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Ji H, Zhao Z, Zhang C, Li X. In situ electrosynthesis of quinone-based redox-active molecules coupling with high-purity hydrogen production. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13185-13190. [PMID: 39229367 PMCID: PMC11370267 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03033h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Clean hydrogen production via conventional water splitting involves sluggish anodic oxygen evolution, which can be replaced with more valuable electrosynthesis reactions. Here, we propose one novel strategy for coupling in situ organic electrosynthesis with high-purity hydrogen production. A benzoquinone-derivative disodium 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonate (Tiron)-o1 and a naphthoquinone-derivative 2,6,8-trismethylaminemethylene-3,5-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (TANQ) were in situ electrosynthesized and directly used in a flow battery without any further purification treatment. Constant, simultaneous production of TANQ and hydrogen was demonstrated for 61 hours, while stable charge-discharge capacities were retained for 1000 cycles. The work provided a new avenue for achieving in situ redox-active molecule synthesis and high-purity hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoon Ji
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Changkun Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Road 457 Dalian 116023 P. R. China
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de Carvalho RL, Wood JM, Almeida RG, Berry NG, da Silva Júnior EN, Bower JF. The Synthesis and Reactivity of Naphthoquinonynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400188. [PMID: 38445547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The first systematic exploration of the synthesis and reactivity of naphthoquinonynes is described. Routes to two regioisomeric Kobayashi-type naphthoquinonyne precursors have been developed, and the reactivity of the ensuing 6,7- and 5,6-aryne intermediates has been investigated. Remarkably, these studies have revealed that a broad range of cycloadditions, nucleophile additions and difunctionalizations can be achieved while maintaining the integrity of the highly sensitive quinone unit. The methodologies offer a powerful diversity oriented approach to C6 and C7 functionalized naphthoquinones, which are typically challenging to access. From a reactivity viewpoint, the study is significant because it demonstrates that aryne-based functionalizations can be utilized strategically in the presence of highly reactive and directly competing functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato L de Carvalho
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31270-901, Belo, Horizonte - MG, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - James M Wood
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Renata G Almeida
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31270-901, Belo, Horizonte - MG, Brazil
| | - Neil G Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31270-901, Belo, Horizonte - MG, Brazil
| | - John F Bower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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Burghoff A, Holubowitch NE. Critical Roles of pH and Activated Carbon on the Speciation and Performance of an Archetypal Organometallic Complex for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9728-9740. [PMID: 38535624 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A lack of suitable high-potential catholytes hinders the development of aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) for large-scale energy storage. Hydrolysis of the charged (oxidized) catholyte typically occurs when its redox potential approaches that of water, with a negative impact on battery performance. Here, we elucidate and address such behavior for a representative iron-based organometallic complex, showing that the associated voltage and capacity losses can be curtailed by several simple means. We discovered that addition of activated carbon cloth (ACC) to the reservoir of low-cost, high-potential [Fe(bpy)3]2+/3+ catholyte-limited aqueous redox flow batteries extends their lifetime and boosts discharge voltage─two typically orthogonal performance metrics. Similar effects are observed when the catholyte's graphite felt electrode is electrochemically oxidized (overcharged) and by modifying the catholyte solution's pH, which was monitored in situ for all flow batteries. Modulation of solution pH alters hydrolytic speciation of the charged catholyte from the typical dimeric species μ-O-[FeIII(bpy)2(H2O)]24+, converting it to a higher-potential μ-dihydroxo form, μ-[FeIII(bpy)2(H2O)(OH)]24+, at lower pH. The existence of free bpyH22+ at low pH is found to strongly correlate with battery degradation. Near-neutral-pH RFBs employing a viologen anolyte, (SPr)2V, in excess with the [Fe(bpy)3]2+/3+ catholyte containing ACC exhibited high-voltage discharge for up to 600 cycles (41 days) with no discernible capacity fade. Correlating pH and voltage data offers powerful fundamental insight into organometallic (electro)chemistry with potential utility beyond battery applications. The findings, with implications toward a host of other "near-neutral" active species, illuminate the critical and underappreciated role of electrolyte pH on intracycle and long-term aqueous flow battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Burghoff
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University─Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, United States
| | - Nicolas E Holubowitch
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States
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Modak SV, Pert D, Tami JL, Shen W, Abdullahi I, Huan X, McNeil AJ, Goldsmith BR, Kwabi DG. Substituent Impact on Quinoxaline Performance and Degradation in Redox Flow Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5173-5185. [PMID: 38358388 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) are attractive candidates for low-cost, grid-scale storage of energy from renewable sources. Quinoxaline derivatives represent a promising but underexplored class of charge-storing materials on account of poor chemical stability in prior studies (with capacity fade rates >20%/day). Here, we establish that 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline-6-carboxylic acid (DMeQUIC) is vulnerable to tautomerization in its reduced form under alkaline conditions. We obtain kinetic rate constants for tautomerization by applying Bayesian inference to ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic data from operating flow cells and show that these rate constants quantitatively account for capacity fade measured in cycled cells. We use density functional theory (DFT) modeling to identify structural and chemical predictors of tautomerization resistance and demonstrate that they qualitatively explain stability trends for several commercially available and synthesized derivatives. Among these, quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid shows a dramatic increase in stability over DMeQUIC and does not exhibit capacity fade in mixed symmetric cell cycling. The molecular design principles identified in this work set the stage for further development of quinoxalines in practical, aqueous organic RFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanat Vibhas Modak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Daniel Pert
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jessica L Tami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Wanggang Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ibrahim Abdullahi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xun Huan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Anne J McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bryan R Goldsmith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - David G Kwabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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