1
|
Iyer K, Yan Z, Ross SR. Entry inhibitors as arenavirus antivirals. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1382953. [PMID: 38650890 PMCID: PMC11033450 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1382953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses belonging to the Arenaviridae family, genus mammarenavirus, are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses primarily found in rodent species, that cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. With high mortality rates and limited treatment options, the search for effective antivirals is imperative. Current treatments, notably ribavirin and other nucleoside inhibitors, are only partially effective and have significant side effects. The high lethality and lack of treatment, coupled with the absence of vaccines for all but Junín virus, has led to the classification of these viruses as Category A pathogens by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). This review focuses on entry inhibitors as potential therapeutics against mammarenaviruses, which include both New World and Old World arenaviruses. Various entry inhibition strategies, including small molecule inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies, have been explored through high throughput screening, genome-wide studies, and drug repurposing. Notable progress has been made in identifying molecules that target receptor binding, internalization, or fusion steps. Despite promising preclinical results, the translation of entry inhibitors to approved human therapeutics has faced challenges. Many have only been tested in in vitro or animal models, and a number of candidates showed efficacy only against specific arenaviruses, limiting their broader applicability. The widespread existence of arenaviruses in various rodent species and their potential for their zoonotic transmission also underscores the need for rapid development and deployment of successful pan-arenavirus therapeutics. The diverse pool of candidate molecules in the pipeline provides hope for the eventual discovery of a broadly effective arenavirus antiviral.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susan R. Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Daniels-Wells TR, Candelaria PV, Kranz E, Wen J, Wang L, Kamata M, Almagro JC, Martínez-Maza O, Penichet ML. Efficacy of Antibodies Targeting TfR1 in Xenograft Mouse Models of AIDS-Related Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1816. [PMID: 36980702 PMCID: PMC10046321 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), also known as CD71, is a transmembrane protein involved in the cellular uptake of iron and the regulation of cell growth. This receptor is expressed at low levels on a variety of normal cells, but is upregulated on cells with a high rate of proliferation, including malignant cells and activated immune cells. Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to the chronic activation of B cells, resulting in high expression of TfR1, B-cell dysfunction, and ultimately the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (AIDS-NHL). Importantly, TfR1 expression is correlated with the stage and prognosis of NHL. Thus, it is a meaningful target for antibody-based NHL therapy. We previously developed a mouse/human chimeric IgG3 specific for TfR1 (ch128.1/IgG3) and showed that this antibody exhibits antitumor activity in an in vivo model of AIDS-NHL using NOD-SCID mice challenged intraperitoneally with 2F7 human Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cells that harbor the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We have also developed an IgG1 version of ch128.1 that shows significant antitumor activity in SCID-Beige mouse models of disseminated multiple myeloma, another B-cell malignancy. Here, we aim to explore the utility of ch128.1/IgG1 and its humanized version (hu128.1) in mouse models of AIDS-NHL. To accomplish this goal, we used the 2F7 cell line variant 2F7-BR44, which is more aggressive than the parental cell line and forms metastases in the brain of mice after systemic (intravenous) administration. We also used the human BL cell line JB, which in contrast to 2F7, is EBV-negative, allowing us to study both EBV-infected and non-infected NHL tumors. Treatment with ch128.1/IgG1 or hu128.1 of SCID-Beige mice challenged locally (subcutaneously) with 2F7-BR44 or JB cells results in significant antitumor activity against different stages of disease. Treatment of mice challenged systemically (intravenously) with either 2F7-BR44 or JB cells also showed significant antitumor activity, including long-term survival. Taken together, our results suggest that targeting TfR1 with antibodies, such as ch128.1/IgG1 or hu128.1, has potential as an effective therapy for AIDS-NHL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy R. Daniels-Wells
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pierre V. Candelaria
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emiko Kranz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Masakazu Kamata
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Manuel L. Penichet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vaz-Rodrigues R, Mazuecos L, Villar M, Urra JM, Gortázar C, de la Fuente J. Serum biomarkers for nutritional status as predictors in COVID-19 patients before and after vaccination. J Funct Foods 2023; 101:105412. [PMID: 36644001 PMCID: PMC9829648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize serum protein biomarkers for nutritional status that may be used as predictors for disease symptomatology in COVID-19 patients before and after vaccination. In pre-vaccine cohorts, proteomics analysis revealed significant differences between groups, with serum proteins alpha-1-acid glycoproteins (AGPs) 1 and 2, C-reactive protein (CRP) and retinol binding protein (RBP) increasing with COVID-19 severity, in contrast with serum albumin, transthyretin (TTR) and serotransferrin (TF) reduction as the symptomatology increased. Immunoassay reproduced and validated proteomics results of serum proteins albumin and RBP. In post-vaccine cohorts, the results showed the same pattern as in pre-vaccine cohorts for serum proteins AGPs, CRP, albumin and TTR. However, TF levels were similar between groups and RBP presented a slight reduction as COVID-19 symptomatology increased. In these cohorts, immunoassay validated proteomics results of serum proteins albumin, TTR and TF. Additionally, immune response to α-Gal in pre-vaccine cohorts varied in predominant immunoglobulin type profile, while post-vaccine groups presented mainly anti-α-Gal protective IgG antibodies. The study identified serum nutritional biomarkers that could potentially predict an accurate prognostic of COVID-19 disease to provide an appropriate nutritional care and guidance in non-vaccinated and vaccinated individuals against SARS-CoV-2. These results highlight the importance of designing personalized nutrition protocols to improve diet along with the application of prebiotics or probiotics for the control of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Vaz-Rodrigues
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lorena Mazuecos
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Margarita Villar
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain,Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José Miguel Urra
- Immunology, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain,Medicine School, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha (UCLM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA,Corresponding author at: SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Candelaria PV, Nava M, Martínez-Maza O, Daniels-Wells TR, Penichet ML. Combination Therapy of an Antibody Specific for Transferrin Receptor 1 (ch128.1/IgG1) With Bortezomib or Lenalidomide Results in Increased Survival in an In Vivo Model of Human Multiple Myeloma: A Brief Communication. J Immunother 2022; 45:227-230. [PMID: 35467582 PMCID: PMC9153518 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) is a universal cancer marker and a meaningful target for antibody-based immunotherapy. We previously developed a mouse/human chimeric antibody (ch128.1/IgG1) specific for the human TfR1 and reported that treatment of SCID-Beige mice bearing disseminated human multiple myeloma (MM) cells with ch128.1/IgG1 results in significant antitumor activity in early-stage and late-stage disease. Both bortezomib and lenalidomide are Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved therapeutics used to treat MM in combination with other agents. Since combining treatments with different mechanisms of action is an effective antitumor strategy and given the relevance of bortezomib and lenalidomide in MM therapy, we decided to explore, for the first time, the combination of bortezomib or lenalidomide treatment with ch128.1/IgG1 within the context of late-stage MM disease. We found that treatment with a single dose of ch128.1/IgG1, or multiple doses of bortezomib or lenalidomide, used as single agents, results in significant antitumor activity in SCID-Beige mice bearing late-stage disseminated human MM.1S tumors. However, this antitumor activity is superior when ch128.1/IgG1 is combined with either bortezomib or lenalidomide, showing significantly longer survival compared with any therapy used alone. These novel results suggest that the combinations of ch128.1/IgG1 and bortezomib or lenalidomide are promising strategies against MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre V. Candelaria
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Miguel Nava
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tracy R. Daniels-Wells
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Manuel L. Penichet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
- AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- The Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gallo GL, López N, Loureiro ME. The Virus–Host Interplay in Junín Mammarenavirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061134. [PMID: 35746604 PMCID: PMC9228484 DOI: 10.3390/v14061134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Junín virus (JUNV) belongs to the Arenaviridae family and is the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), a severe human disease endemic to agricultural areas in Argentina. At this moment, there are no effective antiviral therapeutics to battle pathogenic arenaviruses. Cumulative reports from recent years have widely provided information on cellular factors playing key roles during JUNV infection. In this review, we summarize research on host molecular determinants that intervene in the different stages of the viral life cycle: viral entry, replication, assembly and budding. Alongside, we describe JUNV tight interplay with the innate immune system. We also review the development of different reverse genetics systems and their use as tools to study JUNV biology and its close teamwork with the host. Elucidating relevant interactions of the virus with the host cell machinery is highly necessary to better understand the mechanistic basis beyond virus multiplication, disease pathogenesis and viral subversion of the immune response. Altogether, this knowledge becomes essential for identifying potential targets for the rational design of novel antiviral treatments to combat JUNV as well as other pathogenic arenaviruses.
Collapse
|