1
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Zhao R, Li L, Wu Q, Luo W, Zhang Q, Cui C. Spontaneous formation of reactive redox radical species at the interface of gas diffusion electrode. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8367. [PMID: 39333136 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The aqueous interface-rich system has been proposed to act as a trigger and a reservoir for reactive radicals, playing a crucial role in chemical reactions. Although much is known about the redox reactivity of water microdroplets at "droplets-in-gas" interfaces, it remains poorly understood for "bubbles-in-water" interfaces that are created by feeding gas through the porous membrane of the gas diffusion electrode. Here we reveal the spontaneous generation of highly reactive redox radical species detected by using electron paramagnetic resonance under such conditions without applying any bias and loading any catalysts. In combination with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, the redox feature has been further verified through several probe molecules. Unexpectedly, introducing crown ether allows to isolate and stabilize both water radical cations and hydrated electrons thus substantially increasing redox reactivity. Our finding suggests a reactive microenvironment at the interface of the gas diffusion electrode owing to the coexistence of oxidative and reductive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Zhao
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Lei Li
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Qianbao Wu
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Chunhua Cui
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
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2
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Bose S, Mofidfar M, Zare RN. Direct Conversion of N 2 and Air to Nitric Acid in Gas-Water Microbubbles. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39315452 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c11899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
We report a simple, direct, and green conversion of air/N2 to nitric acid by bubbling the gas through an aqueous solution containing 50 μM Fe2+ ions. Air stone, along with ultrasonication, was employed to generate gas microbubbles. H2O2 produced at the water-gas interface undergoes Fenton's reaction with Fe2+ ions to produce OH• that efficiently activates N2, yielding nitric acid as the final product. Nitrate (NO3-) formation occurs without the use of any external electric potential or radiation. The concentration of NO3- increased linearly with time over a period of 132 h. The average NO3- production rate is found to be 12.9 ± 0.05 μM h-1. We envision that this nitrogen fixation strategy that produces nitric acid in an eco-friendly way might open the possibility for the energy-efficient and green production of nitric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Bose
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mohammad Mofidfar
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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3
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Xue L, Chen W, Zheng P, Geng J, Zhang F, Li X, Zhang Z, Hu X. Catalyst-Free Oxidation of Styrene to Styrene Oxide Using Circulating Microdroplets in an Oxygen Atmosphere. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39300790 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Water microdroplets possess unique interfacial properties that enable chemical reactions to occur spontaneously and increase the reaction rate by orders of magnitude. In this study, water containing styrene (SY) was cyclically sprayed into the air to form microdroplets with an average diameter of 6.7 μm. These microdroplets allowed SY to be oxidized into styrene oxide (SO) without catalysts. No oxidation products of SY were observed in the bulk solution under the same conditions, while in microdroplet reactions 4.2% conversion of SY with approximately 3.1 mM SO was detected. Compared with the traditional spraying microdroplet method, the oxidation product concentration was enhanced by 1000 times. Experiments proved that an aerobic environment boosts SY oxidation, leading to a proposed dual-path hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidation mechanism at the droplet interface. This was confirmed by density functional theory calculations (DFT). Furthermore, in the presence of additional ultrasound, the SY oxidation process initiated by water droplets can be further enhanced, and 7.0% conversion of SY with approximately 5.2 mM SO was detected. The cyclic spraying method greatly enhanced the oxidation product concentration, showing the potential for large scale chemical production using microdroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xue
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Weida Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Jiao Geng
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Xinyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Xingbang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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4
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Zhang L, Iwata R, Lu Z, Wang X, Díaz-Marín CD, Zhong Y. Bridging Innovations of Phase Change Heat Transfer to Electrochemical Gas Evolution Reactions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:10052-10111. [PMID: 39194152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Bubbles play a ubiquitous role in electrochemical gas evolution reactions. However, a mechanistic understanding of how bubbles affect the energy efficiency of electrochemical processes remains limited to date, impeding effective approaches to further boost the performance of gas evolution systems. From a perspective of the analogy between heat and mass transfer, bubbles in electrochemical gas evolution reactions exhibit highly similar dynamic behaviors to them in the liquid-vapor phase change. Recent developments of liquid-vapor phase change systems have substantially advanced the fundamental knowledge of bubbles, leading to unprecedented enhancement of heat transfer performance. In this Review, we aim to elucidate a promising opportunity of understanding bubble dynamics in electrochemical gas evolution reactions through a lens of phase change heat transfer. We first provide a background about key parallels between electrochemical gas evolution reactions and phase change heat transfer. Then, we discuss bubble dynamics in gas evolution systems across multiple length scales, with an emphasis on exciting research problems inspired by new insights gained from liquid-vapor phase change systems. Lastly, we review advances in engineered surfaces for manipulating bubbles to enhance heat and mass transfer, providing an outlook on the design of high-performance gas evolving electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenan Zhang
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ryuichi Iwata
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc, Nagakute City 480-1192, Japan
| | - Zhengmao Lu
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xuanjie Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Carlos D Díaz-Marín
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yang Zhong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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5
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Kempler PA, Coridan RH, Luo L. Gas Evolution in Water Electrolysis. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39259040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Gas bubbles generated by the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction during water electrolysis influence the energy conversion efficiency of hydrogen production. Here, we survey what is known about the interaction of gas bubbles and electrode surfaces and the influence of gas evolution on practicable devices used for water electrolysis. We outline the physical processes occurring during the life cycle of a bubble, summarize techniques used to characterize gas evolution phenomena in situ and in practical device environments, and discuss ways that electrodes can be tailored to facilitate gas removal at high current densities. Lastly, we review efforts to model the behavior of individual gas bubbles and multiphase flows produced at gas-evolving electrodes. We conclude our review with a short summary of outstanding questions that could be answered by future efforts to characterize gas evolution in electrochemical device environments or by improved simulations of multiphase flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Kempler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Robert H Coridan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Long Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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6
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Knežević S, Totoricaguena-Gorriño J, Gajjala RKR, Hermenegildo B, Ruiz-Rubio L, Vilas-Vilela JL, Lanceros-Méndez S, Sojic N, Del Campo FJ. Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence at the Gas/Liquid Interface of Bubbles Propelled into Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22724-22735. [PMID: 39090816 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is typically confined to a micrometric region from the electrode surface. This study demonstrates that ECL emission can extend up to several millimeters away from the electrode employing electrogenerated chlorine bubbles. The mechanism behind this bubble-enhanced ECL was investigated using an Au microelectrode in chloride-containing and chloride-free electrolyte solutions. We discovered that ECL emission at the gas/solution interface is driven by two parallel effects. First, the bubble corona effect facilitates the generation of hydroxyl radicals capable of oxidizing luminol while the bubble is attached to the surface. Second, hypochlorite generated from chlorine sustains luminol emission for over 200 s and extends the emission range up to 5 mm into the solution, following bubble detachment. The new approach can increase the emission intensity of luminol-based assays 5-fold compared to the conventional method. This is demonstrated through a glucose bioassay, using a midrange mobile phone camera for detection. These findings significantly expand the potential applications of ECL by extending its effective range in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Knežević
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Joseba Totoricaguena-Gorriño
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Rajendra Kumar Reddy Gajjala
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Bruno Hermenegildo
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV-EHU, Campus de Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - José Luis Vilas-Vilela
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV-EHU, Campus de Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Francisco Javier Del Campo
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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7
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Knežević S, Han D, Liu B, Jiang D, Sojic N. Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407588. [PMID: 38742673 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is rapidly evolving from an analytical method into an optical microscopy. The orthogonality of the electrochemical trigger and the optical readout distinguishes it from classic microscopy and electrochemical techniques, owing to its near-zero background, remarkable sensitivity, and absence of photobleaching and phototoxicity. In this minireview, we summarize the recent advances in ECL imaging technology, emphasizing original configurations which enable the imaging of biological entities and the improvement of the analytical properties by increasing the complexity and multiplexing of bioassays. Additionally, mapping the (electro)chemical reactivity in space provides valuable information on nanomaterials and facilitates deciphering ECL mechanisms for improving their performances in diagnostics and (electro)catalysis. Finally, we highlight the recent achievements in imaging at the ultimate limits of single molecules, single photons or single chemical reactions, and the current challenges to translate the ECL imaging advances to other fields such as material science, catalysis and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Knežević
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Dongni Han
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, 33607, Pessac, France
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8
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Vannoy KJ, Edwards MQ, Renault C, Dick JE. An Electrochemical Perspective on Reaction Acceleration in Microdroplets. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2024; 17:149-171. [PMID: 38594942 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061622-030919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Analytical techniques operating at the nanoscale introduce confinement as a tool at our disposal. This review delves into the phenomenon of accelerated reactivity within micro- and nanodroplets. A decade of accelerated reactivity observations was succeeded by several years of fundamental studies aimed at mechanistic enlightenment. Herein, we provide a brief historical context for rate enhancement in and around micro- and nanodroplets and summarize the mechanisms that have been proposed to contribute to such extraordinary reactivity. We highlight recent electrochemical reports that make use of restricted mass transfer to enhance electrochemical reactions and/or quantitatively measure reaction rates within droplet-confined electrochemical cells. A comprehensive approach to nanodroplet reactivity is paramount to understanding how nature takes advantage of these systems to provide life on Earth and, in turn, how to harness the full potential of such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Vannoy
- 1Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
| | | | - Christophe Renault
- 1Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
- 2Current Address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- 1Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
- 3Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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9
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Herchenbach PJ, Layman BR, Dick JE. Quantifying the interfacial tension of adsorbed droplets on electrified interfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 674:474-481. [PMID: 38941939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS This paper develops a new measurement method to answer the question: How does one measure the interfacial tension of adsorbed droplets? EXPERIMENTS This measurement is based on the placement of a bubble at a water|organic interface. To prove the concept, a bubble was formed by pipetting gas below the water|1,2-dichloroethane interface. Our values agree well with previous reports. We then extended the measurement modality to a more difficult system: quantifying interfacial tension of 1,2-dichloroethane droplets adsorbed onto conductors. Carbon dioxide was generated in the aqueous phase from the electro-oxidation of oxalate. Given carbon dioxide's solubility in 1,2-dichloroethane, it partitions, a bubble nucleates, and the bubble can be seen by microscopy when driving the simultaneous oxidation of tris(bipyridine)ruthenium (II), a molecule that will interact with CO2.-. and provide light through electrochemiluminescence. We can quantify the interfacial tension of adsorbed droplets, a measurement very difficult performed with more usual techniques, by tracking the growth of the bubble and quantifying the bubble size at the time the bubble breaks through the aqueous|1,2-dichloroethane interface. FINDINGS We found that the interfacial tension of nanoliter 1,2-dichloroethane droplets adsorbed to an electrified interface in water, which was previously immeasurable with current techniques, was one order of magnitude less than the bulk system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Herchenbach
- James Tarpo Jr. & Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brady R Layman
- James Tarpo Jr. & Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- James Tarpo Jr. & Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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10
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Heindel JP, LaCour RA, Head-Gordon T. The role of charge in microdroplet redox chemistry. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3670. [PMID: 38693110 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In charged water microdroplets, which occur in nature or in the lab upon ultrasonication or in electrospray processes, the thermodynamics for reactive chemistry can be dramatically altered relative to the bulk phase. Here, we provide a theoretical basis for the observation of accelerated chemistry by simulating water droplets of increasing charge imbalance to create redox agents such as hydroxyl and hydrogen radicals and solvated electrons. We compute the hydration enthalpy of OH- and H+ that controls the electron transfer process, and the corresponding changes in vertical ionization energy and vertical electron affinity of the ions, to create OH• and H• reactive species. We find that at ~ 20 - 50% of the Rayleigh limit of droplet charge the hydration enthalpy of both OH- and H+ have decreased by >50 kcal/mol such that electron transfer becomes thermodynamically favorable, in correspondence with the more favorable vertical electron affinity of H+ and the lowered vertical ionization energy of OH-. We provide scaling arguments that show that the nanoscale calculations and conclusions extend to the experimental microdroplet length scale. The relevance of the droplet charge for chemical reactivity is illustrated for the formation of H2O2, and has clear implications for other redox reactions observed to occur with enhanced rates in microdroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Heindel
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Allen LaCour
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of CAlifornia, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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11
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Rodriguez HM, Martyniuk M, Iyer KS, Ciampi S. Insulator-on-Conductor Fouling Amplifies Aqueous Electrolysis Rates. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10299-10311. [PMID: 38591156 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The chemical industry is a major consumer of fossil fuels. Several chemical reactions of practical value proceed with the gain or loss of electrons, opening a path to integrate renewable electricity into chemical manufacturing. However, most organic molecules have low aqueous solubility, causing green and cheap electricity-driven reactions to suffer from intrinsically low reaction rates in industry's solvent of choice: water. Here, we show that a strategic, partial electrode fouling with hydrophobic insulators (oils and plastics) offsets kinetic limitations caused by poor reactant solubility, opening a new path for the direct integration of renewable electricity into the production of commodity chemicals. Through electrochemiluminescence microscopy, we reveal for the oxidation of organic reactants up to 6-fold reaction rate increase at the "fouled" oil-electrolyte-electrode interface relative to clean electrolyte-electrode areas. Analogously, electrodes partially masked (fouled) with plastic patterns, deposited either photolithographically (photoresists) or manually (inexpensive household glues and sealants), outperform clean electrodes. The effect is not limited to reactants of limited water solubility, and, for example, net gold electrodeposition rates are up to 22% larger at fouled than clean electrodes. In a system involving a surface-active reactant, rate augmentation is driven by the synergy between insulator-confined reactant enrichment and insulator-induced current crowding, whereas only the latter and possibly localized decrease in iR drop near the insulator are relevant in a system composed of non-surface-active species. Our counterintuitive electrode design enhances electrolysis rates despite the diminished area of intimate electrolyte-electrode contact and introduces a new path for upscaling aqueous electrochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Morris Rodriguez
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Mariusz Martyniuk
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Killugudi Swaminathan Iyer
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
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12
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Song X, Yan H, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Li S, Zhang J, Ciampi S, Zhang L. Hydroxylation of the indium tin oxide electrode promoted by surface bubbles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4186-4189. [PMID: 38530669 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00307a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Adherent bubbles at electrodes are generally treated as reaction penalties. Herein, in situ hydroxylation of indium tin oxide surfaces can be easily achieved by applying a constant potential of +1.0 V in the presence of bubbles. Its successful hydroxylation is further demonstrated by preparing a ferrocene-terminated film, which is confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Song
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yuqiao Zhang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Long Zhang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
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13
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Krushinski LE, Dick JE. Direct electrochemical evidence suggests that aqueous microdroplets spontaneously produce hydrogen peroxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321064121. [PMID: 38466847 PMCID: PMC10962973 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321064121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have detailed the striking observation that electroactive molecules, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and radical water species (H2O.+/H2O.-), are spontaneously produced in aqueous microdroplets. Stochastic electrochemistry allows one to study reactions in real-time occurring inside subfemtoliter droplets, one droplet at a time, when a microdroplet irreversibly adsorbs to an ultramicroelectrode surface (radius ~ 5 µm). Here, we use stochastic electrochemistry to probe the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in single aqueous microdroplets suspended in 1,2-dichloroethane. The oxidation of H2O2 at alkaline pH (11.5) differs from near-neutral conditions (6.4), allowing us to create a digital, turn-off sensing modality for the presence of H2O2. Further, we show that the stochastic electrochemical signal is highest at the mass transfer limitation of the H2O2 couple and is dampened when the potential nears the formal potential. We validate these results by showing that the addition of a H2O2 selective probe, luminol, decreases the stochastic electrochemical response at alkaline pH (11.5). Our results support the observation that H2O2 is generated in water microdroplets at concentrations of ~100 s of µM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey E. Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
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14
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Galembeck F, Santos LP, Burgo TAL, Galembeck A. The emerging chemistry of self-electrified water interfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2578-2602. [PMID: 38305696 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00763d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Water is known for dissipating electrostatic charges, but it is also a universal agent of matter electrification, creating charged domains in any material contacting or containing it. This new role of water was discovered during the current century. It is proven in a fast-growing number of publications reporting direct experimental measurements of excess charge and electric potential. It is indirectly verified by its success in explaining surprising phenomena in chemical synthesis, electric power generation, metastability, and phase transition kinetics. Additionally, electrification by water is opening the way for developing green technologies that are fully compatible with the environment and have great potential to contribute to sustainability. Electrification by water shows that polyphasic matter is a charge mosaic, converging with the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars effect, which was discovered one century ago but is still often ignored. Electrified sites in a real system are niches showing various local electrochemical potentials for the charged species. Thus, the electrified mosaics display variable chemical reactivity and mass transfer patterns. Water contributes to interfacial electrification from its singular structural, electric, mixing, adsorption, and absorption properties. A long list of previously unexpected consequences of interfacial electrification includes: "on-water" reactions of chemicals dispersed in water that defy current chemical wisdom; reactions in electrified water microdroplets that do not occur in bulk water, transforming the droplets in microreactors; and lowered surface tension of water, modifying wetting, spreading, adhesion, cohesion, and other properties of matter. Asymmetric capacitors charged by moisture and water are now promising alternative equipment for simultaneously producing electric power and green hydrogen, requiring only ambient thermal energy. Changing surface tension by interfacial electrification also modifies phase-change kinetics, eliminating metastability that is the root of catastrophic electric discharges and destructive explosions. It also changes crystal habits, producing needles and dendrites that shorten battery life. These recent findings derive from a single factor, water's ability to electrify matter, touching on the most relevant aspects of chemistry. They create tremendous scientific opportunities to understand the matter better, and a new chemistry based on electrified interfaces is now emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Galembeck
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, 13083-872, Campinas, Brazil.
- Galembetech Consultores e Tecnologia, 13080-661, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Leandra P Santos
- Galembetech Consultores e Tecnologia, 13080-661, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thiago A L Burgo
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Andre Galembeck
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-560, Recife, Brazil
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15
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Descamps J, Zhao Y, Goudeau B, Manojlovic D, Loget G, Sojic N. Infrared photoinduced electrochemiluminescence microscopy of single cells. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2055-2061. [PMID: 38332811 PMCID: PMC10848722 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05983a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is evolving rapidly from a purely analytical technique into a powerful microscopy. Herein, we report the imaging of single cells by photoinduced ECL (PECL; λem = 620 nm) stimulated by an incident near-infrared light (λexc = 1050 nm). The cells were grown on a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) n-Si/SiOx/Ir photoanode that exhibited stable and bright PECL emission. The large anti-Stokes shift allowed for the recording of well-resolved images of cells with high sensitivity. PECL microscopy is demonstrated at a remarkably low onset potential of 0.8 V; this contrasts with classic ECL, which is blind at this potential. Two imaging modes are reported: (i) photoinduced positive ECL (PECL+), showing the cell membranes labeled with the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ complex; and (ii) photoinduced shadow label-free ECL (PECL-) of cell morphology, with the luminophore in the solution. Finally, by adding a new dimension with the near-infrared light stimulus, PECL microscopy should find promising applications to image and study single photoactive nanoparticles and biological entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Descamps
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, Site ENSMAC 33607 Pessac France
| | - Yiran Zhao
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226 Rennes F-35000 France
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, Site ENSMAC 33607 Pessac France
| | | | - Gabriel Loget
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226 Rennes F-35000 France
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich 52425 Germany
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, Site ENSMAC 33607 Pessac France
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16
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Meng Y, Zare RN, Gnanamani E. Superfast Formation of C(sp 2 )-N, C(sp 2 )-P, and C(sp 2 )-S Vinylic Bonds in Water Microdroplets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316131. [PMID: 38116872 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
We report examples of C(sp2 )-N, C(sp2 )-S, and C(sp2 )-P bond-forming transformations in water microdroplets at room temperature and atmospheric pressure using N2 as a nebulizing gas. When an aqueous solution of vinylic acid and amine is electrosprayed (+3 kV), the corresponding C(sp2 )-N product is formed in a single step, which was characterized using mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS2 ). The scope of this reaction was extended to other amines and other unsaturated acids, including acrylic (CH2 =CHCOOH) and crotonic (CH3 CH=CHCOOH) acids. We also found that thiols and phosphines are viable nucleophiles, and the corresponding C(sp2 )-S and C(sp2 )-P products are observed in positive ion mode using MS and MS2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elumalai Gnanamani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
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17
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Layman BR, Dick JE. Through-Space Electrochemiluminescence Reveals Bubble Forces at Remote Phase Boundaries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:707-713. [PMID: 38156610 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Several groups have reported on the curious chemistry and reaction acceleration in confined volumes. These complex multiphase systems most closely resemble natural processes, and new measurement tools are necessary to probe chemistry in such environments. Generally, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reports on processes immediately near (within a few micrometers) the electrode surface. Here, we introduce through-space ECL, reporting on dynamics of processes far away (100s of μm) from the electrode surface. We achieved this by collecting reflected ECL light. During the heterogeneous oxidation of C2O42- in an aqueous phase adjacent to a 1,2-dichlorethane droplet, CO2 accumulates in the 1,2-dichloroethane droplet. Upon buildup, we demonstrate that a CO2 bubble forms in the nonaqueous phase and is surprisingly trapped at the water|1,2-dichloroethane interface and continues to grow. The co-oxidation of tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) in the aqueous phase lights up the electrode surface and reflects off the edges of the bubble, revealing the bubble growth over time even when the bubble is fractions of a millimeter from the surface. We extend our results to quantifying bubble forces at the water-oil interface at remote distances from the electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady R Layman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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18
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Han D, Jiang D, Valenti G, Paolucci F, Kanoufi F, Chaumet PC, Fang D, Sojic N. Optics Determines the Electrochemiluminescence Signal of Bead-Based Immunoassays. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4782-4791. [PMID: 37978286 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is an optical readout technique that is successfully applied for the detection of biomarkers in body fluids using microbead-based immunoassays. This technology is of utmost importance for in vitro diagnostics and thus a very active research area but is mainly focused on the quest for new dyes and coreactants, whereas the investigation of the ECL optics is extremely scarce. Herein, we report the 3D imaging of the ECL signals recorded at single microbeads decorated with the ECL labels in the sandwich immunoassay format. We show that the optical effects due to the light propagation through the bead determine mainly the spatial distribution of the recorded ECL signals. Indeed, the optical simulations based on the discrete dipole approximation compute rigorously the electromagnetic scattering of the ECL emission by the microbead and allow for reconstructing the spatial map of ECL emission. Thus, it provides a global description of the ECL chemical reactivity and the associated optics. The outcomes of this 3D imaging approach complemented by the optical modeling provide insight into the ECL optics and the unique ECL chemical mechanism operating on bead-based immunoassays. Therefore, it opens new directions for mechanistic investigations, ultrasensitive ECL bioassays, and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongni Han
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP,Univ. Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211126, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, ICMATE-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Patrick C Chaumet
- Institut Fresnel, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Danjun Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211126, China
| | - Neso Sojic
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP,Univ. Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
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19
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Li K, You W, Wang W, Gong K, Liu Y, Wang L, Ge Q, Ruan X, Ao J, Ji M, Zhang L. Significantly Accelerated Photochemical Perfluorooctanoic Acid Decomposition at the Air-Water Interface of Microdroplets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21448-21458. [PMID: 38047763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficient elimination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from the environment remains a huge challenge and requires advanced technologies. Herein, we demonstrate that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) photochemical decomposition could be significantly accelerated by simply carrying out this process in microdroplets. The almost complete removal of 100 and 500 μg/L PFOA was observed after 20 min of irradiation in microdroplets, while this was achieved after about 2 h in the corresponding bulk phase counterpart. To better compare the defluorination ratio, 10 mg/L PFOA was used typically, and the defluorination rates in microdroplets were tens of times faster than that in the bulk phase reaction system. The high performances in actual water matrices, universality, and scale-up applicability were demonstrated as well. We revealed in-depth that the great acceleration is due to the abundance of the air-water interface in microdroplets, where the reactants concentration enrichment, ultrahigh interfacial electric field, and partial solvation effects synergistically promoted photoreactions responsible for PFOA decomposition, as evidenced by simulated Raman scattering microscopy imaging, vibrational Stark effect measurement, and DFT calculation. This study provides an effective approach and highlights the important roles of air-water interface of microdroplets in PFASs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejian Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo You
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Kedong Gong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Longqian Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyue Ge
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Ruan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Minbiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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20
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Song Z, Liang C, Gong K, Zhao S, Yuan X, Zhang X, Xie J. Harnessing the High Interfacial Electric Fields on Water Microdroplets to Accelerate Menshutkin Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26003-26008. [PMID: 38011046 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Even though it is still an emerging field, the application of a high external electric field (EEF) as a green and efficient catalyst in synthetic chemistry has recently received significant attention for the ability to deliver remarkable control of reaction selectivity and acceleration of reaction rates. Here, we extend the application of the EEF to Menshutkin reactions by taking advantage of the spontaneous high electric field at the air-water interfaces of sprayed water microdroplets. Experimentally, a series of Menshutkin reactions were accelerated by 7 orders of magnitude. Theoretically, both density functional theory calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations predict that the reaction barrier decreases significantly in the presence of oriented external electric fields, thereby supporting the notion that the electric fields in the water droplets are responsible for the catalysis. In addition, the ordered solvent and reactant molecules oriented by the electric field alleviate the steric effect of solvents and increase the successful collision rates, thus facilitating faster nucleophilic attack. The success of Menshutkin reactions in this study showcases the great potential of microdroplet chemistry for green synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chiyu Liang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Supin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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21
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Berbille A, Li XF, Su Y, Li S, Zhao X, Zhu L, Wang ZL. Mechanism for Generating H 2 O 2 at Water-Solid Interface by Contact-Electrification. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304387. [PMID: 37487242 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The recent intensification of the study of contact-electrification at water-solid interfaces and its role in physicochemical processes lead to the realization that electron transfers during water-solid contact-electrification can drive chemical reactions. This mechanism, named contact-electro-catalysis (CEC), allows chemically inert fluorinated polymers to act like single electrode electrochemical systems. This study shows hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is generated from air and deionized water, by ultrasound driven CEC, using fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) as the catalyst. For a mass ratio of catalyst to solution of 1:10000, at 20 °C, the kinetic rate of H2 O2 evolution reaches 58.87 mmol L-1 gcat -1 h-1 . Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) shows electrons are emitted in the solution by the charged FEP, during ultrasonication. EPR and isotope labelling experiments show H2 O2 is formed from hydroxyl radicals (HO• ) or two superoxide radicals (O2 •- ) generated by CEC. Finally, it is traditionally believed such radicals migrate in the solution by Brownian diffusion prior to reactions. However, ab-initio molecular dynamic calculations reveal the radicals can react by exchanging protons and electrons through the hydrogen bonds network of water, i.e., owing to the Grotthuss mechanism. This mechanism can be relevant to other systems, artificial or natural, generating H2 O2 from air and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Berbille
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- China Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yusen Su
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shunning Li
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
| | - Laipan Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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22
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Zhu C, Pham LN, Yuan X, Ouyang H, Coote ML, Zhang X. High Electric Fields on Water Microdroplets Catalyze Spontaneous and Fast Reactions in Halogen-Bond Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21207-21212. [PMID: 37724917 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of external electric fields as green and efficient catalysts in synthetic chemistry has recently received significant attention for their ability to deliver remarkable control of reaction selectivity and acceleration of reaction rates. Technically, methods of generating high electric fields in the range of 1-10 V/nm are limited, as in-vacuo techniques have obvious scalability issues. The spontaneous high fields at various interfaces promise to solve this problem. In this study, we take advantage of the spontaneous high electric field at the air-water interface of sprayed water microdroplets in the reactions of several halogen bond systems: Nu:--X-X, where Nu: is pyridine or quinuclidine and X is bromine or iodine. The field facilitates ultrafast electron transfer from Nu:, yielding a Nu-X covalent bond and causing the X-X bond to cleave. This reaction occurs in microseconds in microdroplets but takes days to weeks in bulk solution. Density functional theory calculations predict that the reaction becomes barrier-free in the presence of oriented external electric fields, supporting the notion that the electric fields in the water droplets are responsible for the catalysis. We anticipate that microdroplet chemistry will be an avenue rich in opportunities in the reactions facilitated by high electric fields and provides an alternative way to tackle the scalability problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Le Nhan Pham
- Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Xu Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Haoran Ouyang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Michelle L Coote
- Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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23
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Meng Y, Zare RN, Gnanamani E. One-Step, Catalyst-Free Formation of Phenol from Benzoic Acid Using Water Microdroplets. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19202-19206. [PMID: 37624585 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Benzoic acid dissolved in water is electrosprayed (-4 kV) by using nitrogen gas at a pressure of 120 psi to form ∼10 μm diameter microdroplets. Analysis with mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) of the resulting microdroplets shows the direct formation of phenol via decarboxylation without any catalyst or added reagents. This process represents an ecofriendly, environmentally benign method for producing phenol and related aromatic alcohols from their corresponding aromatic acids. The mechanism of this transformation was unambiguously characterized using mass spectrometry, radical trapping, and 18O labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Elumalai Gnanamani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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24
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Lin S, Cao LNY, Tang Z, Wang ZL. Size-dependent charge transfer between water microdroplets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307977120. [PMID: 37487062 PMCID: PMC10401017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307977120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact electrification (CE) in water has attracted much attention, owing to its potential impacts on the chemical reactions, such as the recent discovery of spontaneous generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in water microdroplets. However, current studies focus on the CE of bulk water, the measurement of CE between micrometer-size water droplets is a challenge and its mechanism still remains ambiguous. Here, a method for quantifying the amount of charge carried by the water microdroplets produced by ultrasonic atomization is proposed. In the method, the motions of water microdroplets in a uniform electric field are observed and the electrostatic forces on the microdroplets are calculated based on the moving speed of the microdroplets. It is revealed that the charge transfer between water microdroplets is size-dependent. The large microdroplets tend to be positively charged while the small microdroplets tend to receive negative charges, implying that the negative charges transfer from large microdroplets to the small microdroplets during ultrasonic atomization. Further, a theoretical model for microdroplets charging is proposed, in which the curvature-induced surface potential/energy difference is suggested to be responsible for the charge transfer between microdroplets. The findings show that the electric field strength between two microdroplets with opposite charges during separation is strong enough to convert OH‒ to OH*, providing evidence for the CE-induced spontaneous generation of H2O2 in water microdroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiquan Lin
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100083, People’s Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leo N. Y. Cao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100083, People’s Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Tang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100083, People’s Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100083, People’s Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332−0245
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul03722, Republic of Korea
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25
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Jin S, Chen H, Yuan X, Xing D, Wang R, Zhao L, Zhang D, Gong C, Zhu C, Gao X, Chen Y, Zhang X. The Spontaneous Electron-Mediated Redox Processes on Sprayed Water Microdroplets. JACS AU 2023; 3:1563-1571. [PMID: 37388681 PMCID: PMC10301804 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Water is considered as an inert environment for the dispersion of many chemical systems. However, by simply spraying bulk water into microsized droplets, the water microdroplets have been shown to possess a large plethora of unique properties, including the ability to accelerate chemical reactions by several orders of magnitude compared to the same reactions in bulk water, and/or to trigger spontaneous reactions that cannot occur in bulk water. A high electric field (∼109 V/m) at the air-water interface of microdroplets has been postulated to be the probable cause of the unique chemistries. This high field can even oxidize electrons out of hydroxide ions or other closed-shell molecules dissolved in water, forming radicals and electrons. Subsequently, the electrons can trigger further reduction processes. In this Perspective, by showing a large number of such electron-mediated redox reactions, and by studying the kinetics of these reactions, we opine that the redox reactions on sprayed water microdroplets are essentially processes using electrons as the charge carriers. The potential impacts of the redox capability of microdroplets are also discussed in a larger context of synthetic chemistry and atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuihui Jin
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Huan Chen
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Dong Xing
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Ruijing Wang
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Chu Gong
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Chenghui Zhu
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xufeng Gao
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yeye Chen
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre,
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers
Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai
University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe
Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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26
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Belotti M, El-Tahawy MMT, Garavelli M, Coote ML, Iyer KS, Ciampi S. Separating Convective from Diffusive Mass Transport Mechanisms in Ionic Liquids by Redox Pro-fluorescence Microscopy. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37339015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The study of electrochemical reactivity requires analytical techniques capable of probing the diffusion of reactants and products to and from electrified interfaces. Information on diffusion coefficients is often obtained indirectly by modeling current transients and cyclic voltammetry data, but such measurements lack spatial resolution and are accurate only if mass transport by convection is negligible. Detecting and accounting for adventitious convection in viscous and wet solvents, such as ionic liquids, is technically challenging. We have developed a direct, spatiotemporally resolved optical tracking of diffusion fronts which can detect and resolve convective disturbances to linear diffusion. By tracking the movement of an electrode-generated fluorophore, we demonstrate that parasitic gas evolving reactions lead to 10-fold overestimates of macroscopic diffusion coefficients. A hypothesis is put forward linking large barriers to inner-sphere redox reactions, such as hydrogen gas evolution, to the formation of cation-rich overscreening and crowding double layer structures in imidazolium-based ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Belotti
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Mohsen M T El-Tahawy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Bologna, Emilia Romagna 40136, Italy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Bologna, Emilia Romagna 40136, Italy
| | - Michelle L Coote
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - K Swaminathan Iyer
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
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27
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Zhang J, Cheng L, Huang L, Ng PH, Huang Q, Marques AR, MacKinnon B, Huang L, Yang Y, Ye R, Sophie SH. In situ generation of highly localized chlorine by laser-induced graphene electrodes during electrochemical disinfection. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139123. [PMID: 37285986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has gained popularity for electrochemical water disinfection due to its efficient antimicrobial activity when activated with low voltages. However, the antimicrobial mechanism of LIG electrodes is not yet fully understood. This study demonstrated an array of mechanisms working synergistically to inactivate bacteria during electrochemical treatment using LIG electrodes, including the generation of oxidants, changes in pH-specifically high alkalinity associated with the cathode, and electro-adsorption on the electrodes. All these mechanisms may contribute to the disinfection process when bacteria are close to the surface of the electrodes where inactivation was independent of the reactive chlorine species (RCS); however, RCS was likely responsible for the predominant cause of antibacterial effects in the bulk solution (i.e., ≥100 mL in our study). Furthermore, the concentration and diffusion kinetics of RCS in solution was voltage-dependent. At 6 V, RCS achieved a high concentration in water, while at 3 V, RCS was highly localized on the LIG surface but not measurable in water. Despite this, the LIG electrodes activated by 3 V achieved a 5.5-log reduction in Escherichia coli (E.coli) after 120-min electrolysis without detectable chlorine, chlorate, or perchlorate in the water, suggesting a promising system for efficient, energy-saving, and safe electro-disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR PR China, China.
| | - Le Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR PR China, China.
| | - Liqing Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR PR China, China.
| | - Pok Him Ng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR PR China, China.
| | - Qianjun Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR PR China, China.
| | - Ana Rita Marques
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR PR China, China.
| | - Brett MacKinnon
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR PR China, China.
| | - Libei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR PR China, China.
| | - Yefeng Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR PR China, China.
| | - Ruquan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR PR China, China.
| | - St-Hilaire Sophie
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR PR China, China.
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28
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Knežević S, Kerr E, Goudeau B, Valenti G, Paolucci F, Francis PS, Kanoufi F, Sojic N. Bimodal Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy of Single Cells. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7372-7378. [PMID: 37098243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy is an emerging technique with new applications such as imaging of single entities and cells. Herein, we have developed a bimodal and bicolor approach to record both positive ECL (PECL: light-emitting object on dark background) and shadow label-free ECL (SECL: nonemissive object shadowing the background luminescence) images of single cells. This bimodal approach is the result of the simultaneous emissions of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ used to label the cellular membrane (PECL) and [Ir(sppy)3]3- dissolved in solution (SECL). By spectrally resolving the ECL emission wavelengths, we recorded the images of the same cells in both PECL and SECL modes using the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (λmax = 620 nm) and [Ir(sppy)3]3- (λmax = 515 nm) luminescence, respectively. PECL shows the distribution of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ labels attached to the cellular membrane, whereas SECL reflects the local diffusional hindrance of the ECL reagents by each cell. The high sensitivity and surface-confined features of the reported approach are demonstrated by imaging cell-cell contacts during the mitosis process. Furthermore, the comparison of PECL and SECL images demonstrates the differential diffusion of tri-n-propylamine and [Ir(sppy)3]3- through the permeabilized cell membranes. Consequently, this dual approach enables the imaging of the morphology of the cell adhering on the surface and can significantly contribute to multimodal ECL imaging and bioassays with different luminescent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Knežević
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, Univ. Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Emily Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, Univ. Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | | | - Neso Sojic
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, Univ. Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
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29
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Jin S, Wang R, Chen H, Yuan X, Zhang X. Spontaneous and Simultaneous Oxidation and Reduction of o-Quinones in Water Microdroplets. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2805-2809. [PMID: 36939334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Microdroplet chemistry has been an emerging new field for its large plethora of unique properties, among which an especially intriguing one is the strong oxidizing and reducing powers. The hydroxide ion in water microdroplets is considered to split into a hydroxyl radical and an electron at the air-water interface, and the former is responsible for the oxidizing capability while the latter is responsible for the reducing power, making a unity of opposites. However, to date there are only two examples showing that oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously to the same substrates, which might be a result of the redox properties of the substrate per se. In this study, we carefully chose a group of ο-quinone compounds as the substrates in water microdroplets and discovered that they can be both oxidized by the hydroxyl radical and reduced by the electron. These results keep pushing the limit of the unique redox properties of microdroplet chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuihui Jin
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ruijing Wang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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30
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Yuan X, Zhang D, Liang C, Zhang X. Spontaneous Reduction of Transition Metal Ions by One Electron in Water Microdroplets and the Atmospheric Implications. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2800-2805. [PMID: 36705987 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Freshman chemistry teaches that Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions are stable in water solutions, but their reduced forms, Fe2+ and Cu+, cannot exist in water as the major oxidation state due to the fast oxidation by O2 and/or disproportionation. Contrary to these well-known facts, significant fractions of dissolved Fe and Cu species exist in their reduced oxidation states in atmospheric water such as deliquesced aerosols, clouds, and fog droplets. Current knowledge attributes these phenomena to the stabilization of the lower oxidation states by the complexation of ligands and the various photochemical or thermal pathways that can reduce the higher oxidation states. In this study, by spraying the water solutions of transition metal ions into microdroplets, we show the results of the spontaneous reduction of ligated Fe(III) and Cu(II) species into Fe(II) and Cu(I) species, presenting a previously unknown source of reduced transition metal ions in atmospheric water. It is the spontaneously generated electrons in water microdroplets that are responsible for the reduction. Control experiments in the atmosphere and in a glove box filled with precisely controlled gaseous contents reveal that O2, CO2, and NO2 are the major competitors for the electrons, forming O2-, HCO2-, and NO2-, respectively. Taking these findings together, we opine that microdroplet chemistry might play significant but previously underestimated roles in atmospheric redox chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chiyu Liang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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31
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Chen H, Wang R, Xu J, Yuan X, Zhang D, Zhu Z, Marshall M, Bowen K, Zhang X. Spontaneous Reduction by One Electron on Water Microdroplets Facilitates Direct Carboxylation with CO 2. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2647-2652. [PMID: 36668682 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in microdroplet chemistry have shown that chemical reactions in water microdroplets can be accelerated by several orders of magnitude compared to the same reactions in bulk water. Among the large plethora of unique properties of microdroplets, an especially intriguing one is the strong reducing power that can be sometimes as high as alkali metals as a result of the spontaneously generated electrons. In this study, we design a catalyst-free strategy that takes advantage of the reducing ability of water microdroplets to reduce a certain molecule, and the reduced form of that molecule can convert CO2 into value-added products. By spraying the water solution of C6F5I into microdroplets, an exotic and fragile radical anion, C6F5I•-, is observed, where the excess electron counter-intuitively locates on the σ* antibonding orbital of the C-I bond as evidenced by anion photoelectron spectroscopy. This electron weakens the C-I bond and causes the formation of C6F5-, and the latter attacks the carbon atom on CO2, forming the pentafluorobenzoate product, C6F5CO2-. This study provides a good example of strategically making use of the spontaneous properties of water microdroplets, and we anticipate that microdroplet chemistry will be a green avenue rich in new opportunities in CO2 utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Ruijing Wang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jinheng Xu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China.,Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Xu Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Zhaoguo Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Mary Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kit Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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32
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Study on selective recovery of lithium ions from lithium iron phosphate powder by electrochemical method. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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33
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Belotti M, El‐Tahawy MMT, Darwish N, Garavelli M, Ciampi S. Electrochemically Generated Luminescence of Luminol and Luciferin in Ionic Liquids. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202201033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Belotti
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley Western Australia 6102 Australia
| | - Mohsen M. T. El‐Tahawy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari” Università di Bologna Bologna 40136 Emilia Romagna Italy
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Damanhour University Damanhour 22511 Egypt
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley Western Australia 6102 Australia
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari” Università di Bologna Bologna 40136 Emilia Romagna Italy
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley Western Australia 6102 Australia
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34
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Beladi-Mousavi SM, Salinas G, Bouffier L, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Wireless electrochemical light emission in ultrathin 2D nanoconfinements. Chem Sci 2022; 13:14277-14284. [PMID: 36545138 PMCID: PMC9749134 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial confinement of chemical reactions or physical effects may lead to original phenomena and new properties. Here, the generation of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) in confined free-standing 2D spaces, exemplified by surfactant-based air bubbles is reported. For this, the ultrathin walls of the bubbles (typically in the range of 100-700 nm) are chosen as a host where graphene sheets, acting as bipolar ECL-emitting electrodes, are trapped and dispersed. The proposed system demonstrates that the required potential for the generation of ECL is up to three orders of magnitude smaller compared to conventional systems, due to the nanoconfinement of the potential drop. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the key advantages of a 2D environment, allowing a wireless activation of ECL at rather low potentials, compatible with (bio)analytical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP33607 PessacFrance
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP33607 PessacFrance
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP33607 PessacFrance
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP33607 PessacFrance
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35
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Electrolysis in reduced gravitational environments: current research perspectives and future applications. NPJ Microgravity 2022; 8:56. [PMID: 36470890 PMCID: PMC9722834 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical energy conversion technologies play a crucial role in space missions, for example, in the Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) on the International Space Station (ISS). They are also vitally important for future long-term space travel for oxygen, fuel and chemical production, where a re-supply of resources from Earth is not possible. Here, we provide an overview of currently existing electrolytic energy conversion technologies for space applications such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) and alkaline electrolyzer systems. We discuss the governing interfacial processes in these devices influenced by reduced gravitation and provide an outlook on future applications of electrolysis systems in, e.g., in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) technologies. A perspective of computational modelling to predict the impact of the reduced gravitational environment on governing electrochemical processes is also discussed and experimental suggestions to better understand efficiency-impacting processes such as gas bubble formation and detachment in reduced gravitational environments are outlined.
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36
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Belotti M, El‐Tahawy MMT, Yu L, Russell IC, Darwish N, Coote ML, Garavelli M, Ciampi S. Luciferase-free Luciferin Electrochemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209670. [PMID: 36169114 PMCID: PMC9828091 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Luciferin is one of Nature's most widespread luminophores, and enzymes that catalyze luciferin luminescence are the basis of successful commercial "glow" assays for gene expression and metabolic ATP formation. Herein we report an electrochemical method to promote firefly's luciferin luminescence in the absence of its natural biocatalyst-luciferase. We have gained experimental and computational insights on the mechanism of the enzyme-free luciferin electrochemiluminescence, demonstrated its spectral tuning from green to red by means of electrolyte engineering, proven that the colour change does not require, as still debated, a keto/enol isomerization of the light emitter, and gained evidence of the electrostatic-assisted stabilization of the charge-transfer excited state by double layer electric fields. Luciferin's electrochemiluminescence, as well as the in situ generation of fluorescent oxyluciferin, are applied towards an optical measurement of diffusion coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Belotti
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentley6102Western AustraliaAustralia
| | - Mohsen M. T. El‐Tahawy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”Università di BolognaBologna40136Emilia RomagnaItaly
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceDamanhour UniversityDamanhour22511Egypt
| | - Li‐Juan Yu
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National UniversityCanberra2601Australian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Isabella C. Russell
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National UniversityCanberra2601Australian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentley6102Western AustraliaAustralia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and TechnologyCollege of Science and EngineeringFlinders UniversityBedford Park5042South AustraliaAustralia
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”Università di BolognaBologna40136Emilia RomagnaItaly
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentley6102Western AustraliaAustralia
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37
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Heindel JP, Hao H, LaCour RA, Head-Gordon T. Spontaneous Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide in Water Microdroplets. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10035-10041. [PMID: 36264238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that many chemical reactions are accelerated by several orders of magnitude in micrometer-sized aqueous or organic liquid droplets compared to their corresponding bulk liquid phase. However, the molecular origin of the enhanced rates remains unclear as in the case of spontaneous appearance of 1 μM hydrogen peroxide in water microdroplets. In this Letter, we consider the range of ionization energies and whether interfacial electric fields of a microdroplet can feasibly overcome the high energy step from hydroxide ions (OH-) to hydroxyl radicals (OH•) in a primary H2O2 mechanism. We find that the vertical ionization energies (VIEs) of partially solvated OH- ions are greatly lowered relative to the average VIE in the bulk liquid, unlike the case of the Cl- anion which shows no reduction in the VIEs regardless of solvation environment. Overall reduced hydrogen-bonding and undercoordination of OH- are structural features that are more readily present at the air-water interface, where the energy scale for ionization can be matched by statistically probable electric field values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Heindel
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hongxia Hao
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - R Allen LaCour
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
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38
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Meng Y, Gnanamani E, Zare RN. Direct C(sp 3)–N Bond Formation between Toluene and Amine in Water Microdroplets. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19709-19713. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Elumalai Gnanamani
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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39
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Chamberlayne CF, Zare RN. Simple Estimate of the Potential Drop across an Amphiprotic Liquid-Liquid Interface. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:8112-8118. [PMID: 36194396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two immiscible liquids in contact with each other can have different internal electrostatic potentials. An associated electric double layer (EDL) therefore exists within each liquid. For amphiprotic liquids, the exchange of protons between the two liquids gives rise to two EDLs, a positively charged EDL in one of the liquids and negatively charged EDL in the other. Using the pKa and pKb of one liquid dissolved in the other and the pH equivalent within each amphiprotic liquid, we can estimate the potential drop, Δφ, between the interior of the two liquids, also known as the Galvani potential or liquid-liquid junction potential. This estimation is independent of surface charge and ionic strength. By using the ionic strength to find the thickness of the EDL, we also estimate the average electric field strength across the interface. For the special case of water (H2O) in contact with an immiscible alcohol (ROH), the potential drop across the interface from the water to the alcohol is Δφ = 2.303VT (pKb + pH - pKw - pH2OR), where VT is the thermal voltage at a given temperature T.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
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40
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Lyu X, Ciampi S. Improving the performances of direct-current triboelectric nanogenerators with surface chemistry. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Raman A, Peñas P, van der Meer D, Lohse D, Gardeniers H, Fernández Rivas D. Potential response of single successive constant-current-driven electrolytic hydrogen bubbles spatially separated from the electrode. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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42
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Zhang D, Yuan X, Gong C, Zhang X. High Electric Field on Water Microdroplets Catalyzes Spontaneous and Ultrafast Oxidative C-H/N-H Cross-Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16184-16190. [PMID: 35960958 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative C-H/N-H cross-coupling has emerged as an atom-economical method for the construction of C-N bonds. Conventional oxidative C-H/N-H coupling requires at least one of the following: high temperatures, strong oxidizers, transition metal catalysts, organic solvents, light, and electrochemical cells. In this study, by merely spraying the water solutions of the substrates into microdroplets at room temperature, we show a series of oxidative C-H/N-H coupling products that are strikingly produced in a spontaneous and ultrafast manner. The reactions are accelerated by six orders of magnitude compared to the same reactions in the bulk. It has been previously proposed by fluorescence microscopy and theory that the spontaneously generated electric field at the microdroplets peripheries can be in the ∼109 V/m range. Based on mass spectrometric analysis of key radical intermediates, we opine that the ultrahigh electric field catalytically oxidizes the substrates by removing an electron, which further promotes C/N coupling. Taken together, we anticipate that microdroplet chemistry will be an avenue rich in green opportunities of constructing C-heteroatom bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), Shenzhen Research Institute, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), Shenzhen Research Institute, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chu Gong
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), Shenzhen Research Institute, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), Shenzhen Research Institute, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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43
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Mehrgardi MA, Mofidfar M, Zare RN. Sprayed Water Microdroplets Are Able to Generate Hydrogen Peroxide Spontaneously. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7606-7609. [PMID: 35451822 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultrapure N2 gas was bubbled through water, and the humidified output containing undetectable concentrations of ozone filled a closed chamber in which 18 MΩ-cm water was sprayed through a silica capillary to form microdroplets. Analysis of the collected microdroplets by NMR spectroscopy showed the presence of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration level ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 μM depending on the flow conditions. This was confirmed using a spectrofluorometric assay. We suggest that this finding establishes that when sprayed to form microdroplets, water has the ability to produce hydrogen peroxide by itself. When the N2 gas is replaced by compressed air or O2 gas, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is found to increase, indicating that gas-surface interactions with O2 in aqueous microdroplets promote the formation of hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud A Mehrgardi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mofidfar
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 United States
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 United States
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44
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Iwata R, Zhang L, Lu Z, Gong S, Du J, Wang EN. How Coalescing Bubbles Depart from a Wall. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4371-4377. [PMID: 35349299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bubble evolution plays a fundamental role in boiling and gas-evolving electrochemical systems. One key stage is bubble departure, which is traditionally considered to be buoyancy-driven. However, conventional understanding cannot provide the full physical picture, especially for departure events with small bubble sizes commonly observed in water splitting and high heat flux boiling experiments. Here, we report a new regime of bubble departure owing to the coalescence of two bubbles, where the departure diameter can be much smaller than the conventional buoyancy limit. We show the significant reduction of the bubble base area due to the dynamics of the three-phase contact line during coalescence, which promotes bubble departure. More importantly, combining buoyancy-driven and coalescence-induced bubble departure modes, we demonstrate a unified relationship between the departure diameter and nucleation site density. By elucidating how coalescing bubbles depart from a wall, our work provides design guidelines for energy systems which can largely benefit from efficient bubble departure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shuai Gong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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45
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Sprayed water microdroplets containing dissolved pyridine spontaneously generate pyridyl anions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200991119. [PMID: 35286201 PMCID: PMC8944249 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200991119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Water microdroplets can accelerate chemical reactions by orders of magnitude compared to the same reactions in bulk water and/or trigger spontaneous reactions that do not occur in bulk solution. Among the properties of water microdroplets, the unique redox ability resulting from the spontaneous dissociation of OH− into a released electron and •OH at the air–water interfaces is especially intriguing. At the air–water interface, OH− exhibits a strong reducing potential, and the resulting •OH is highly oxidative, making water microdroplets a unity of opposites. We report the reduction of pyridine into pyridyl anions (C5H5N−) and the oxidation of pyridine into hydroxypyridine, which extends what we know about the redox power of water microdroplets. The anion of pyridine, C5H5N−, has been thought to be short lived in the gas phase and was only previously observed indirectly. In the condensed phase, C5H5N− is known to be stabilized by solvation with other molecules. We provide in this study striking results for the formation of isolated C5H5N− from microdroplets of water containing dissolved pyridine observed in the negative ion mass spectrum. The gas-phase lifetime of C5H5N− is estimated to be at least 50 ms, which is much longer than previously thought. The generated C5H5N− captured CO2 molecules to form a stable (Py-CO2)− complex, further confirming the existence of C5H5N−. We propose that the high electric field at the air–water interface of a microdroplet helps OH− to transfer an electron to pyridine to form C5H5N− and the hydroxyl radical •OH. Oxidation products of the Py reacting with •OH are also observed in the mass spectrum recorded in positive mode, which further supports this mechanism. The present study pushes the limits of the reducing and oxidizing power of water microdroplets to a new level, emphasizing how different the behavior of microdroplets can be from bulk water. We also note that the easy formation of C5H5N− in water microdroplets presents a green chemistry way to synthesize value-added chemicals.
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46
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Zhao Y, Bouffier L, Xu G, Loget G, Sojic N. Electrochemiluminescence with semiconductor (nano)materials. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2528-2550. [PMID: 35356679 PMCID: PMC8890139 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06987j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is the light production triggered by reactions at the electrode surface. Its intrinsic features based on a dual electrochemical/photophysical nature have made it an attractive and powerful method across diverse fields in applied and fundamental research. Herein, we review the combination of ECL with semiconductor (SC) materials presenting various typical dimensions and structures, which has opened new uses of ECL and offered exciting opportunities for (bio)sensing and imaging. In particular, we highlight this particularly rich domain at the interface between photoelectrochemistry, SC material chemistry and analytical chemistry. After an introduction to the ECL and SC fundamentals, we gather the recent advances with representative examples of new strategies to generate ECL in original configurations. Indeed, bulk SC can be used as electrode materials with unusual ECL properties or light-addressable systems. At the nanoscale, the SC nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) constitute excellent bright ECL nano-emitters with tuneable emission wavelengths and remarkable stability. Finally, the challenges and future prospects are discussed for the design of new detection strategies in (bio)analytical chemistry, light-addressable systems, imaging or infrared devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhao
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226 Rennes F-35000 France
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 Pessac 33607 France
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Gabriel Loget
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226 Rennes F-35000 France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 Pessac 33607 France
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, South Ural State University Chelyabinsk 454080 Russian Federation
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47
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Zhang S, Lyu X, Hurtado Torres C, Darwish N, Ciampi S. Non-Ideal Cyclic Voltammetry of Redox Monolayers on Silicon Electrodes: Peak Splitting is Caused by Heterogeneous Photocurrents and Not by Molecular Disorder. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:743-750. [PMID: 34989574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last three decades, research on redox-active monolayers has consolidated their importance as advanced functional material. For widespread monolayer systems, such as alkanethiols on gold, non-ideal multiple peaks in cyclic voltammetry are generally taken as indication of heterogeneous intermolecular interactions─namely, disorder in the monolayer. Our findings show that, contrary to metals, peak multiplicity of silicon photoelectrodes is not diagnostic of heterogeneous intermolecular microenvironments but is more likely caused by photocurrent being heterogeneous across the monolayer. This work is an important step toward understanding the cause of electrochemical non-idealities in semiconductor electrodes so that these can be prevented and the redox behavior of molecular monolayers, as photocatalytic systems, can be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Xin Lyu
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Carlos Hurtado Torres
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
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48
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Partanen K, Pei Y, Hillen P, Hassan M, McEleney K, Schatte G, Payne SJ, Oleschuk R, She Z. Investigating electrochemical deposition of gold on commercial off-the-shelf 3-D printing materials towards developing sensing applications †. RSC Adv 2022; 12:33440-33448. [PMID: 36425202 PMCID: PMC9679451 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05455h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the inaccessibility of quick and affordable clinical diagnostics. This led to increased interest in creating low-cost portable electrochemical (EC) devices for environmental monitoring and clinical diagnostics. One important perspective is to develop new fabrication methods for functional and low-cost electrode chips. Techniques, such as electron beam and photolithography, allow precise and high-resolution electrode fabrication; however, they are costly and can be time-consuming. More recently, fused deposition modeling three-dimensional (3-D) printing is being used as an alternative fabrication technique due to the low-cost of the printer and rapid prototyping capability. In this study, we explore enhancing the conductivity of 3-D printed working electrodes with EC gold deposition. Two commercial conductive filament brands were used and investigated to fabricate electrode chips. Furthermore, strategies to apply epoxy glue and conductive silver paint were investigated to control the electrode surface area and ensure good electrical connection. This device enables detection at drinking water concentration thresholds. The practical application of the fabricated electrodes is demonstrated by detecting Cu2+ using anodic stripping voltammetry. Customized electrodes were made with 3-D printing and gold electrochemical reduction towards analytical applications.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Partanen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's UniversityChernoff HallKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada
| | - Yu Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's UniversityChernoff HallKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada,Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's UniversityEllis HallKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada
| | - Phillip Hillen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's UniversityChernoff HallKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada
| | - Malek Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's UniversityChernoff HallKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada
| | - Kevin McEleney
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's UniversityChernoff HallKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada
| | - Gabriele Schatte
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's UniversityChernoff HallKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada
| | - Sarah Jane Payne
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's UniversityChernoff HallKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada,Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's UniversityEllis HallKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada
| | - Richard Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's UniversityChernoff HallKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada
| | - Zhe She
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's UniversityChernoff HallKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada
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49
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Xing D, Yuan X, Liang C, Jin T, Zhang S, Zhang X. Spontaneous oxidation of I − in water microdroplets and its atmospheric implications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12447-12450. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04288f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Water microdroplets can oxidize I− into I˙, presenting a previously unknown source of I˙ and I2 in atmospheric water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xing
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Shenzhen Research Institute, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Shenzhen Research Institute, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chiyu Liang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Shenzhen Research Institute, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tianyun Jin
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Shenzhen Research Institute, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shuquan Zhang
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Shenzhen Research Institute, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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50
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Xu Y, Liu K, Jin R, Jiang D, Fang D. Dynamic Visualization of Free Radicals at Single Oxygen Bubbles using Chemiluminescence. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:4049-4052. [PMID: 34658163 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The generation of free radicals is a key process in the formation and the collapse of the bubbles in water, however, the direct and dynamic observation of the radicals in this process at single bubbles has never been achieved. Here, the hydroxyl (OH. ) and oxygen (O2 .- ) radicals at single oxygen bubbles are continuously traced using chemiluminescence (CL), in which these radicals at the bubble react with the surrounding luminol in the solution emitting the light. Varied increase trends of luminescence are observed in the generation of a bubble, floating, short parking at the water/air interface and the final explosion, revealing the complexity in the distribution of radicals at the bubble unprecedentedly. Despite more radicals are observed at the bubble generated at a deep position under the water for the stabilization, almost the same amount of radicals are included in the bubbles that is independent on the water pressure during the production of the bubble. This rich information collected from the dynamic study of bubbles illustrates the complicated generation and distribution process of radicals at the bubbles, and will facilitate the understanding of the function about the bubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211126, P. R. China
| | - Kang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211126, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Danjun Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211126, P. R. China
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