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Coraiola M, Haxell DZ, Sabonis D, Weisbrich H, Svetogorov AE, Hinderling M, Ten Kate SC, Cheah E, Krizek F, Schott R, Wegscheider W, Cuevas JC, Belzig W, Nichele F. Phase-engineering the Andreev band structure of a three-terminal Josephson junction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6784. [PMID: 37880228 PMCID: PMC10600130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In hybrid Josephson junctions with three or more superconducting terminals coupled to a semiconducting region, Andreev bound states may form unconventional energy band structures, or Andreev matter, which are engineered by controlling superconducting phase differences. Here we report tunnelling spectroscopy measurements of three-terminal Josephson junctions realised in an InAs/Al heterostructure. The three terminals are connected to form two loops, enabling independent control over two phase differences and access to a synthetic Andreev band structure in the two-dimensional phase space. Our results demonstrate a phase-controlled Andreev molecule, originating from two discrete Andreev levels that spatially overlap and hybridise. Signatures of hybridisation are observed in the form of avoided crossings in the spectrum and band structure anisotropies in the phase space, all explained by a numerical model. Future extensions of this work could focus on addressing spin-resolved energy levels, ground state fermion parity transitions and Weyl bands in multiterminal geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Coraiola
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Hannes Weisbrich
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Erik Cheah
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Filip Krizek
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rüdiger Schott
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Wegscheider
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juan Carlos Cuevas
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Belzig
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
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Chiles J, Arnault EG, Chen CC, Larson TFQ, Zhao L, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Amet F, Finkelstein G. Nonreciprocal Supercurrents in a Field-Free Graphene Josephson Triode. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37191404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting diodes are proposed nonreciprocal circuit elements that should exhibit nondissipative transport in one direction while being resistive in the opposite direction. Multiple examples of such devices have emerged in the past couple of years; however, their efficiency is typically limited, and most of them require a magnetic field to function. Here we present a device that achieves efficiencies approaching 100% while operating at zero field. Our samples consist of a network of three graphene Josephson junctions linked by a common superconducting island, to which we refer as a Josephson triode. The three-terminal nature of the device inherently breaks the inversion symmetry, and the control current applied to one of the contacts breaks the time-reversal symmetry. The triode's utility is demonstrated by rectifying a small (nA scale amplitude) applied square wave. We speculate that devices of this type could be realistically employed in the modern quantum circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chiles
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - Ethan G Arnault
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - Chun-Chia Chen
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - Trevyn F Q Larson
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - Lingfei Zhao
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | | | - François Amet
- Department of Physics and Astonomy, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28607, United States
| | - Gleb Finkelstein
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
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Kölzer J, Jalil AR, Rosenbach D, Arndt L, Mussler G, Schüffelgen P, Grützmacher D, Lüth H, Schäpers T. Supercurrent in Bi 4Te 3 Topological Material-Based Three-Terminal Junctions. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:293. [PMID: 36678045 PMCID: PMC9867302 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, in an in situ prepared three-terminal Josephson junction based on the topological insulator Bi4Te3 and the superconductor Nb the transport properties are studied. The differential resistance maps as a function of two bias currents reveal extended areas of Josephson supercurrent, including coupling effects between adjacent superconducting electrodes. The observed dynamics for the coupling of the junctions is interpreted using a numerical simulation of a similar geometry based on a resistively and capacitively shunted Josephson junction model. The temperature dependency indicates that the device behaves similar to prior experiments with single Josephson junctions comprising topological insulators' weak links. Irradiating radio frequencies to the junction, we find a spectrum of integer Shapiro steps and an additional fractional step, which is interpreted with a skewed current-phase relationship. In a perpendicular magnetic field, we observe Fraunhofer-like interference patterns in the switching currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Kölzer
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Abdur Rehman Jalil
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Daniel Rosenbach
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Lisa Arndt
- JARA Institute for Quantum Information, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gregor Mussler
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Peter Schüffelgen
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Detlev Grützmacher
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans Lüth
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Schäpers
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Graziano GV, Gupta M, Pendharkar M, Dong JT, Dempsey CP, Palmstrøm C, Pribiag VS. Selective control of conductance modes in multi-terminal Josephson junctions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5933. [PMID: 36209199 PMCID: PMC9547902 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Andreev bound state spectra of multi-terminal Josephson junctions form an artificial band structure, which is predicted to host tunable topological phases under certain conditions. However, the number of conductance modes between the terminals of a multi-terminal Josephson junction must be few in order for this spectrum to be experimentally accessible. In this work, we employ a quantum point contact geometry in three-terminal Josephson devices to demonstrate independent control of conductance modes between each pair of terminals and access to the single-mode regime coexistent with the presence of superconducting coupling. These results establish a full platform on which to realize tunable Andreev bound state spectra in multi-terminal Josephson junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino V Graziano
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mohit Gupta
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mihir Pendharkar
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jason T Dong
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Connor P Dempsey
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Chris Palmstrøm
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Vlad S Pribiag
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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