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Gerken KN, Owuor KO, Ndenga B, Wambua S, Winter C, Chemutai S, Omukuti R, Arabu D, Miring’u I, Wilson WC, Mutuku F, Waggoner JJ, Pinsky B, Bosire C, LaBeaud AD. Expanding Understanding of Urban Rift Valley Fever Risk and Associated Vector Ecology at Slaughterhouses in Kisumu, Kenya. Pathogens 2024; 13:488. [PMID: 38921786 PMCID: PMC11206928 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an adaptable arbovirus that can be transmitted by a wide variety of arthropods. Widespread urban transmission of RVFV has not yet occurred, but peri-urban outbreaks of RVFV have recently been documented in East Africa. We previously reported low-level exposure in urban communities and highlighted the risk of introduction via live animal influx. We deployed a slaughtered animal testing framework in response to an early warning system at two urban slaughterhouses and tested animals entering the meat value chain for anti-RVFV IgG and IgM antibodies. We simultaneously trapped mosquitoes for RVFV and bloodmeal testing. Out of 923 animals tested, an 8.5% IgG seroprevalence was identified but no evidence of recent livestock exposure was detected. Mosquito species abundance varied greatly by slaughterhouse site, which explained 52% of the variance in blood meals. We captured many Culex spp., a known RVFV amplifying vector, at one of the sites (p < 0.001), and this species had the most diverse blood meals. No mosquito pools tested positive for RVFV antigen using a rapid VecTOR test. These results expand understanding of potential RVF urban disease ecology, and highlight that slaughterhouses are key locations for future surveillance, modelling, and monitoring efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Nicole Gerken
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (B.P.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Kevin Omondi Owuor
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; (K.O.O.); (B.N.); (C.W.)
| | - Bryson Ndenga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; (K.O.O.); (B.N.); (C.W.)
| | - Sammy Wambua
- Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (S.W.); (S.C.); (R.O.); (D.A.); (I.M.)
- Research and Conservation Support Society (RECOURSE), Kilifi 80108, Kenya
- School of Biodiversity One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Christabel Winter
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; (K.O.O.); (B.N.); (C.W.)
| | - Salome Chemutai
- Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (S.W.); (S.C.); (R.O.); (D.A.); (I.M.)
- Research and Conservation Support Society (RECOURSE), Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | - Rodney Omukuti
- Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (S.W.); (S.C.); (R.O.); (D.A.); (I.M.)
- Research and Conservation Support Society (RECOURSE), Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | - Daniel Arabu
- Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (S.W.); (S.C.); (R.O.); (D.A.); (I.M.)
- Research and Conservation Support Society (RECOURSE), Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | - Irene Miring’u
- Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (S.W.); (S.C.); (R.O.); (D.A.); (I.M.)
- Research and Conservation Support Society (RECOURSE), Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | - William C. Wilson
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
| | - Francis Mutuku
- Department of Environment and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa 80110, Kenya;
| | - Jesse J. Waggoner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Benjamin Pinsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (B.P.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Carren Bosire
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa 80100, Kenya;
| | - Angelle Desiree LaBeaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (B.P.); (A.D.L.)
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Cêtre-Sossah C, Lebon C, Rabarison P, Cardinale E, Mavingui P, Atyame C. Evidence of Eretmapodites subsimplicipes and Aedes albopictus as competent vectors for Rift Valley fever virus transmission in Mayotte. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106835. [PMID: 36649804 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) recently re-emerged in Mayotte. We described, for the first time, that the mosquito species Eretmapodites subsimplicipes, a highly abundant species in Mayotte, is a competent vector for the transmission of RVF virus using three distinct populations native to Mayotte. We also showed that Aedes albopictus specimens are able to transmit RVF virus (RVFV) as previously observed in mosquito populations of other countries emphasizing the need of the increase vigilance for this highly invasive species of global distribution. Altogether, these results underline the epidemiological importance of both species for RVFV transmission in Mayotte and contribute to better understand the RVF epidemiological cycle and help to implement efficient prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier Cedex, France.
| | - Cyrille Lebon
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | | | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Célestine Atyame
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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Bastard J, Durand GA, Parenton F, Hassani Y, Dommergues L, Paireau J, Hozé N, Ruello M, Grard G, Métras R, Noël H. Reconstructing Mayotte 2018-19 Rift Valley Fever outbreak in humans by combining serological and surveillance data. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:163. [PMID: 36543938 PMCID: PMC9772320 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a zoonosis that affects large parts of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. RVF virus (RVFV) is transmitted to humans through contacts with infected animals, animal products, mosquito bites or aerosols. Its pathogenesis in humans ranges from asymptomatic forms to potentially deadly haemorrhagic fevers, and the true burden of human infections during outbreaks is generally unknown. METHODS We build a model fitted to both passive surveillance data and serological data collected throughout a RVF epidemic that occurred in Mayotte Island in 2018-2019. RESULTS We estimate that RVFV infected 10,797 (95% CrI 4,728-16,127) people aged ≥15 years old in Mayotte during the entire outbreak, among which only 1.2% (0.67%-2.2%) were reported to the syndromic surveillance system. RVFV IgG seroprevalence in people ≥15 years old was estimated to increase from 5.5% (3.6%-7.7%) before the outbreak to 12.9% (10.4%-16.3%) thereafter. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a large part of RVFV infected people present subclinical forms of the disease and/or do not reach medical care that could lead to their detection by the surveillance system. This may threaten the implementation of exhaustive RVF surveillance and adequate control programs in affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bastard
- grid.493975.50000 0004 5948 8741Santé publique France, French national public health agency, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Guillaume André Durand
- grid.476258.aFrench Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses, Marseille, France ,grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Fanny Parenton
- grid.493975.50000 0004 5948 8741Santé publique France, French national public health agency, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Youssouf Hassani
- grid.493975.50000 0004 5948 8741Santé publique France, French national public health agency, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France
| | | | - Juliette Paireau
- grid.493975.50000 0004 5948 8741Santé publique France, French national public health agency, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France ,Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nathanaël Hozé
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marc Ruello
- grid.493975.50000 0004 5948 8741Santé publique France, French national public health agency, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Gilda Grard
- grid.476258.aFrench Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses, Marseille, France ,grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Raphaëlle Métras
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP, UMRS 1136), Paris, France
| | - Harold Noël
- grid.493975.50000 0004 5948 8741Santé publique France, French national public health agency, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France
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Mechanistic models of Rift Valley fever virus transmission: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010339. [PMID: 36399500 PMCID: PMC9718419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic arbovirosis which has been reported across Africa including the northernmost edge, South West Indian Ocean islands, and the Arabian Peninsula. The virus is responsible for high abortion rates and mortality in young ruminants, with economic impacts in affected countries. To date, RVF epidemiological mechanisms are not fully understood, due to the multiplicity of implicated vertebrate hosts, vectors, and ecosystems. In this context, mathematical models are useful tools to develop our understanding of complex systems, and mechanistic models are particularly suited to data-scarce settings. Here, we performed a systematic review of mechanistic models studying RVF, to explore their diversity and their contribution to the understanding of this disease epidemiology. Researching Pubmed and Scopus databases (October 2021), we eventually selected 48 papers, presenting overall 49 different models with numerical application to RVF. We categorized models as theoretical, applied, or grey, depending on whether they represented a specific geographical context or not, and whether they relied on an extensive use of data. We discussed their contributions to the understanding of RVF epidemiology, and highlighted that theoretical and applied models are used differently yet meet common objectives. Through the examination of model features, we identified research questions left unexplored across scales, such as the role of animal mobility, as well as the relative contributions of host and vector species to transmission. Importantly, we noted a substantial lack of justification when choosing a functional form for the force of infection. Overall, we showed a great diversity in RVF models, leading to important progress in our comprehension of epidemiological mechanisms. To go further, data gaps must be filled, and modelers need to improve their code accessibility.
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