1
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Gutierrez-Morton E, Haluska C, Collins L, Rizkallah R, Tomko RJ, Wang Y. The polySUMOylation axis promotes nucleolar release of Tof2 for mitotic exit. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114492. [PMID: 39002125 PMCID: PMC11298248 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In budding yeast, the nucleolus serves as the site to sequester Cdc14, a phosphatase essential for mitotic exit. Nucleolar proteins Tof2, Net1, and Fob1 are required for this sequestration. Although it is known that these nucleolar proteins are SUMOylated, how SUMOylation regulates their activity remains unknown. Here, we show that Tof2 exhibits cell-cycle-regulated nucleolar delocalization and turnover. Depletion of the nuclear small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) protease Ulp2 not only causes Tof2 polySUMOylation, nucleolar delocalization, and degradation but also leads to Cdc14 nucleolar release and activation. This outcome depends on polySUMOylation and the activity of downstream enzymes, including SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase and Cdc48/p97 segregase. We further developed a system to tether SUMO machinery to Tof2 and generated a SUMO-deficient tof2 mutant, and the results indicate that Tof2 polySUMOylation is necessary and sufficient for its nucleolar delocalization and degradation. Together, our work reveals a polySUMO-dependent mechanism that delocalizes Tof2 from the nucleolus to facilitate mitotic exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gutierrez-Morton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Cory Haluska
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Liam Collins
- College of Arts and Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Raed Rizkallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Robert J Tomko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Yanchang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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2
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Park JM, Choi S, Choi DK, Lee HS, Cho DH, Choi J, Ryu HY. Yeast Small Ubiquitin-Like Modifier (SUMO) Protease Ulp2 is Involved in RNA Splicing. Dev Reprod 2024; 28:47-54. [PMID: 39055101 PMCID: PMC11268891 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2024.28.2.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, RNA splicing, an essential biological process, is crucial for precise gene expression. Inaccurate RNA splicing can cause aberrant mRNA production, disrupting protein synthesis. To regulate splicing efficiency, some splicing factors are reported to undergo Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO)ylation. Our data indicate that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the SUMO protease, Ulp2, is involved in splicing. In the ulp2Δ mutant, some ribosomal protein (RP) transcripts exhibited a significant increase in the levels of intron-containing pre-mRNA because of improper splicing. Moreover, we confirmed Ulp2 protein binding to the intronic regions of RP genes. These findings highlight a critical Ulp2 role in RP transcript splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Min Park
- KNU G-LAMP Project Group, KNU Institute
of Basic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative
BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National
University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Seungji Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea
University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Choi
- KNU G-LAMP Project Group, KNU Institute
of Basic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative
BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National
University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- KNU G-LAMP Project Group, KNU Institute
of Basic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative
BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National
University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyung Cho
- KNU G-LAMP Project Group, KNU Institute
of Basic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative
BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National
University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jungmin Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea
University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Hong-Yeoul Ryu
- KNU G-LAMP Project Group, KNU Institute
of Basic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative
BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National
University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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3
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Yang Y, Li Y, Sears RC, Sun XX, Dai MS. SUMOylation regulation of ribosome biogenesis: Emerging roles for USP36. FRONTIERS IN RNA RESEARCH 2024; 2:1389104. [PMID: 38764604 PMCID: PMC11101209 DOI: 10.3389/frnar.2024.1389104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is essential for cell growth, proliferation, and animal development. Its deregulation leads to various human disorders such as ribosomopathies and cancer. Thus, tight regulation of ribosome biogenesis is crucial for normal cell homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that posttranslational modifications such as ubiquitination and SUMOylation play a crucial role in regulating ribosome biogenesis. Our recent studies reveal that USP36, a nucleolar deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), acts also as a SUMO ligase to regulate nucleolar protein group SUMOylation, thereby being essential for ribosome biogenesis. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the SUMOylation regulation of ribosome biogenesis and discuss the role of USP36 in nucleolar SUMOylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhan Yang
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Rosalie C. Sears
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Xiao-Xin Sun
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mu-Shui Dai
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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4
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Ryu HY, Jeong DW, Kim SY, Jeoung SW, Zhao D, Knight J, Lam T, Jin JH, Lee HS, Hochstrasser M. Auto-sumoylation of the Ubc9 E2 SUMO-conjugating Enzyme Extends Cellular Lifespan. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4016606. [PMID: 38562857 PMCID: PMC10984013 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4016606/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) provides anti-aging benefits through diverse processes, such as reduced metabolism and growth and increased mitochondrial activity. Although controversy still exists regarding CR-mediated lifespan effects, many researchers are seeking interventions that mimic the effects of CR. Yeast has proven to be a useful model system for aging studies, including CR effects. We report here that yeast adapted through in vitro evolution to the severe cellular stress caused by loss of the Ulp2 SUMO-specific protease exhibit both enhanced growth rates and replicative lifespan, and they have altered gene expression profiles similar to those observed in CR. Notably, in certain evolved ulp2Δ lines, a dramatic increase in the auto-sumoylation of Ubc9 E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme results in altered regulation of multiple targets involved in energy metabolism and translation at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. This increase is essential for the survival of aged cells and CR-mediated lifespan extension. Thus, we suggest that high Ubc9 auto-sumoylation exerts potent anti-aging effects by promoting efficient energy metabolism-driven improvements in cell replication abilities. This potential could be therapeutically explored for the development of novel CR-mimetic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - TuKiet Lam
- Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, Yale School of Medicine
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5
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Ma G, Zhao X, Shentu X, Zhang L. Point mutations of homologs as an adaptive solution to the gene loss. J Genet Genomics 2023:S1673-8527(23)00051-6. [PMID: 36870416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene loss is common and influences genome evolution trajectories. Multiple adaptive strategies to compensate for gene loss have been observed, including copy number gain of paralogous genes and mutations in genes of the same pathway. By using the Ubl-specific protease 2 (ULP2) eviction model, we identify compensatory mutations in the homologous gene ULP1 by laboratory evolution and find that these mutations are capable of rescuing defects caused by the loss of ULP2. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis of genomes of yeast gene knockout library and natural yeast isolate datasets suggests that point mutations of a homologous gene might be an additional mechanism to compensate gene loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Ma
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xinyi Shentu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Liye Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Chou KY, Lee JY, Kim KB, Kim E, Lee HS, Ryu HY. Histone modification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A review of the current status. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1843-1850. [PMID: 36915383 PMCID: PMC10006725 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a well-characterized and popular model system for investigating histone modifications and the inheritance of chromatin states. The data obtained from this model organism have provided essential and critical information for understanding the complexity of epigenetic interactions and regulation in eukaryotes. Recent advances in biotechnology have facilitated the detection and quantitation of protein post-translational modification (PTM), including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, and acylation, and led to the identification of several novel modification sites in histones. Determining the cellular function of these new histone markers is essential for understanding epigenetic mechanisms and their impact on various biological processes. In this review, we describe recent advances and current views on histone modifications and their effects on chromatin dynamics in S. cerevisiae.
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Key Words
- AdoMet, S-adenosylmethionine
- CAF-1, chromatin assembly factor-1
- CTD, C-terminal domain
- DSB, double-strand break
- E Glu, glutamic acid
- HAT, histone acetyltransferase
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- Histone acetylation
- Histone acylation
- Histone methylation
- Histone phosphorylation
- Histone sumoylation
- Histone ubiquitylation
- JMJC, Jumonji C
- K Lys, lysine
- PTM, post-translational modification
- R Arg, arginine
- S, serine
- SAGA, Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase
- STUbL, SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase
- SUMO, small ubiquitin-like modifier
- T, threonine
- Y, tyrosine
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon Young Chou
- School of Life Sciences, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Yeong Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Beom Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjeong Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Yeoul Ryu
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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7
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Rizzo M, Soisangwan N, Vega-Estevez S, Price RJ, Uyl C, Iracane E, Shaw M, Soetaert J, Selmecki A, Buscaino A. Stress combined with loss of the Candida albicans SUMO protease Ulp2 triggers selection of aneuploidy via a two-step process. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010576. [PMID: 36574460 PMCID: PMC9829183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A delicate balance between genome stability and instability ensures genome integrity while generating genetic diversity, a critical step for evolution. Indeed, while excessive genome instability is harmful, moderated genome instability can drive adaptation to novel environments by maximising genetic variation. Candida albicans, a human fungal pathogen that colonises different parts of the human body, adapts rapidly and frequently to different hostile host microenvironments. In this organism, the ability to generate large-scale genomic variation is a key adaptative mechanism triggering dangerous infections even in the presence of antifungal drugs. Understanding how fitter novel karyotypes are selected is key to determining how C. albicans and other microbial pathogens establish infections. Here, we identified the SUMO protease Ulp2 as a regulator of C. albicans genome integrity through genetic screening. Deletion of ULP2 leads to increased genome instability, enhanced genome variation and reduced fitness in the absence of additional stress. The combined stress caused by the lack of ULP2 and antifungal drug treatment leads to the selection of adaptive segmental aneuploidies that partially rescue the fitness defects of ulp2Δ/Δ cells. Short and long-read genomic sequencing demonstrates that these novel genotypes are selected via a two-step process leading to the formation of novel chromosomal fragments with breakpoints at microhomology regions and DNA repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Rizzo
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Kent Fungal Group, Canterbury Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Natthapon Soisangwan
- University of Minnesota, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Samuel Vega-Estevez
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Kent Fungal Group, Canterbury Kent, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chloe Uyl
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Kent Fungal Group, Canterbury Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Elise Iracane
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Kent Fungal Group, Canterbury Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Shaw
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Kent Fungal Group, Canterbury Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Soetaert
- Blizard Advanced Light Microscopy (BALM), Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Selmecki
- University of Minnesota, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alessia Buscaino
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Kent Fungal Group, Canterbury Kent, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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8
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Ryu HY. SUMO pathway is required for ribosome biogenesis. BMB Rep 2022; 55:535-540. [PMID: 36195568 PMCID: PMC9712707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes, acting as the cellular factories for protein production, are essential for all living organisms. Ribosomes are composed of both proteins and RNAs and are established through the coordination of several steps, including transcription, maturation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and assembly of ribosomal proteins. In particular, diverse factors required for ribosome biogenesis, such as transcription factors, small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)-associated proteins, and assembly factors, are tightly regulated by various post-translational modifications. Among these modifications, small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) targets lots of proteins required for gene expression of ribosomal proteins, rRNA, and snoRNAs, rRNA processing, and ribosome assembly. The tight control of SUMOylation affects functions and locations of substrates. This review summarizes current studies and recent progress of SUMOylation-mediated regulation of ribosome biogenesis. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(11): 535-540].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yeoul Ryu
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea,Corresponding author. Tel: +82-53-950-6352; Fax: +82-53-955-5522; E-mail:
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9
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Ryu HY. SUMO pathway is required for ribosome biogenesis. BMB Rep 2022; 55:535-540. [PMID: 36195568 PMCID: PMC9712707 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.11.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes, acting as the cellular factories for protein production, are essential for all living organisms. Ribosomes are composed of both proteins and RNAs and are established through the coordination of several steps, including transcription, maturation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and assembly of ribosomal proteins. In particular, diverse factors required for ribosome biogenesis, such as transcription factors, small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)-associated proteins, and assembly factors, are tightly regulated by various post-translational modifications. Among these modifications, small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) targets lots of proteins required for gene expression of ribosomal proteins, rRNA, and snoRNAs, rRNA processing, and ribosome assembly. The tight control of SUMOylation affects functions and locations of substrates. This review summarizes current studies and recent progress of SUMOylation-mediated regulation of ribosome biogenesis. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(11): 535-540].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yeoul Ryu
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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10
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Jeoung SW, Park HS, Ryoo ZY, Cho DH, Lee HS, Ryu HY. SUMOylation and Major Depressive Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8023. [PMID: 35887370 PMCID: PMC9316168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) protein in 1995, SUMOylation has been considered a crucial post-translational modification in diverse cellular functions. In neurons, SUMOylation has various roles ranging from managing synaptic transmitter release to maintaining mitochondrial integrity and determining neuronal health. It has been discovered that neuronal dysfunction is a key factor in the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched with keywords such as 'SUMO', 'neuronal plasticity', and 'depression' to obtain relevant scientific literature. Here, we provide an overview of recent studies demonstrating the role of SUMOylation in maintaining neuronal function in participants suffering from MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Won Jeoung
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-W.J.); (Z.Y.R.); (D.-H.C.); (H.-S.L.)
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 50834, Korea;
| | - Zae Young Ryoo
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-W.J.); (Z.Y.R.); (D.-H.C.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Dong-Hyung Cho
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-W.J.); (Z.Y.R.); (D.-H.C.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-W.J.); (Z.Y.R.); (D.-H.C.); (H.-S.L.)
| | - Hong-Yeoul Ryu
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-W.J.); (Z.Y.R.); (D.-H.C.); (H.-S.L.)
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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11
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Lim S, Liu Y, Rhie BH, Kim C, Ryu HY, Ahn SH. Sus1 maintains a normal lifespan through regulation of TREX-2 complex-mediated mRNA export. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:4990-5012. [PMID: 35771153 PMCID: PMC9271307 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic gene expression requires multiple cellular events, including transcription and RNA processing and transport. Sus1, a common subunit in both the Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) and transcription and export complex-2 (TREX-2) complexes, is a key factor in coupling transcription activation to mRNA nuclear export. Here, we report that the SAGA DUB module and TREX-2 distinctly regulate yeast replicative lifespan in a Sir2-dependent and -independent manner, respectively. The growth and lifespan impaired by SUS1 loss depend on TREX-2 but not on the SAGA DUB module. Notably, an increased dose of the mRNA export factors Mex67 and Dbp5 rescues the growth defect, shortened lifespan, and nuclear accumulation of poly(A)+ RNA in sus1Δ cells, suggesting that boosting the mRNA export process restores the mRNA transport defect and the growth and lifespan damage in sus1Δ cells. Moreover, Sus1 is required for the proper association of Mex67 and Dbp5 with the nuclear rim. Together, these data indicate that Sus1 links transcription and mRNA nuclear export to the lifespan control pathway, suggesting that prevention of an abnormal accumulation of nuclear RNA is necessary for maintenance of a normal lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Lim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Ho Rhie
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Yeoul Ryu
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Ahn
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
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12
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Abstract
Aneuploidy, a genomic alternation characterized by deviations in the copy number of chromosomes, affects organisms from early development through to aging. Although it is a main cause of human pregnancy loss and a hallmark of cancer, how aneuploidy affects cellular function has been elusive. The last two decades have seen rapid advances in the understanding of the causes and consequences of aneuploidy at the molecular and cellular levels. These studies have uncovered effects of aneuploidy that can be beneficial or detrimental to cells and organisms in an environmental context-dependent and karyotype-dependent manner. Aneuploidy also imposes general stress on cells that stems from an imbalanced genome and, consequently, also an imbalanced proteome. These insights provide the fundamental framework for understanding the impact of aneuploidy in genome evolution, human pathogenesis and drug resistance.
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13
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Trans-tail regulation-mediated suppression of cryptic transcription. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1683-1688. [PMID: 34845331 PMCID: PMC8639711 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between post-translational modifications of histone proteins influences the regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression. Among such crosstalk pathways, the best-characterized example is H2B monoubiquitination-mediated H3K4 and H3K79 methylation, which is referred to as trans-tail regulation. Although many studies have investigated the fragmentary effects of this pathway on silencing and transcription, its ultimate contribution to transcriptional control has remained unclear. Recent advances in molecular techniques and genomics have, however, revealed that the trans-tail crosstalk is linked to a more diverse cascade of histone modifications and has various functions in cotranscriptional processes. Furthermore, H2B monoubiquitination sequentially facilitates H3K4 dimethylation and histone sumoylation, thereby providing a binding platform for recruiting Set3 complex proteins, including two histone deacetylases, to restrict cryptic transcription from gene bodies. The removal of both ubiquitin and SUMO, small ubiquitin-like modifier, modifications from histones also facilitates a change in the phosphorylation pattern of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain that is required for subsequent transcriptional elongation. Therefore, this review describes recent findings regarding trans-tail regulation-driven processes to elaborate on their contribution to maintaining transcriptional fidelity. Crosstalk between different DNA-winding proteins, or histones, is a mechanism of molecular fidelity that helps prevent the initiation of aberrant gene expression, which may contribute to cancer and neurodegenerative disease. A team from South Korea, led by Jungmin Choi from the Korea University College of Medicine in Seoul and Hong-Yeoul Ryu from Kyungpook National University in Daegu, review the ways in which different histone proteins chemically modify parts of each other’s structure to regulate their functions. These modifications affect how histones interact with DNA, which in turn alters the dynamics of other factors implicated in gene expression. The correct interaction of histones is necessary to prevent the gene expression machinery from starting RNA synthesis from the wrong sites. Accurate control of these mechanisms is essential for cellular wellbeing
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14
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Ryu HY, Hochstrasser M. Histone sumoylation and chromatin dynamics. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:6043-6052. [PMID: 33885816 PMCID: PMC8216275 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin structure and gene expression are dynamically controlled by post-translational modifications (PTMs) on histone proteins, including ubiquitylation, methylation, acetylation and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation. It was initially thought that histone sumoylation exclusively suppressed gene transcription, but recent advances in proteomics and genomics have uncovered its diverse functions in cotranscriptional processes, including chromatin remodeling, transcript elongation, and blocking cryptic initiation. Histone sumoylation is integral to complex signaling codes that prime additional histone PTMs as well as modifications of the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain (RNAPII-CTD) during transcription. In addition, sumoylation of histone variants is critical for the DNA double-strand break (DSB) response and for chromosome segregation during mitosis. This review describes recent findings on histone sumoylation and its coordination with other histone and RNAPII-CTD modifications in the regulation of chromatin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yeoul Ryu
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Hochstrasser
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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15
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Quan Y, Hinshaw SM, Wang PC, Harrison SC, Zhou H. Ctf3/CENP-I provides a docking site for the desumoylase Ulp2 at the kinetochore. THE JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY 2021; 220:212227. [PMID: 34081091 PMCID: PMC8178754 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202012149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The step-by-step process of chromosome segregation defines the stages of the cell cycle. In eukaryotes, signals controlling these steps converge upon the kinetochore, a multiprotein assembly that connects spindle microtubules to chromosomal centromeres. Kinetochores control and adapt to major chromosomal transactions, including replication of centromeric DNA, biorientation of sister centromeres on the metaphase spindle, and transit of sister chromatids into daughter cells during anaphase. Although the mechanisms that ensure tight microtubule coupling at anaphase are at least partly understood, kinetochore adaptations that support other cell cycle transitions are not. We report here a mechanism that enables regulated control of kinetochore sumoylation. A conserved surface of the Ctf3/CENP-I kinetochore protein provides a binding site for Ulp2, the nuclear enzyme that removes SUMO chains from modified substrates. Ctf3 mutations that disable Ulp2 recruitment cause elevated inner kinetochore sumoylation and defective chromosome segregation. The location of the site within the assembled kinetochore suggests coordination between sumoylation and other cell cycle–regulated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Quan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen M Hinshaw
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Pang-Che Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Huilin Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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16
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Lim S, Ahn H, Duan R, Liu Y, Ryu HY, Ahn SH. The Spt7 subunit of the SAGA complex is required for the regulation of lifespan in both dividing and nondividing yeast cells. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 196:111480. [PMID: 33831401 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spt7 belongs to the suppressor of Ty (SPT) module of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex and is known as the yeast ortholog of human STAF65γ. Spt7 lacks intrinsic enzymatic activity but is responsible for the integrity and proper assembly of the SAGA complex. Here, we determined the role of the SAGA Spt7 subunit in cellular aging. We found that Spt7 was indispensable for a normal lifespan in both dividing and nondividing yeast cells. In the quiescent state of cells, Spt7 was required for the control of overall mRNA levels. In mitotically active cells, deletion of the SPT module had little effect on the recombination rate within heterochromatic ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci, but loss of Spt7 profoundly elevated the plasmid-based DNA recombination frequency. Consistently, loss of Spt7 increased spontaneous Rad52 foci by approximately two-fold upon entry into S phase. These results provide evidence that Spt7 contributes to the regulation of the normal replicative lifespan (RLS) and chronological lifespan (CLS), possibly by controlling the DNA recombination rate and overall mRNA expression. We propose that the regulation of SAGA complex integrity by Spt7 might be involved in the conserved regulatory pathway for lifespan regulation in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Lim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojeong Ahn
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruxin Duan
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Yeoul Ryu
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Hoon Ahn
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Ryu HY, Zhao D, Li J, Su D, Hochstrasser M. Histone sumoylation promotes Set3 histone-deacetylase complex-mediated transcriptional regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:12151-12168. [PMID: 33231641 PMCID: PMC7708062 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Histones are substrates of the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) conjugation pathway. Several reports suggest histone sumoylation affects transcription negatively, but paradoxically, our genome-wide analysis shows the modification concentrated at many active genes. We find that trans-tail regulation of histone-H2B ubiquitylation and H3K4 di-methylation potentiates subsequent histone sumoylation. Consistent with the known control of the Set3 histone deacetylase complex (HDAC) by H3K4 di-methylation, histone sumoylation directly recruits the Set3 complex to both protein-coding and noncoding RNA (ncRNA) genes via a SUMO-interacting motif in the HDAC Cpr1 subunit. The altered gene expression profile caused by reducing histone sumoylation matches well to the profile in cells lacking Set3. Histone H2B sumoylation and the Set3 HDAC coordinately suppress cryptic ncRNA transcription initiation internal to mRNA genes. Our results reveal an elaborate co-transcriptional histone crosstalk pathway involving the consecutive ubiquitylation, methylation, sumoylation and deacetylation of histones, which maintains transcriptional fidelity by suppressing spurious transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yeoul Ryu
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Hong-Yeoul Ryu. Tel: +82 53 950 6352;
| | - Dejian Zhao
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jianhui Li
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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18
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Jansen NS, Vertegaal ACO. A Chain of Events: Regulating Target Proteins by SUMO Polymers. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 46:113-123. [PMID: 33008689 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) regulate virtually all nuclear processes. The fate of the target protein is determined by the architecture of the attached SUMO protein, which can be of polymeric nature. Here, we highlight the multifunctional aspects of dynamic signal transduction by SUMO polymers. The SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs) RING-finger protein 4 (RNF4) and RNF111 recognize SUMO polymers in a chain-architecture-dependent manner, leading to the formation of hybrid chains, which could enable proteasomal destruction of proteins. Recent publications have highlighted essential roles for SUMO chain disassembly by the mammalian SUMO proteases SENP6 and SENP7 and the yeast SUMO protease Ulp2. SENP6 is particularly important for centromere assembly. These recent findings demonstrate the diversity of SUMO polymer signal transduction for proteolytic and nonproteolytic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette S Jansen
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred C O Vertegaal
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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19
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Ryu HY, Ahn SH, Hochstrasser M. SUMO and cellular adaptive mechanisms. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:931-939. [PMID: 32591648 PMCID: PMC7338444 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin family member SUMO is a covalent regulator of proteins that functions in response to various stresses, and defects in SUMO-protein conjugation or deconjugation have been implicated in multiple diseases. The loss of the Ulp2 SUMO protease, which reverses SUMO-protein modifications, in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae is severely detrimental to cell fitness and has emerged as a useful model for studying how cells adapt to SUMO system dysfunction. Both short-term and long-term adaptive mechanisms are triggered depending on the length of time cells spend without this SUMO chain-cleaving enzyme. Such short-term adaptations include a highly specific multichromosome aneuploidy and large changes in ribosomal gene transcription. While aneuploid ulp2Δ cells survive, they suffer severe defects in growth and stress resistance. Over many generations, euploidy is restored, transcriptional programs are adjusted, and specific genetic changes that compensate for the loss of the SUMO protease are observed. These long-term adapted cells grow at normal rates with no detectable defects in stress resistance. In this review, we examine the connections between SUMO and cellular adaptive mechanisms more broadly. Cellular stress caused by disrupting attachment of the ubiquitous small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins, which are present in most organisms and regulate numerous DNA processes and stress responses by attaching to key proteins, results in some remarkable adaptations. Mark Hochstrasser at Yale University, New Haven, USA, and co-workers review how this “sumoylation” is reversed by protease enzymes, and how imbalances between sumoylation and desumoylation may be linked to diseases including cancer. When certain SUMO proteases are deliberately disrupted, the cells quickly become aneuploid, i.e., carry an abnormal number of chromosomes. These cells show severe growth defects, but over many generations they regain the normal number of chromosomes. They also undergo genetic changes that promote alternative mechanisms that compensate for losing the SUMO protease and facilitate the same efficient stress responses as the original cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yeoul Ryu
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Ahn
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Hochstrasser
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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20
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Recruitment of the Ulp2 protease to the inner kinetochore prevents its hyper-sumoylation to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008477. [PMID: 31747400 PMCID: PMC6892545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore is the central molecular machine that drives chromosome segregation in all eukaryotes. Genetic studies have suggested that protein sumoylation plays a role in regulating the inner kinetochore; however, the mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ulp2, an evolutionarily conserved SUMO specific protease, contains a previously uncharacterized kinetochore-targeting motif that recruits Ulp2 to the kinetochore via the Ctf3CENP-I-Mcm16CENP-H-Mcm22CENP-K complex (CMM). Once recruited, Ulp2 selectively targets multiple subunits of the kinetochore, specifically the Constitutive Centromere-Associated Network (CCAN), via its SUMO-interacting motif (SIM). Mutations that impair the kinetochore recruitment of Ulp2 or its binding to SUMO result in an elevated rate of chromosome loss, while mutations that affect both result in a synergistic increase of chromosome loss rate, hyper-sensitivity to DNA replication stress, along with a dramatic accumulation of hyper-sumoylated CCAN. Notably, sumoylation of CCAN occurs at the kinetochore and is perturbed by DNA replication stress. These results indicate that Ulp2 utilizes its dual substrate recognition to prevent hyper-sumoylation of CCAN, ensuring accurate chromosome segregation during cell division.
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21
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Larrimore KE, Rancati G. The conditional nature of gene essentiality. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 58-59:55-61. [PMID: 31470233 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Essential genes are classically defined as required for cellular viability and reproductive success. Despite this deceptively simple definition, several lines of evidence suggest that gene essentiality is instead a conditional trait. Indeed, gene essentiality has been shown to depend on the environmental and genetic context as well as the variable ability of cells to acquire adaptive mutations to survive inactivation of seemingly essential genes. Here, we will discuss these findings and highlight the mechanisms underlying the ability of cells to survive an essential gene deletion. Also, since essential genes are prioritized as targets for anticancer therapy, we discuss emergence of bypass resistance mechanisms toward targeted therapies as the result of the conditional nature of gene essentiality. To identify targets associated to a lower risk of relapse (i.e. the return of cancer following remission), we finally call for a coordinated effort to quantify the variable nature of gene essentiality across species, cell types, and growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Larrimore
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #05, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Giulia Rancati
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #05, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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22
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Ryu H, Su D, Wilson‐Eisele NR, Zhao D, López‐Giráldez F, Hochstrasser M. The Ulp2 SUMO protease promotes transcription elongation through regulation of histone sumoylation. EMBO J 2019; 38:e102003. [PMID: 31313851 PMCID: PMC6694223 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many eukaryotic proteins are regulated by modification with the ubiquitin-like protein small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). This linkage is reversed by SUMO proteases, of which there are two in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ulp1 and Ulp2. SUMO-protein conjugation regulates transcription, but the roles of SUMO proteases in transcription remain unclear. We report that Ulp2 is recruited to transcriptionally active genes to control local polysumoylation. Mutant ulp2 cells show impaired association of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) with, and diminished expression of, constitutively active genes and the inducible CUP1 gene. Ulp2 loss sensitizes cells to 6-azauracil, a hallmark of transcriptional elongation defects. We also describe a novel chromatin regulatory mechanism whereby histone-H2B ubiquitylation stimulates histone sumoylation, which in turn appears to inhibit nucleosome association of the Ctk1 kinase. Ctk1 phosphorylates serine-2 (S2) in the RNAPII C-terminal domain (CTD) and promotes transcript elongation. Removal of both ubiquitin and SUMO from histones is needed to overcome the impediment to S2 phosphorylation. These results suggest sequential ubiquitin-histone and SUMO-histone modifications recruit Ulp2, which removes polySUMO chains and promotes RNAPII transcription elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Yeoul Ryu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and BiochemistryYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and BiochemistryYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Present address:
Protein Science Corp.MeridenCTUSA
| | - Nicole R Wilson‐Eisele
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and BiochemistryYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Present address:
Max Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Dejian Zhao
- Yale Center for Genome AnalysisYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | | | - Mark Hochstrasser
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and BiochemistryYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
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