1
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Liu HQ, Wang YL, Li B. Molecular insights into the nanoconfinement effect on the structure and dynamics of ionic liquids in carbon nanotubes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14691-14704. [PMID: 38716569 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00695j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The properties and applications of ionic liquids (ILs) have been widely investigated when they are confined within nanochannels such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The confined ILs exhibit very different properties from their bulk state due to a nanoconfinement effect, which plays an important role in the performances of devices with ILs. In this work, we studied the effect of the charge carried by CNTs on confined ILs inside CNTs using molecular dynamics simulations. In charged CNTs, cations and anions are distributed separately along the radial directions, and the transition of orientations of the cations between parallel and vertical to CNTs occurs by changing the charge state of CNTs. The number of hydrogen bonds (HBs) formed by the confined ILs can be reduced by switching the surface charge of CNTs from positive to negative due to the contact modes between cations and anions as well as the distributions of cations in CNTs. The diffusivities along and vertical to the axial direction of CNTs were found to be non-monotonic owing to the "trade-off" effect from both ion pair interlocking and anchoring ILs on the CNT walls. Additionally, the region-dependent dynamics of ILs were also related to the intermolecular interactions in different regions of CNTs. Furthermore, the vibrational modes of ILs were obviously influenced in highly charged CNTs as determined by calculating the density of vibrational states, which demonstrated the transitions in the structure and interactions. The density distributions changed from single layer to double layers when increasing the pore size of neutral CNTs while the hydrogen bonds exhibited a non-monotonic tendency versus the pore sizes. Our results might help to understand the structure and dynamics of confined ILs as well as aid optimizing the performance of devices with ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Qian Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Yong-Lei Wang
- National Supercomputer Centre (NSC), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
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2
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Seyffertitz M, Stock S, Rauscher MV, Prehal C, Haas S, Porcar L, Paris O. Are SAXS and SANS suitable to extract information on the role of water for electric-double-layer formation at the carbon-aqueous-electrolyte interface? Faraday Discuss 2024; 249:363-380. [PMID: 37795935 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00124e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the applicability of X-ray transmission (XRT), small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) for investigating fundamental processes taking place in the working electrode of an electric double-layer capacitor with 1 M RbBr aqueous electrolyte at different applied potentials. XRT and incoherent neutron scattering are employed to determine global ion- and water-concentration changes and associated charge-balancing mechanisms. We showcase the suitability of SAXS and SANS, respectively, to get complementary information on local ion and solvent rearrangement in nanoconfinement, but also underscore the limitations of simple qualitative models, asking for more quantitative descriptions of water-water and ion-water interactions via detailed atomistic modelling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malina Seyffertitz
- Chair of Physics, Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Franz Josef Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Sebastian Stock
- Chair of Physics, Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Franz Josef Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
- Institut Laue-Langevin ILL, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Max Valentin Rauscher
- Chair of Physics, Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Franz Josef Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Christian Prehal
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sylvio Haas
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut Laue-Langevin ILL, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Oskar Paris
- Chair of Physics, Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Franz Josef Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
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3
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Song Z, Wang Z, Yu R. Strategies for Advanced Supercapacitors Based on 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: From Material Design to Device Setup. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300808. [PMID: 37735990 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the development of new materials and devices has become the main research focus in the field of energy. Supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted significant attention due to their high power density, fast charge/discharge rate, and excellent cycling stability. With a lamellar structure, 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) emerge as electrode materials for SCs. Although many 2D TMDs with excellent energy storage capability have been reported, further optimization of electrode materials and devices is still needed for competitive electrochemical performance. Previous reviews have focused on the performance of 2D TMDs as electrode materials in SCs, especially on their modification. Herein, the effects of element doping, morphology, structure and phase, composite, hybrid configuration, and electrolyte are emphatically discussed on the overall performance of 2D TMDs-based SCs from the perspective of device optimization. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of 2D TMDs-based SCs in the field are highlighted, and personal perspectives on methods and ideas for high-performance energy storage devices are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifan Song
- Department of Energy Storage Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zumin Wang
- Department of Energy Storage Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 North 2nd Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ranbo Yu
- Department of Energy Storage Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
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4
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Shin SJ, Gittins JW, Golomb MJ, Forse AC, Walsh A. Microscopic Origin of Electrochemical Capacitance in Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:14529-14538. [PMID: 37341453 PMCID: PMC10326873 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Electroconductive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors, but the fundamental understanding of the underlying chemical processes is limited. Here, the electrochemical interface of Cu3(HHTP)2 (HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene) with an organic electrolyte is investigated using a multiscale quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics (QM/MM) procedure and experimental electrochemical measurements. Our simulations reproduce the observed capacitance values and reveals the polarization phenomena of the nanoporous framework. We find that excess charges mainly form on the organic ligand, and cation-dominated charging mechanisms give rise to greater capacitance. The spatially confined electric double-layer structure is further manipulated by changing the ligand from HHTP to HITP (HITP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene). This minimal change to the electrode framework not only increases the capacitance but also increases the self-diffusion coefficients of in-pore electrolytes. The performance of MOF-based supercapacitors can be systematically controlled by modifying the ligating group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jae Shin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jamie W. Gittins
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Matthias J. Golomb
- Thomas
Young Centre and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Alexander C. Forse
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Aron Walsh
- Thomas
Young Centre and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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5
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Wang F, Lee J, Chen L, Zhang G, He S, Han J, Ahn J, Cheong JY, Jiang S, Kim ID. Inspired by Wood: Thick Electrodes for Supercapacitors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8866-8898. [PMID: 37126761 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and development of thick electrodes provide an efficient way for the high-energy-density supercapacitor design. Wood is a kind of biomass material with porous hierarchical structure, which has the characteristics of a straight channel, uniform pore structure, good mechanical strength, and easy processing. The wood-inspired low-tortuosity and vertically aligned channel architecture are highly suitable for the construction of thick electrochemical supcapacitor electrodes with high energy densities. This review summarizes the design concepts and processing parameters of thick electrode supercapacitors inspired by natural woods, including wood-based pore structural design regulation, electric double layer capacitances (EDLCs)/pseudocapacitance construction, and electrical conductivity optimization. In addition, the optimization strategies for preparing thick electrodes with wood-like structures (e.g., 3D printing, freeze-drying, and aligned-low tortuosity channels) are also discussed in detail. Further, this review presents current challenges and future trends in the design of thick electrodes for supercapacitors with wood-inspired pore structures. As a guideline, the brilliant blueprint optimization will promote sustainable development of wood-inspired structure design for thick electrodes and broaden the application scopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Lian Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Shuijian He
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jingquan Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jaewan Ahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Cheong
- Bavarian Center for Battery Technology (BayBatt) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Shaohua Jiang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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6
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Dong Z, Wu X, Chen M, Chen H, Huang KJ, Wang L, Xu J. Self-supporting 1T-MoS2@WS2@CC composite materials for potential high-capacity sodium storage system. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 630:426-435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Pattanayak B, Le PA, Panda D, Simanjuntak FM, Wei KH, Winie T, Tseng TY. Ion accumulation-induced capacitance elevation in a microporous graphene-based supercapacitor. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27082-27093. [PMID: 36276039 PMCID: PMC9501667 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04194d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance porous 3D graphene-based supercapacitors are one of the most promising and challenging directions for future energy technologies. Microporous graphene has been synthesized by the pyrolysis method. The fabricated lightweight graphene with a few layers (FLG) has an ultra-high surface area of 2266 m2 g-1 along with various-sized micropores. The defect-induced morphology and pore size distribution of the fabricated graphene are examined, and the results show that the micropores vary from 0.85 to 1.9 nm and the 1.02 nm pores contribute 30% of the total surface area. The electrochemical behaviour of the electrode fabricated using this graphene has been studied with various concentrations of the KOH electrolyte. The highest specific capacitance of the graphene electrode of 540 F g-1 (close to the theoretical value, ∼550 F g-1) can be achieved by using the 1 M KOH electrolyte. This high specific capacitance contribution involves the counter ion adsorption, co-ion desorption, and ion permutation mechanisms. The formation of a Helmholtz layer, as well as the diffusion of the electrolyte ions, confirms this phenomenon. The symmetrical solid-state supercapacitor fabricated with the graphene electrodes and PVA-KOH gel as the electrolyte exhibits excellent energy and power densities of 18 W h kg-1 and 10.2 kW kg-1, respectively. This supercapacitor also shows a superior 100% coulombic efficiency after 6000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Pattanayak
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu City 30010 Taiwan
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu City 30010 Taiwan
| | - Phuoc-Anh Le
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu City 30010 Taiwan
| | - Debashis Panda
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu City 30010 Taiwan
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu City 30010 Taiwan
| | | | - Kung-Hwa Wei
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu City 30010 Taiwan
| | - Tan Winie
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam Malaysia
| | - Tseung-Yuen Tseng
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu City 30010 Taiwan
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8
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Wustoni S, Nikiforidis G, Ohayon D, Inal S, Indartono YS, Suendo V, Yuliarto B. Performance of PEDOTOH/PEO-based Supercapacitors in Agarose Gel Electrolyte. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200427. [PMID: 35735047 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a prime example of conducting polymers materials for supercapacitors electrodes that offer ease of processability and sophisticated chemical stability during operation and storage in aqueous environments. Yet, continuous improvement on its electrochemical capacitance and stability upon long cycles remains a major interest in the field, such as the developing PEDOT-based composites. This work evaluates the electrochemical performances of hydroxymethyl PEDOT (PEDOTOH) coupled with hydrogel additives, namely poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and polyethyleneimine (PEI), fabricated via a single-step electrochemical polymerization method in an aqueous solution. The PEDOTOH/PEO composite exhibits the highest capacitance (195.2 F g-1) compared to pristine PEDOTOH (153.9 F g-1), PEDOTOH/PAA (129.9 F g-1), and PEDOTOH/PEI (142.3 F g-1) at a scan rate of 10 mV s-1. The PEDOTOH/PEO electrodes were then assembled into a symmetrical supercapacitor in an agarose gel. The type of supporting electrolytes and salt concentrations were further examined to identify the optimal agarose-based gel electrolyte. The supercapacitors comprising 2 M agarose-LiClO4 achieved a specific capacitance of 27.6 F g-1 at a current density of 2 A g-1, a capacitance retention of ~94% after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles at 10.6 A g-1, delivering a maximum energy and power densities of 11.2 Wh kg-1 and 3.45 kW kg-1, respectively. The performance of the proposed supercapacitor outperformed several reported PEDOT-based supercapacitors, including PEDOT/carbon fiber, PEDOT/CNT, and PEDOT/graphene composites. This study provides insights into the effect of incorporated hydrogel in the PEDOTOH network and the optimal conditions of agarose-based gel electrolytes for high-performance PEDOT-based supercapacitor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shofarul Wustoni
- Institut Teknologi Bandung, Chemistry, Jalan Ganeca No 10, 40132, Bandung, INDONESIA
| | - Georgios Nikiforidis
- University College London, UCL Institute for Materials Discovery, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, BESE, SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, BESE, SAUDI ARABIA
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9
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Jeanmairet G, Rotenberg B, Salanne M. Microscopic Simulations of Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10860-10898. [PMID: 35389636 PMCID: PMC9227719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are devices allowing the storage or production of electricity. They function through the adsorption of ions from an electrolyte on high-surface-area electrodes and are characterized by short charging/discharging times and long cycle-life compared to batteries. Microscopic simulations are now widely used to characterize the structural, dynamical, and adsorption properties of these devices, complementing electrochemical experiments and in situ spectroscopic analyses. In this review, we discuss the main families of simulation methods that have been developed and their application to the main family of EDLCs, which include nanoporous carbon electrodes. We focus on the adsorption of organic ions for electricity storage applications as well as aqueous systems in the context of blue energy harvesting and desalination. We finally provide perspectives for further improvement of the predictive power of simulations, in particular for future devices with complex electrode compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jeanmairet
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie
des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS
3459, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Benjamin Rotenberg
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie
des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l’Énergie
(RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS
3459, 80039 Amiens, France
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie
des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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10
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Lin Y, Lian C, Berrueta MU, Liu H, van Roij R. Microscopic Model for Cyclic Voltammetry of Porous Electrodes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:206001. [PMID: 35657863 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.206001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a widespread experimental technique for characterizing electrochemical devices such as supercapacitors. Despite its wide use, a quantitative relation between CV and microscopic properties of supercapacitors is still lacking. In this Letter, we use both the microscopic "stack-electrode" model and its equivalent circuit for predicting the cyclic voltammetry of electric double-layer formation in porous electrodes. We find that the dimensionless combination ωτ_{n}, with ω the scan frequency of the time-dependent potential and τ_{n} the relaxation timescale of the stack-electrode model, governs the CV curves and capacitance: the capacitance is scan-rate independent for ωτ_{n}≪1 and scan-rate dependent for ωτ_{n}≫1. With a single fit parameter and all other model parameters dictated by experiments, our model reproduces experimental CV curves over a wide range of ω. Meanwhile, the influence of the pore size distribution on the charging dynamics is investigated to explain the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mikel Unibaso Berrueta
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Honglai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - René van Roij
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
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11
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Hasan MM, Islam T, Shah SS, Awal A, Aziz MA, Ahammad AJS. Recent Advances in Carbon and Metal Based Supramolecular Technology for Supercapacitor Applications. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200041. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahedi Hasan
- Department of Chemistry Jagannath University Dhaka 1100 Bangladesh
- Present Address: Environmental Science & Engineering Program University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas 79968 United States
| | - Tamanna Islam
- Department of Chemistry Jagannath University Dhaka 1100 Bangladesh
- Present Address: Environmental Science & Engineering Program University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas 79968 United States
| | - Syed Shaheen Shah
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage (IRC-HES) King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
- Physics Department King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5047 Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Awal
- Department of Chemistry Jagannath University Dhaka 1100 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdul Aziz
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage (IRC-HES) King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
- K.A.CARE Energy Research & Innovation Center King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
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12
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Aslyamov T, Sinkov K, Akhatov I. Relation between Charging Times and Storage Properties of Nanoporous Supercapacitors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:587. [PMID: 35214915 PMCID: PMC8878782 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An optimal combination of power and energy characteristics is beneficial for the further progress of supercapacitors-based technologies. We develop a nanoscale dynamic electrolyte model, which describes both static capacitance and the time-dependent charging process, including the initial square-root dependency and two subsequent exponential trends. The observed charging time corresponds to one of the relaxation times of the exponential regimes and significantly depends on the pore size. Additionally, we find analytical expressions providing relations of the time scales to the electrode's parameters, applied potential, and the final state of the confined electrolyte. Our numerical results for the charging regimes agree with published computer simulations, and estimations of the charging times coincide with the experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Aslyamov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Konstantin Sinkov
- Schlumberger Moscow Research, Leningradskoe Shosse 16A/3, 125171 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Iskander Akhatov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia;
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13
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Mu H, Huang X, Wang W, Tian X, An Z, Wang G. High-Performance-Integrated Stretchable Supercapacitors Based on a Polyurethane Organo/Hydrogel Electrolyte. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:622-632. [PMID: 34928149 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable supercapacitors (SSCs) are promising energy storage devices for emerging wearable electronics. However, the low-energy density and poor deformation performance are still a challenge. Herein, an amphiphilic polyurethane-based organo/hydrogel electrolyte (APUGE) with a H2O/AN-in-salt (H2O/AN-NaClO4) is prepared for the first time. The as-prepared APUGE shows a wide voltage window (∼2.3 V), good adhesion, and excellent resilience. In addition, the intrinsically stretchable electrodes are prepared by coating the activated carbon slurry onto the PU/carbon black/MWCNT conductive elastic substrate. Based on the strong interface adhesion of the PU matrix, the as-assembled SSC delivers high-energy density (5.65 mW h cm-3 when the power density is 0.0256 W cm-3) and excellent deformation stability with 94.5% capacitance retention after 500 stretching cycles at 100% strain. This fully integrated construction concept is expected to be extended to multisystem stretchable metal ion batteries, stretchable lithium-sulfur batteries, and other stretchable energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchun Mu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xinming Huang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Tian
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhongxun An
- Shanghai Aowei Technology Development Co., Limited, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Gengchao Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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14
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Double-Layer Capacitances Caused by Ion–Solvent Interaction in the Form of Langmuir-Typed Concentration Dependence. ELECTROCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/electrochem2040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations of the double layer capacitances (DLCs) at a platinum electrode with concentrations and kinds of salts in aqueous solutions were examined in the context of facilitating orientation of solvent dipoles. With an increase in ionic concentrations, the DLCs increased by ca. a half and then kept constant at concentrations over 1 mol dm−3. This increase was classically explained in terms of the Gouy–Chapman (GC) equation combined with the Stern model. Unfortunately, measured DLCs were neither satisfied with the Stern model nor the GC theory. Our model suggests that salts destroy hydrogen bonds at the electrode–solution interface to orient water dipoles toward the external electric field. A degree of the orientation depends on the interaction energy between the salt ion and a water dipole. The statistical mechanic calculation allowed us to derive an equation for the DLC as a function of salt concentration and the interaction energy. The equation took the Langmuir-type in the relation with the concentration. The interaction energy was obtained for eight kinds of salts. The energy showed a linear relation with the interaction energy of ion–solvent for viscosity, called the B-coefficient.
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15
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Shen K, Wei Q, Wang X, Ru Q, Hou X, Wang G, Hui KS, Shen J, Hui KN, Chen F. Electrocatalytic desalination with CO 2 reduction and O 2 evolution. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12157-12163. [PMID: 34236376 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02578c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional electrocatalytic desalination is a promising method to increase the production of additional valuable chemicals during the desalination process. In this work, a multifunctional desalination device was demonstrated to effectively desalinate brackish water (15 000 ppm) to 9 ppm while generating formate from captured CO2 at the Bi nanoparticle cathode and releasing oxygen at the Ir/C anode. The salt feed channel is sandwiched between two electrode chambers and separated by ion-exchange membranes. The electrocatalytic process accelerates the transportation of sodium ions and chloride ions in the brine to the cathode and anode chamber, respectively. The fastest salt removal rate to date was obtained, reaching up to 228.41 μg cm-2 min-1 with a removal efficiency of 99.94%. The influences of applied potential and the concentrations of salt feed and electrolyte were investigated in detail. The current research provides a new route towards an electrochemical desalination system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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16
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Ma Y, Heller WT, He L, Shelton WA, Rother G, Bharti B. Characterisation of nano-assemblies inside mesopores using neutron scattering*. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1905190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhen Ma
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - William T. Heller
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Lilin He
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - William A. Shelton
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Gernot Rother
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Bhuvnesh Bharti
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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17
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Ma K, Qin B, Wang X. Understanding the Impedance of CNOs-Graphene hybrid electrode through both experimental and simulated electrochemical impedance spectrum. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Barzegar F, Pavlenko V, Zahid M, Bello A, Xia X, Manyala N, Ozoemena KI, Abbas Q. Tuning the Nanoporous Structure of Carbons Derived from the Composite of Cross-Linked Polymers for Charge Storage Applications. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2021; 4:1763-1773. [PMID: 33644701 PMCID: PMC7903703 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.0c02908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the porosity of carbon-based electrodes is key toward performance improvement of charge storage devices, e.g., supercapacitors, which deliver high power via fast charge/discharge of ions at the electrical double layer (EDL). Here, eco-friendly preparation of carbons with adaptable nanopores from polymers obtained via microwave-assisted cross-linking of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) is reported. The polymeric hydrogels possess porous and foam-like structures, giving excellent control of porosity at the precursor level, which are then subjected to activation at high temperatures of 700-900 °C to prepare carbons with a surface area of 1846 m2 g-1 and uniform distribution of micro-, meso-, and macropores. Then, graphene as an additive to hydrogel precursor improves the surface characteristics and elaborates porous texture, giving composite materials with a surface area of 3107 m2 g-1. These carbons show an interconnected porous structure and bimodal pore size distribution suitable for facile ionic transport. When implemented in symmetric supercapacitor configuration with aqueous 5 mol L-1 NaNO3 electrolyte, a capacitance of 163 F g-1 (per average mass of one electrode) and stable evolution of capacitance, coulombic, and energy efficiency during 10 000 galvanostatic charge/discharge up to 1.6 V at 1.0 A g-1 have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Barzegar
- Electrical,
Electronic and Computer Engineering Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Vladimir Pavlenko
- Al-Farabi
Kazakh National University, 71 al-Farabi Ave., 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdulhakeem Bello
- Department
of Theoretical and Applied Physics, African
University of Science and Technology, Km. 10 Airport Road, Galadimawa, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department
of Physics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Xiaohua Xia
- Electrical,
Electronic and Computer Engineering Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Ncholu Manyala
- Department
of Physics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Kenneth I. Ozoemena
- School of
Chemistry, Molecular Science Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P O Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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19
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Parallel Combination of Inner Capacitance and Ionic Capacitance, Apparently Inconsistent with Stern’s Model. ELECTROCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/electrochem2010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A double layer capacitance (DLC) has mainly been brought about in the Helmholtz layer rather than in the diffuse layer, as was demonstrated with the invariance of DLC to salt concentration, c, less than 0.5 M (M = mol dm−3). The DLC measured here increased with concentrations of KCl and HCl solutions as high as 1 M at a platinum electrode by the ac impedance method. It was represented as a sum of the Helmholtz capacitance and the ionic one which had 0.7 power of the concentrations. The simple addition implies that the Helmholtz contribution and the ionic one should be represented by a parallel combination rather than a series one such as in the Stern model. The disagreement of the experimental values of the DLC with the Gouy–Chapman theory at high concentrations has been conventionally attributed to the effects of packing of ions over their sizes. In this paper, a model of avoiding the packing was introduced, in which ions were distributed in the direction normal to the electrode in the balance of electric motive force and the thermal energy, keeping the uniform distribution on a plane projected to the electrode. The energy balance was taken by using the grand canonical ensemble in statistical mechanics. The ionic contribution had a linear relation with the applied voltage rather than exponential dependence. When a series combination was applied to the Helmholtz capacitance and the ionic one under the condition of difference between the locally anionic DLC and the cationic one, we obtained approximately a parallel combination of the two capacitances because either the anionic or the cationic DLC works predominantly.
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20
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Deng X, Zhang H, Zhang J, Lei D, Peng Y. Synergistic effect of hierarchical nanopores in Co-doped cobalt oxide 3D flowers for electrochemical energy storage. RSC Adv 2020; 10:43825-43833. [PMID: 35519709 PMCID: PMC9058320 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08319d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybridizing hierarchical porous transition oxides composed of nanoscale building blocks is highly desirable for improving the electrochemical performance of energy storage. Herein, we contribute a fabrication of novel hierarchically nanoporous flower-shaped metal/transition oxide (Co/Co3O4-CoO) with controllable three-dimensional structure. The designed Co/Co3O4-CoO 3D flowers (3DFs) are made of petal-shaped nanoporous Co3O4-CoO nanosheets with tunable pore sizes, in which metallic Co nanoparticles tend to attach to the edge of larger ones. The hierarchically nanoporous 3DFs with bimodal pore size distribution and higher fraction of small nanopores exhibit a higher specific capacitance (902.3 F g-1 at current density of 2 A g-1) and better cyclability than the uniformly nanoporous 3DFs with unimodal pore size distribution and larger BET surface area. The enhanced capacitance is mainly derived from the synergistic effect of hierarchical nanopores, in which large nanopores disproportionately facilitate osmotic solution flux and diffusive solute transport, whilst small nanopores supply faster channels for electron transportation and ion diffusion. Our work should provide a strategy to fabricate a smart functional hierarchical nanoporous architecture with 3DF structures for the development of electrochemical energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Electron Microscopy Center of Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education and School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education and School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Dongsheng Lei
- Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education and School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Yong Peng
- Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education and School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
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21
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Persistent and reversible solid iodine electrodeposition in nanoporous carbons. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4838. [PMID: 32973214 PMCID: PMC7519142 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous iodine based electrochemical energy storage is considered a potential candidate to improve sustainability and performance of current battery and supercapacitor technology. It harnesses the redox activity of iodide, iodine, and polyiodide species in the confined geometry of nanoporous carbon electrodes. However, current descriptions of the electrochemical reaction mechanism to interconvert these species are elusive. Here we show that electrochemical oxidation of iodide in nanoporous carbons forms persistent solid iodine deposits. Confinement slows down dissolution into triiodide and pentaiodide, responsible for otherwise significant self-discharge via shuttling. The main tools for these insights are in situ Raman spectroscopy and in situ small and wide-angle X-ray scattering (in situ SAXS/WAXS). In situ Raman confirms the reversible formation of triiodide and pentaiodide. In situ SAXS/WAXS indicates remarkable amounts of solid iodine deposited in the carbon nanopores. Combined with stochastic modeling, in situ SAXS allows quantifying the solid iodine volume fraction and visualizing the iodine structure on 3D lattice models at the sub-nanometer scale. Based on the derived mechanism, we demonstrate strategies for improved iodine pore filling capacity and prevention of self-discharge, applicable to hybrid supercapacitors and batteries. Iodide based energy storage is a potential candidate to improve performance of hybrid supercapacitors and batteries. Here, the authors revisit the previous understanding and show that electrochemical oxidation of iodide results in solid iodine deposits stabilized by the confinement of nanoporous carbons.
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22
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Quadre AB, de Carvalho SJ, Bossa GV. How charge regulation and ion-surface affinity affect the differential capacitance of an electrical double layer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18229-18238. [PMID: 32776041 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02360d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The differential capacitance of an electrical double layer is a topic of great importance to develop more efficient and environment-friendly energy storage devices: electric double layer supercapacitors. In addition to the bare electrostatic interactions, recent experimental and computational studies suggest that electrodes covered by ionizable groups do interact selectively with specific ion types, an effect that can increase the maximal conductivity and voltage of a supercapacitor. Inspired by this, in the present work we investigate how ion-specific non-electrostatic interactions modify the differential capacitance of a flat electrode whose surface is covered by ionizable groups subject to a charge regulation process. The incorporation of hydration interactions by means of ion-specific Yukawa potential into the Poisson-Boltzmann theory allows our model to describe different scenarios of ion-surface affinity and, hence, the selective depletion or accumulation of specific ion types close to a charged surface. We obtained larger capacitance values when considering electrodes that favor the accumulation of cations and the depletion of anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Quadre
- Department of Physics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Sidney J de Carvalho
- Department of Physics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Volpe Bossa
- Department of Physics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil.
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23
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Torkamanzadeh M, Wang L, Zhang Y, Budak Ö, Srimuk P, Presser V. MXene/Activated-Carbon Hybrid Capacitive Deionization for Permselective Ion Removal at Low and High Salinity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:26013-26025. [PMID: 32402190 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional, layered transition metal carbides (MXenes) are an intriguing class of intercalation-type electrodes for electrochemical applications. The ability for preferred counterion uptake qualifies MXenes as an attractive material for electrochemical desalination. Our work explores Ti3C2Tx-MXene paired with activated carbon in such a way that both electrodes operate in an optimized potential range. This is accomplished by electrode mass balancing and control over the cell voltage. Thereby, we enable effective remediation of saline media with low (brackish) and high (seawater-like) ionic strength by using 20 and 600 mM aqueous NaCl solutions. It is shown that MXene/activated-carbon asymmetric cell design capitalizes on the permselective behavior of MXene in sodium removal, which in turn forces carbon to mirror the same behavior in the removal of chloride ions. This has minimized the notorious co-ion desorption of carbon in highly saline media (600 mM NaCl) and boosted the charge efficiency from 4% in a symmetric activated-carbon/activated-carbon cell to 85% in a membrane-less asymmetric MXene/activated-carbon cell. Stable electrochemical performance for up to 100 cycles is demonstrated, yielding average desalination capacities of 8 and 12 mg/g, respectively, for membrane-less MXene/activated-carbon cells in NaCl solutions of 600 mM (seawater-level) and 20 mM (brackish-water-level). In the case of the 20 mM NaCl solutions, surprising charge efficiency values of over 100% have been obtained, which is attributed to the role of MXene interlayer surface charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Torkamanzadeh
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yuan Zhang
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Öznil Budak
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Pattarachai Srimuk
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Presser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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24
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Mo T, Bi S, Zhang Y, Presser V, Wang X, Gogotsi Y, Feng G. Ion Structure Transition Enhances Charging Dynamics in Subnanometer Pores. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2395-2403. [PMID: 31999427 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Using electrodes with subnanometer pores and ionic liquid electrolytes can improve the charge storage capacity at the expense of the charging rate. The fundamental understanding of the charging dynamics of nanoporous electrodes can help to avoid compromising the power density. In this work, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to reveal the charging mechanism of subnanometer pores in ionic liquids. Different from the traditional view that a smaller pore results in slower charging, a non-monotonic relation is found between the charging rate and pore size, in which the charging process is accelerated in some subnanometer pores. Our analysis uncovers that the mechanism of the charging enhancement can be attributed to the transition of in-pore ion structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangming Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074 , China
- Nano Interface Centre for Energy, School of Energy and Power Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Sheng Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074 , China
- Nano Interface Centre for Energy, School of Energy and Power Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , Campus D2 2 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Volker Presser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , Campus D2 2 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Xuehang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Guang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074 , China
- Nano Interface Centre for Energy, School of Energy and Power Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
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25
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Lian C, Janssen M, Liu H, van Roij R. Blessing and Curse: How a Supercapacitor's Large Capacitance Causes its Slow Charging. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:076001. [PMID: 32142339 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.076001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel electrolytes and electrodes for supercapacitors is hindered by a gap of several orders of magnitude between experimentally measured and theoretically predicted charging time scales. Here, we propose an electrode model, containing many parallel stacked electrodes, that explains the slow charging dynamics of supercapacitors. At low applied potentials, the charging behavior of this model is described well by an equivalent circuit model. Conversely, at high potentials, charging dynamics slow down and evolve on two relaxation time scales: a generalized RC time and a diffusion time, which, interestingly, become similar for porous electrodes. The charging behavior of the stack-electrode model presented here helps to understand the charging dynamics of porous electrodes and qualitatively agrees with experimental time scales measured with porous electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lian
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mathijs Janssen
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut für Theoretische Physik IV, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Honglai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - René van Roij
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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26
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Belhboub A, Lahrar EH, Simon P, Merlet C. On the development of an original mesoscopic model to predict the capacitive properties of carbon-carbon supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Koczwara C, Prehal C, Haas S, Boesecke P, Huesing N, Paris O. Towards Real-Time Ion-Specific Structural Sensitivity in Nanoporous Carbon Electrodes Using In Situ Anomalous Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:42214-42220. [PMID: 31633905 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Current in situ techniques to study ion charge storage and electrical double-layer formation in nanoporous electrodes are either chemically sensitive to element-specific concentration changes or structurally sensitive to rearrangements of ions and solvent molecules; but rarely can they cover both. Here we introduce in situ anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS) as a unique method to extract both real-time structural and ion-specific chemical information from one single experiment. Using a 1 M RbBr aqueous electrolyte and a hierarchical micro- and mesoporous carbon electrode, we identify different charging mechanisms for positive and negative applied potentials. We are able not only to track the global concentration change of each ion species individually, but also to observe their individual local rearrangement within the pore space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Koczwara
- Institute of Physics , Montanuniversitaet Leoben , Franz-Josef Straße 18 , 8700 Leoben , Austria
| | - Christian Prehal
- Institute of Physics , Montanuniversitaet Leoben , Franz-Josef Straße 18 , 8700 Leoben , Austria
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Sylvio Haas
- Photon Science , DESY , Notkestraße 85 , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Peter Boesecke
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) , 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, BP 220 , 38043 Grenoble , France
| | - Nicola Huesing
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials , University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer Str. 2a , 5020 Salzburg , Austria
| | - Oskar Paris
- Institute of Physics , Montanuniversitaet Leoben , Franz-Josef Straße 18 , 8700 Leoben , Austria
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28
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Zhan C, Cerón MR, Hawks SA, Otani M, Wood BC, Pham TA, Stadermann M, Campbell PG. Specific ion effects at graphitic interfaces. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4858. [PMID: 31649261 PMCID: PMC6813325 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved understanding of aqueous solutions at graphitic interfaces is critical for energy storage and water desalination. However, many mechanistic details remain unclear, including how interfacial structure and response are dictated by intrinsic properties of solvated ions under applied voltage. In this work, we combine hybrid first-principles/continuum simulations with electrochemical measurements to investigate adsorption of several alkali-metal cations at the interface with graphene and within graphene slit-pores. We confirm that adsorption energy increases with ionic radius, while being highly dependent on the pore size. In addition, in contrast with conventional electrochemical models, we find that interfacial charge transfer contributes non-negligibly to this interaction and can be further enhanced by confinement. We conclude that the measured interfacial capacitance trends result from a complex interplay between voltage, confinement, and specific ion effects-including ion hydration and charge transfer. Understanding aqueous solutions at graphitic interfaces is critical in a wide variety of emerging technologies. Here, the authors unravel specific ion effects at the interface with graphene and within graphene slit-pores by coupling first-principles simulations and electrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Maira R Cerón
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Steven A Hawks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Minoru Otani
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Brandon C Wood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Tuan Anh Pham
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
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Ye J, Wu YC, Xu K, Ni K, Shu N, Taberna PL, Zhu Y, Simon P. Charge Storage Mechanisms of Single-Layer Graphene in Ionic Liquid. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16559-16563. [PMID: 31588740 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based carbon materials are promising candidates for electrical double-layer (EDL) capacitors, and there is considerable interest in understanding the structure and properties of the graphene/electrolyte interface. Here, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) are used to characterize the ion fluxes and adsorption on single-layer graphene in neat ionic liquid (EMI-TFSI) electrolyte. It is found that a positively charged ion-species desorption and ion reorganization dominate the double-layer charging during positive and negative polarizations, respectively, leading to the increase in EDL capacitance with applied potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Ye
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China.,CIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085 , Université Paul Sabatier , 118 route de Narbonne , 31062 Toulouse , France
| | - Yih-Chyng Wu
- CIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085 , Université Paul Sabatier , 118 route de Narbonne , 31062 Toulouse , France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) , CNRS FR3459 , 80039 Amiens , France
| | - Kui Xu
- CIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085 , Université Paul Sabatier , 118 route de Narbonne , 31062 Toulouse , France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) , CNRS FR3459 , 80039 Amiens , France
| | - Kun Ni
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Na Shu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Pierre-Louis Taberna
- CIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085 , Université Paul Sabatier , 118 route de Narbonne , 31062 Toulouse , France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) , CNRS FR3459 , 80039 Amiens , France
| | - Yanwu Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Patrice Simon
- CIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085 , Université Paul Sabatier , 118 route de Narbonne , 31062 Toulouse , France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) , CNRS FR3459 , 80039 Amiens , France
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30
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Inagaki T, Nagaoka M. Electrode polarization effects on interfacial kinetics of ionic liquid at graphite surface: An extended lagrangian-based constant potential molecular dynamics simulation study. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:2131-2145. [PMID: 31155755 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Computational models including electrode polarization can be essential to study electrode/electrolyte interfacial phenomena more realistically. We present here a constant-potential classical molecular dynamics simulation method based on the extended Lagrangian formulation where the fluctuating electrode atomic charges are treated as independent dynamical variables. The method is applied to a graphite/ionic liquid system for the validation and the interfacial kinetics study. While the correct adiabatic dynamics is achieved with a sufficiently small fictitious mass of charge, static properties have been shown to be almost insensitive to the fictitious mass. As for the kinetics study, electrical double layer (EDL) relaxation and ion desorption from the electrode surface are considered. We found that the polarization slows EDL relaxation greatly whereas it has little impact on the ion desorption kinetics. The findings suggest that the polarization is essential to estimate the kinetics in nonequilibrium processes, not in equilibrium. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Inagaki
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masataka Nagaoka
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honmachi, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
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31
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Abbas Q, Gollas B, Presser V. Reduced Faradaic Contributions and Fast Charging of Nanoporous Carbon Electrodes in a Concentrated Sodium Nitrate Aqueous Electrolyte for Supercapacitors. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY (WEINHEIM, GERMANY) 2019. [PMID: 31598464 DOI: 10.1002/ente.201900460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Faradaic processes related to electrochemical water reduction at the nanoporous carbon electrode under negative polarization are reduced when the concentration of aqueous sodium nitrate (NaNO3) is increased or the temperature is decreased. This effect enhances the relative contribution of ion electrosorption to the total charge storage process. Hydrogen chemisorption is reduced in aqueous 8.0 m NaNO3 due to the low degree of hydration of the Na+ cation; consequently, less free water is available for redox contributions, driving the system to exhibit electrical double-layer capacitive characteristics. Hydrogen adsorption/desorption is facilitated in 1.0 m NaNO3 due to the high molar ratio. The excess of water shifts the local pH in carbon nanopores to neutral values, giving rise to a high overpotential for dihydrogen evolution in the latter. The dilution effect on local pH shift in 1.0 m NaNO3 can be reduced by decreasing the temperature. A symmetric activated carbon cell assembled with 8.0 m NaNO3 exhibits a high capacitance and coulombic efficiency, a larger contribution of ion electrosorption to the overall charge storage process, and a stable capacitance performance at 1.6 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qamar Abbas
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry Poznan University of Technology Bedychowo 4 60-965 Poznan Poland
| | - Bernhard Gollas
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Volker Presser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2 2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Saarland University Campus D2 2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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32
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Abbas Q, Gollas B, Presser V. Reduced Faradaic Contributions and Fast Charging of Nanoporous Carbon Electrodes in a Concentrated Sodium Nitrate Aqueous Electrolyte for Supercapacitors. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY (WEINHEIM, GERMANY) 2019; 7:1900430. [PMID: 31598464 PMCID: PMC6774286 DOI: 10.1002/ente.201900430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Faradaic processes related to electrochemical water reduction at the nanoporous carbon electrode under negative polarization are reduced when the concentration of aqueous sodium nitrate (NaNO3) is increased or the temperature is decreased. This effect enhances the relative contribution of ion electrosorption to the total charge storage process. Hydrogen chemisorption is reduced in aqueous 8.0 m NaNO3 due to the low degree of hydration of the Na+ cation; consequently, less free water is available for redox contributions, driving the system to exhibit electrical double-layer capacitive characteristics. Hydrogen adsorption/desorption is facilitated in 1.0 m NaNO3 due to the high molar ratio. The excess of water shifts the local pH in carbon nanopores to neutral values, giving rise to a high overpotential for dihydrogen evolution in the latter. The dilution effect on local pH shift in 1.0 m NaNO3 can be reduced by decreasing the temperature. A symmetric activated carbon cell assembled with 8.0 m NaNO3 exhibits a high capacitance and coulombic efficiency, a larger contribution of ion electrosorption to the overall charge storage process, and a stable capacitance performance at 1.6 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qamar Abbas
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of MaterialsGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical ElectrochemistryPoznan University of TechnologyBedychowo 460-965PoznanPoland
| | - Bernhard Gollas
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of MaterialsGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Volker Presser
- INM – Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsCampus D2 266123SaarbrückenGermany
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSaarland UniversityCampus D2 266123SaarbrückenGermany
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33
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Srimuk P, Husmann S, Presser V. Low voltage operation of a silver/silver chloride battery with high desalination capacity in seawater. RSC Adv 2019; 9:14849-14858. [PMID: 35516351 PMCID: PMC9064245 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02570g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Technologies for the effective and energy efficient removal of salt from saline media for advanced water remediation are in high demand. Capacitive deionization using carbon electrodes is limited to highly diluted salt water. Our work demonstrates the high desalination performance of the silver/silver chloride conversion reaction by a chloride ion rocking-chair desalination mechanism. Silver nanoparticles are used as positive electrodes while their chlorination into AgCl particles produces the negative electrode in such a combination that enables a very low cell voltage of only Δ200 mV. We used a chloride-ion desalination cell with two flow channels separated by a polymeric cation exchange membrane. The optimized electrode paring between Ag and AgCl achieves a low energy consumption of 2.5 kT per ion when performing treatment with highly saline feed (600 mM NaCl). The cell affords a stable desalination capacity of 115 mg g−1 at a charge efficiency of 98%. This performance aligns with a charge capacity of 110 mA h g−1. The silver/silver chloride conversion reaction allows for a high desalination capacity of saline media with high molar strength.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarachai Srimuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials
| | - Samantha Husmann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Volker Presser
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials
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34
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Srimuk P, Lee J, Budak Ö, Choi J, Chen M, Feng G, Prehal C, Presser V. In Situ Tracking of Partial Sodium Desolvation of Materials with Capacitive, Pseudocapacitive, and Battery-like Charge/Discharge Behavior in Aqueous Electrolytes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:13132-13143. [PMID: 30350685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous electrolytes can be used for electrical double-layer capacitors, pseudocapacitors, and intercalation-type batteries. These technologies may employ different electrode materials, most importantly high-surface-area nanoporous carbon, two-dimensional materials, and metal oxides. All of these materials also find more and more applications in electrochemical desalination devices. During the electrochemical operation of such electrode materials, charge storage and ion immobilization are accomplished by non-Faradaic ion electrosorption, Faradaic ion intercalation at specific crystallographic sites, or ion insertion between layers of two-dimensional materials. These processes may or may not be associated with a (partial) loss of the aqueous solvation shell around the ions. Our work showcases the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance as an excellent tool for quantifying the change in effective solvation. We chose sodium as an important cation for energy storage materials (sodium-based aqueous electrolytes) and electrochemical desalination (saline media). Our data show that a major amount of water uptake occurs during ion electrosorption in nanoporous carbon, while battery-like ion insertion between layers of titanium disulfide is associated with an 80% loss of the initially present solvation molecules. Sodiation of MXene is accomplished by a loss of 90% of the number of solvent molecules, but nanoconfined water in-between the MXene layers may compensate for this large degree of desolvation. In the case of sodium manganese oxide, we were able to demonstrate the full loss of the solvation shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarachai Srimuk
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Juhan Lee
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Öznil Budak
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Jaehoon Choi
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering , Korea University of Technology and Education , 1600 Chungjeol-or , Cheonan 31253 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Christian Prehal
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Volker Presser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
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