33
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Lang Q, Sun Q, Xu Y, Wang P, Lin Q, Lu M. From mono-rings to bridged bi-rings to caged bi-rings: a promising design strategy for all-nitrogen high-energy-density materials N10 and N12. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00522g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four designed bicyclic all-nitrogen compounds with excellent energetic performance (D: 9878–12 293 m s−1; Isp: 325–434.60 s) were fully studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing
- China
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34
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Bykov M, Bykova E, Chariton S, Prakapenka VB, Batyrev IG, Mahmood MF, Goncharov AF. Stabilization of pentazolate anions in the high-pressure compounds Na 2N 5 and NaN 5 and in the sodium pentazolate framework NaN 5·N 2. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7229-7237. [PMID: 33913993 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00722j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-rich materials is important for the design of novel high energy density materials due to extremely energetic low-order nitrogen-nitrogen bonds. The balance between the energy output and stability may be achieved if polynitrogen units are stabilized by resonance as in cyclo-N5- pentazolate salts. Here we demonstrate the synthesis of three oxygen-free pentazolate salts Na2N5, NaN5 and NaN5·N2 from sodium azide NaN3 and molecular nitrogen N2 at ∼50 GPa. NaN5·N2 is a metal-pentazolate framework (MPF) obtained via a self-templated synthesis method with nitrogen molecules being incorporated into the nanochannels of the MPF. Such self-assembled MPFs may be common in a variety of ionic pentazolate compounds. The formation of Na2N5 demonstrates that the cyclo-N5 group can accommodate more than one electron and indicates the great accessible compositional diversity of pentazolate salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Bykov
- Department of Mathematics, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA. and The Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Elena Bykova
- The Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Lemont, IL 60437, USA
| | - Vitali B Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Lemont, IL 60437, USA
| | - Iskander G Batyrev
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, RDRL-WML-B, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, USA
| | - Mohammad F Mahmood
- Department of Mathematics, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
| | - Alexander F Goncharov
- The Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
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35
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Larin AA, Bystrov DM, Fershtat LL, Konnov AA, Makhova NN, Monogarov KA, Meerov DB, Melnikov IN, Pivkina AN, Kiselev VG, Muravyev NV. Nitro-, Cyano-, and Methylfuroxans, and Their Bis-Derivatives: From Green Primary to Melt-Cast Explosives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245836. [PMID: 33322001 PMCID: PMC7764251 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we studied in detail the thermochemistry, thermal stability, mechanical sensitivity, and detonation performance for 20 nitro-, cyano-, and methyl derivatives of 1,2,5-oxadiazole-2-oxide (furoxan), along with their bis-derivatives. For all species studied, we also determined the reliable values of the gas-phase formation enthalpies using highly accurate multilevel procedures W2-F12 and/or W1-F12 in conjunction with the atomization energy approach and isodesmic reactions with the domain-based local pair natural orbital (DLPNO) modifications of the coupled-cluster techniques. Apart from this, we proposed reliable benchmark values of the formation enthalpies of furoxan and a number of its (azo)bis-derivatives. Additionally, we reported the previously unknown crystal structure of 3-cyano-4-nitrofuroxan. Among the monocyclic compounds, 3-nitro-4-cyclopropyl and dicyano derivatives of furoxan outperformed trinitrotoluene, a benchmark melt-cast explosive, exhibited decent thermal stability (decomposition temperature >200 °C) and insensitivity to mechanical stimuli while having notable volatility and low melting points. In turn, 4,4′-azobis-dicarbamoyl furoxan is proposed as a substitute of pentaerythritol tetranitrate, a benchmark brisant high explosive. Finally, the application prospects of 3,3′-azobis-dinitro furoxan, one of the most powerful energetic materials synthesized up to date, are limited due to the tremendously high mechanical sensitivity of this compound. Overall, the investigated derivatives of furoxan comprise multipurpose green energetic materials, including primary, secondary, melt-cast, low-sensitive explosives, and an energetic liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Larin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Ave., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.L.); (D.M.B.); (L.L.F.); (A.A.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Dmitry M. Bystrov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Ave., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.L.); (D.M.B.); (L.L.F.); (A.A.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Leonid L. Fershtat
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Ave., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.L.); (D.M.B.); (L.L.F.); (A.A.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Alexey A. Konnov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Ave., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.L.); (D.M.B.); (L.L.F.); (A.A.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Nina N. Makhova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Ave., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.L.); (D.M.B.); (L.L.F.); (A.A.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Konstantin A. Monogarov
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (D.B.M.); (I.N.M.); (A.N.P.); (V.G.K.)
| | - Dmitry B. Meerov
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (D.B.M.); (I.N.M.); (A.N.P.); (V.G.K.)
| | - Igor N. Melnikov
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (D.B.M.); (I.N.M.); (A.N.P.); (V.G.K.)
| | - Alla N. Pivkina
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (D.B.M.); (I.N.M.); (A.N.P.); (V.G.K.)
| | - Vitaly G. Kiselev
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (D.B.M.); (I.N.M.); (A.N.P.); (V.G.K.)
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 3 Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikita V. Muravyev
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (D.B.M.); (I.N.M.); (A.N.P.); (V.G.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-137-8203
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yu
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho 83844–2343 Moscow ID USA
| | - Richard J. Staples
- Department of Chemistry Michigan State University 48824 East Lansing MI USA
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37
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Gorn MV, Gritsan NP, Goldsmith CF, Kiselev VG. Thermal Stability of Bis-Tetrazole and Bis-Triazole Derivatives with Long Catenated Nitrogen Chains: Quantitative Insights from High-Level Quantum Chemical Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7665-7677. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita V. Gorn
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 3 Institutskaya Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nina P. Gritsan
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 3 Institutskaya Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - C. Franklin Goldsmith
- Brown University, School of Engineering, 184 Hope Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Vitaly G. Kiselev
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 3 Institutskaya Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Brown University, School of Engineering, 184 Hope Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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38
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Ding R, Xu J, Tao Y, Sun J, Lei M. Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Stability of CL-20-Based Host-Guest Energetic Materials. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6389-6398. [PMID: 32654485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CL-20-based host-guest complexes are promising energetic materials, which are prepared by embedding small molecules into the crystal lattice cavity of anhydrous CL-20. The structure, interaction, stability, and detonation performance of a series of host-guest complexes were investigated by the combination method of density functional theory and experiment. Both the crystal structure of α-CL-20/H2O and α-CL-20/N2O revealed by powder X-ray diffraction and the thermal stability order of α-CL-20/N2O, α-CL-20/CO2, α-CL-20/H2O, and α-CL-20/H2O2 measured using a differential scanning calorimeter show excellent accordance between experimental results and simulative predication. Thus, the reliability of the calculation method can be judged by the result of this comparison. The stability of different host-guest structures was compared under vacuum, and the influence of intermolecular interactions on the structural stability was discussed. In view of the various factors affecting the performance of high-energy explosives, such as detonation performance, thermal stability, and density, we conclude that α-CL-20/O3 could be regarded as a potential target high-energetic compound. On the basis of the above results, this calculation method can provide a theoretical basis for the preparation of CL-20-based host-guest energetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Ding
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900 P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Jinjiang Xu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900 P. R. China
| | - Yuting Tao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900 P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900 P. R. China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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39
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Banert K, Pester T. Nucleophilic Attack of Azide at Electrophilic Azides: Formation of N 6 Units in Hexazene and Aminopentazole Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12315-12320. [PMID: 32212369 PMCID: PMC7383498 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
With the help of selective 15 N labeling experiments, it has been confirmed that nucleophilic attack of azide at iminium-activated organic azides leads to short-lived hexazene intermediates. Such species do not only tend to a cleavage reaction with formation of N-azido compounds, but also undergo ring closure to generate unprecedented amidino-functionalized pentazoles. Thus, treatment of the parent Vilsmeier reagent with two equivalents of sodium azide creates an aminopentazole derivative as the main product, which is easily characterized by NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Banert
- Chemnitz University of TechnologyOrganic ChemistryStrasse der Nationen 6209111ChemnitzGermany
| | - Tom Pester
- Chemnitz University of TechnologyOrganic ChemistryStrasse der Nationen 6209111ChemnitzGermany
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40
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Yu Q, Yang H, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Cheng G, Shreeve JM. Derivatives of 3,6-Bis(3-aminofurazan-4-ylamino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine: Excellent Energetic Properties with Lower Sensitivities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:31522-31531. [PMID: 32545963 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To find a balance between energy and safety, a series of compounds based on azo-, azoxy-, 1,4,2,5-dioxadiazene-, and 3,6-diamino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-bridged bis(aminofurazan) were designed and synthesized. These compounds were analyzed by nitro group charges (Qnitro) and bond dissociation energy (BDE) calculations, which are related to sensitivity and stability. Based on the calculated results, derivatives of 3,6-bis(3-aminofurazan-4-ylamino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine have the largest values for -Qnitro and BDE of all of the bis(aminofurazan) compounds. This shows that compounds based on 3,6-bis(3-aminofurazan-4-ylamino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine have the lowest sensitivities and best stabilities, which has been substantiated by experiments. Additionally, their explosive properties remain essentially competitive with compounds based on azo-, azoxy-, and 1,4,2,5-dioxadiazene-bridged bis(aminofurazan). Hirshfeld surface calculations were also performed to better understand the relationship between the molecular structure and stability/sensitivity. This work highlights the value of 3,6-diamino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine as a linker to achieve good balance between safety and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Gregory H Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Damon A Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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41
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O'Sullivan OT, Zdilla MJ. Properties and Promise of Catenated Nitrogen Systems As High-Energy-Density Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5682-5744. [PMID: 32543838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The properties of catenated nitrogen molecules, molecules containing internal chains of bonded nitrogen atoms, is of fundamental scientific interest in chemical structure and bonding, as nitrogen is uniquely situated in the periodic table to form kinetically stable compounds often with chemically stable N-N bonds but which are thermodynamically unstable in that the formation of stable multiply bonded N2 is usually thermodynamically preferable. This unique placement in the periodic table makes catenated nitrogen compounds of interest for development of high-energy-density materials, including explosives for defense and construction purposes, as well as propellants for missile propulsion and for space exploration. This review, designed for a chemical audience, describes foundational subjects, methods, and metrics relevant to the energetic materials community and provides an overview of important classes of catenated nitrogen compounds ranging from theoretical investigation of hypothetical molecules to the practical application of real-world energetic materials. The review is intended to provide detailed chemical insight into the synthesis and decomposition of such materials as well as foundational knowledge of energetic science new to most chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen T O'Sullivan
- ASEE Fellow, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division (NSWC IHD), 4005 Indian Head Hwy, Indian Head, Maryland 20640, United States
| | - Michael J Zdilla
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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42
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Liu Z, Li D, Tian F, Duan D, Li H, Cui T. Moderate Pressure Stabilized Pentazolate Cyclo-N5– Anion in Zn(N5)2 Salt. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8002-8012. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fubo Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Defang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People’s Republic of China
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43
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Bykov M, Chariton S, Bykova E, Khandarkhaeva S, Fedotenko T, Ponomareva AV, Tidholm J, Tasnádi F, Abrikosov IA, Sedmak P, Prakapenka V, Hanfland M, Liermann H, Mahmood M, Goncharov AF, Dubrovinskaia N, Dubrovinsky L. High‐Pressure Synthesis of Metal–Inorganic Frameworks Hf
4
N
20
⋅N
2
, WN
8
⋅N
2
, and Os
5
N
28
⋅3 N
2
with Polymeric Nitrogen Linkers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Bykov
- Department of Mathematics Howard University 2400 Sixth Street NW Washington DC 20059 USA
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut University of Bayreuth Universitätstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- The Earth and Planets Laboratory Carnegie Institution for Science 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW Washington DC 20015 USA
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources University of Chicago 9700 South Cass Avenue Lemont IL 60437 USA
| | - Elena Bykova
- The Earth and Planets Laboratory Carnegie Institution for Science 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW Washington DC 20015 USA
| | - Saiana Khandarkhaeva
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut University of Bayreuth Universitätstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Timofey Fedotenko
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions Laboratory of Crystallography University of Bayreuth Universitätstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Alena V. Ponomareva
- Materials Modeling and Development Laboratory National University of Science and Technology “MISIS” 119049 Moscow Russia
| | - Johan Tidholm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linköping University 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Ferenc Tasnádi
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linköping University 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Igor A. Abrikosov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linköping University 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Pavel Sedmak
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility BP 220 38043 Grenoble Cedex France
| | - Vitali Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources University of Chicago 9700 South Cass Avenue Lemont IL 60437 USA
| | - Michael Hanfland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility BP 220 38043 Grenoble Cedex France
| | - Hanns‐Peter Liermann
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Mohammad Mahmood
- Department of Mathematics Howard University 2400 Sixth Street NW Washington DC 20059 USA
| | - Alexander F. Goncharov
- The Earth and Planets Laboratory Carnegie Institution for Science 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW Washington DC 20015 USA
| | - Natalia Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions Laboratory of Crystallography University of Bayreuth Universitätstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linköping University 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut University of Bayreuth Universitätstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
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44
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Bykov M, Chariton S, Bykova E, Khandarkhaeva S, Fedotenko T, Ponomareva AV, Tidholm J, Tasnádi F, Abrikosov IA, Sedmak P, Prakapenka V, Hanfland M, Liermann HP, Mahmood M, Goncharov AF, Dubrovinskaia N, Dubrovinsky L. High-Pressure Synthesis of Metal-Inorganic Frameworks Hf 4 N 20 ⋅N 2 , WN 8 ⋅N 2 , and Os 5 N 28 ⋅3 N 2 with Polymeric Nitrogen Linkers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10321-10326. [PMID: 32212190 PMCID: PMC7317814 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polynitrides are intrinsically thermodynamically unstable at ambient conditions and require peculiar synthetic approaches. Now, a one‐step synthesis of metal–inorganic frameworks Hf4N20⋅N2, WN8⋅N2, and Os5N28⋅3 N2 via direct reactions between elements in a diamond anvil cell at pressures exceeding 100 GPa is reported. The porous frameworks (Hf4N20, WN8, and Os5N28) are built from transition‐metal atoms linked either by polymeric polydiazenediyl (polyacetylene‐like) nitrogen chains or through dinitrogen units. Triply bound dinitrogen molecules occupy channels of these frameworks. Owing to conjugated polydiazenediyl chains, these compounds exhibit metallic properties. The high‐pressure reaction between Hf and N2 also leads to a non‐centrosymmetric polynitride Hf2N11 that features double‐helix catena‐poly[tetraz‐1‐ene‐1,4‐diyl] nitrogen chains [−N−N−N=N−]∞.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Bykov
- Department of Mathematics, Howard University, 2400 Sixth Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.,Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.,The Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20015, USA
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60437, USA
| | - Elena Bykova
- The Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20015, USA
| | - Saiana Khandarkhaeva
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Timofey Fedotenko
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alena V Ponomareva
- Materials Modeling and Development Laboratory, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", 119049, Moscow, Russia
| | - Johan Tidholm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ferenc Tasnádi
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor A Abrikosov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pavel Sedmak
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Vitali Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60437, USA
| | - Michael Hanfland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Hanns-Peter Liermann
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Mahmood
- Department of Mathematics, Howard University, 2400 Sixth Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Alexander F Goncharov
- The Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20015, USA
| | - Natalia Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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45
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46
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Liu S, Zhao L, Yao M, Miao M, Liu B. Novel All-Nitrogen Molecular Crystals of Aromatic N 10. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902320. [PMID: 32440468 PMCID: PMC7237857 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen has unique bonding ability to form single, double, and triple bonds, similar to that of carbon. However, a molecular crystal formed by an aromatic polynitrogen similar to a carbon system has not been found yet. Herein, a new form of stable all-nitrogen molecular crystals consisting of only bispentazole N10 molecules with exceedingly high energy density is predicted. The crystal structures and the conformation of N10 molecules are strongly correlated, both depending on the applied external pressure. These molecular crystals can be recovered upon the release of the pressure. The first-principles molecular dynamics simulations reveal that these all-nitrogen materials decompose at temperatures much higher than room temperature. The decompositions always start from breaking off N2 molecules from the nitrogen ring and can release a large amount of energy. These new polynitrogens are aromatic and are more stable than all the other polynitrogen crystals reported previously, providing a new green strategy to get all-nitrogen, nonpolluting high energy density materials without introducing any metal or other guest stabilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard MaterialsJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
- School of Physics and Engineeringand Henan Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Energy Storage Materials and ApplicationsHenan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyang471003China
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)Chengdu610054P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryCalifornia State University‐NorthridgeNorthridgeCalifornia91330USA
| | - Mingguang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard MaterialsJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Maosheng Miao
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryCalifornia State University‐NorthridgeNorthridgeCalifornia91330USA
- Beijing Computational Science Research CenterBeijing10084China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard MaterialsJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
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47
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Banert K, Pester T. Nucleophiler Angriff von Azid auf elektrophile Azide: Bildung von N
6
‐Einheiten in Hexazen‐ und Aminopentazolderivaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Banert
- Technische Universität Chemnitz Organische Chemie Straße der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz Deutschland
| | - Tom Pester
- Technische Universität Chemnitz Organische Chemie Straße der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz Deutschland
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48
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Shang F, Liu R, Liu J, Zhou P, Zhang C, Yin S, Han K. Unraveling the Mechanism of cyclo-N 5- Production through Selective C-N Bond Cleavage of Arylpentazole with Ferrous Bisglycinate and m-Chloroperbenzonic Acid: A Theoretical Perspective. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1030-1037. [PMID: 31967828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Very recently, the bulk synthesis of cyclo-N5- from arylpentazole through the treatment with m-chloroperbenzonic acid (m-CPBA) and ferrous bisglycinate ([Fe(Gly)2]) (Zhang, C., et al. Science 2017, 355, 374) has greatly promoted the application of pentazolate anion as a novel high-performance energetic material. Yet the mechanism for this reaction is still unexplored. Herein we perform mechanistic studies on the selective C-N bond cleavage in arylpentazole by using density functional theory methods. The direct C-N bond activation by m-CPBA was computed to be kinetically inaccessible. Instead, the oxidation of [Fe(Gly)2] by m-CPBA is much favorable, which leads to the generation of a high-valent iron(IV)-oxo product. The Fe(IV)-oxo intermediate has been examined by UV-vis absorption spectra experiments and further verified by excited-state calculations. It is found that the Fe(IV)-oxo serves as the key intermediate for the C-N bond activation of arylpentazole and the cyclo-N5- generation. Our calculations clarified the key mechanistic details of the cyclo-N5- generation, and the factors that affect the production yield are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjian Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Runze Liu
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science , Shandong University , Qingdao 266235 , P. R. China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , P. R. China
| | - Panwang Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science , Shandong University , Qingdao 266235 , P. R. China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials , China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP) , Mianyang 621900 , P. R. China
| | - Shuhui Yin
- College of Science , Dalian Maritime University , Dalian 116026 , P. R. China
| | - Keli Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , P. R. China
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science , Shandong University , Qingdao 266235 , P. R. China
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49
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Tong W, Bian M, Feng Y, Zhang T, Hu S, Yang L. A highly stable octa-coordinated energetic complex. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The first octa-coordinated energetic material with excellent thermal stability based on transition metal Cd was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Mei Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Yongan Feng
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering
- North University of China
- Taiyuan 030051
- China
| | - Tonglai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Shuangqi Hu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering
- North University of China
- Taiyuan 030051
- China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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50
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Sun Q, Wang P, Lin Q, Lu M. All-nitrogen ion-based compounds as energetic oxidizers: a theoretical study on [N 5+][NO 3−], [N 5+][N(NO 2) 2−], [NO 2+][N 5−] and NO 2–N 3. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01441a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The first four all-nitrogen pieces based energetic oxidizers, [N5+][NO3−], [N5+][N(NO2)2−], [NO2+][N5−] and NO2–N3 (N4O2), were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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