1
|
Eckardt NA, Avin-Wittenberg T, Bassham DC, Chen P, Chen Q, Fang J, Genschik P, Ghifari AS, Guercio AM, Gibbs DJ, Heese M, Jarvis RP, Michaeli S, Murcha MW, Mursalimov S, Noir S, Palayam M, Peixoto B, Rodriguez PL, Schaller A, Schnittger A, Serino G, Shabek N, Stintzi A, Theodoulou FL, Üstün S, van Wijk KJ, Wei N, Xie Q, Yu F, Zhang H. The lowdown on breakdown: Open questions in plant proteolysis. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2931-2975. [PMID: 38980154 PMCID: PMC11371169 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Proteolysis, including post-translational proteolytic processing as well as protein degradation and amino acid recycling, is an essential component of the growth and development of living organisms. In this article, experts in plant proteolysis pose and discuss compelling open questions in their areas of research. Topics covered include the role of proteolysis in the cell cycle, DNA damage response, mitochondrial function, the generation of N-terminal signals (degrons) that mark many proteins for degradation (N-terminal acetylation, the Arg/N-degron pathway, and the chloroplast N-degron pathway), developmental and metabolic signaling (photomorphogenesis, abscisic acid and strigolactone signaling, sugar metabolism, and postharvest regulation), plant responses to environmental signals (endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation, chloroplast-associated degradation, drought tolerance, and the growth-defense trade-off), and the functional diversification of peptidases. We hope these thought-provoking discussions help to stimulate further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Poyu Chen
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Qian Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Fang
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Pascal Genschik
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Abi S Ghifari
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Angelica M Guercio
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel J Gibbs
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B1 2RU, UK
| | - Maren Heese
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, Hamburg 22609, Germany
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Simon Michaeli
- Department of Postharvest Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Monika W Murcha
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Sergey Mursalimov
- Department of Postharvest Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Sandra Noir
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Malathy Palayam
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruno Peixoto
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia ES-46022, Spain
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, Hamburg 22609, Germany
| | - Giovanna Serino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza Universita’ di Roma, p.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Nitzan Shabek
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | | | - Suayib Üstün
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Klaas J van Wijk
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ning Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feifei Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Plant Sciences and the Bioeconomy, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
van Wijk KJ, Adam Z. Does the polyubiquitination pathway operate inside intact chloroplasts to remove proteins? THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2984-2989. [PMID: 38683741 PMCID: PMC11371165 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaas J van Wijk
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zach Adam
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu Q, Zhang H, Song Y, Song L, Zhu L, Kuang H, Larkin RM. REDUCED CHLOROPLAST COVERAGE proteins are required for plastid proliferation and carotenoid accumulation in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:511-534. [PMID: 38748600 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Increasing the amount of cellular space allocated to plastids will lead to increases in the quality and yield of crop plants. However, mechanisms that allocate cellular space to plastids remain poorly understood. To test whether the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) REDUCED CHLOROPLAST COVERAGE (SlREC) gene products serve as central components of the mechanism that allocates cellular space to plastids and contribute to the quality of tomato fruit, we knocked out the 4-member SlREC gene family. We found that slrec mutants accumulated lower levels of chlorophyll in leaves and fruits, accumulated lower levels of carotenoids in flowers and fruits, allocated less cellular space to plastids in leaf mesophyll and fruit pericarp cells, and developed abnormal plastids in flowers and fruits. Fruits produced by slrec mutants initiated ripening later than wild type and produced abnormal levels of ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA). Metabolome and transcriptome analyses of slrec mutant fruits indicated that the SlREC gene products markedly influence plastid-related gene expression, primary and specialized metabolism, and the response to biotic stress. Our findings and previous work with distinct species indicate that REC proteins help allocate cellular space to plastids in diverse species and cell types and, thus, play a central role in allocating cellular space to plastids. Moreover, the SlREC proteins are required for the high-level accumulation of chlorophyll and carotenoids in diverse organs, including fruits, promote the development of plastids and influence fruit ripening by acting both upstream and downstream of ABA biosynthesis in a complex network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuman Song
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Song
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanhui Kuang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert M Larkin
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li N, Jarvis RP. Recruitment of Cdc48 to chloroplasts by a UBX-domain protein in chloroplast-associated protein degradation. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:1400-1417. [PMID: 39160348 PMCID: PMC11410653 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The translocon at the outer chloroplast membrane (TOC) is the gateway for chloroplast protein import and so is vital for photosynthetic establishment and plant growth. Chloroplast-associated protein degradation (CHLORAD) is a ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic system that regulates TOC. In CHLORAD, cytosolic Cdc48 provides motive force for the retrotranslocation of ubiquitinated TOC proteins to the cytosol but how Cdc48 is recruited is unknown. Here, we identify plant UBX-domain protein PUX10 as a component of the CHLORAD machinery. We show that PUX10 is an integral chloroplast outer membrane protein that projects UBX and ubiquitin-associated domains into the cytosol. It interacts with Cdc48 via its UBX domain, bringing it to the chloroplast surface, and with ubiquitinated TOC proteins via its ubiquitin-associated domain. Genetic analyses in Arabidopsis revealed a requirement for PUX10 during CHLORAD-mediated regulation of TOC function and plant development. Thus, PUX10 coordinates ubiquitination and retrotranslocation activities of CHLORAD to enable efficient TOC turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Discovery of a component of the chloroplast-associated protein degradation system. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:1293-1294. [PMID: 39169262 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
|
6
|
Zhu M, Tang Y, Xie Y, He B, Ding G, Zhou X. Research progress on differentiation and regulation of plant chromoplasts. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:810. [PMID: 39001942 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids, natural tetraterpenoids found abundantly in plants, contribute to the diverse colors of plant non-photosynthetic tissues and provide fragrance through their cleavage products, which also play crucial roles in plant growth and development. Understanding the synthesis, degradation, and storage pathways of carotenoids and identifying regulatory factors represents a significant strategy for enhancing plant quality. Chromoplasts serve as the primary plastids responsible for carotenoid accumulation, and their differentiation is linked to the levels of carotenoids, rendering them a subject of substantial research interest. The differentiation of chromoplasts involves alterations in plastid structure and protein import machinery. Additionally, this process is influenced by factors such as the ORANGE (OR) gene, Clp proteases, xanthophyll esterification, and environmental factors. This review shows the relationship between chromoplast and carotenoid accumulation by presenting recent advances in chromoplast structure, the differentiation process, and key regulatory factors, which can also provide a reference for rational exploitation of chromoplasts to enhance plant quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Zhu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yunxia Tang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yiqing Xie
- Institute of Economic Forestry, Fujian Academy of Forestry, Fuzhou, 350012, China
| | - BingBing He
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Guochang Ding
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Xingwen Zhou
- College of Architecture and Planning, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350118, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yue H, Chen G, Zhang Z, Guo Z, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Turlings TCJ, Zhou X, Peng J, Gao Y, Zhang D, Shi X, Liu Y. Single-cell transcriptome landscape elucidates the cellular and developmental responses to tomato chlorosis virus infection in tomato leaf. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2660-2674. [PMID: 38619176 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Plant viral diseases compromise the growth and yield of the crop globally, and they tend to be more serious under extreme temperatures and drought climate changes. Currently, regulatory dynamics during plant development and in response to virus infection at the plant cell level remain largely unknown. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing on 23 226 individual cells from healthy and tomato chlorosis virus-infected leaves was established. The specific expression and epigenetic landscape of each cell type during the viral infection stage were depicted. Notably, the mesophyll cells showed a rapid function transition in virus-infected leaves, which is consistent with the pathological changes such as thinner leaves and decreased chloroplast lamella in virus-infected samples. Interestingly, the F-box protein SKIP2 was identified to play a pivotal role in chlorophyll maintenance during virus infection in tomato plants. Knockout of the SlSKIP2 showed a greener leaf state before and after virus infection. Moreover, we further demonstrated that SlSKIP2 was located in the cytomembrane and nucleus and directly regulated by ERF4. In conclusion, with detailed insights into the plant responses to viral infections at the cellular level, our study provides a genetic framework and gene reference in plant-virus interaction and breeding in the future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yue
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Gong Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanhong Zhang
- Institute of Vegetable, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Songbai Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jing Peng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Deyong Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaobin Shi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang AA, Xie L, Wang QH, Xu MQ, Pan Y, Zheng ZA, Lv WQ, Xiao HW. Effect of the ripening stage on the pulsed vacuum drying behavior of goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.): Ultrastructure, drying characteristics, and browning mechanism. Food Chem 2024; 442:138489. [PMID: 38278104 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
In current work, the effect of ripening stages (I, II, and III) on pulsed vacuum drying (PVD) behavior of goji berry was explored. The shortest drying time of goji berry was observed at stage I (6.99 h) which was 13.95 %, and 28.85 % shorter than those at stages II, and III, respectively. This phenomenon was closely associated with the ripening stage, as contributed by the initial physiochemical differences, ultrastructure alterations, and moisture distribution. In addition, lower maturity suffered more severe browning, primarily due to the enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions of phenolics, followed by pigment degradation and the Maillard reaction. Additionally, the PVD process promoted the rupture and transformation of the pectin fractions, also causing browning either directly or indirectly through participation in other chemical reactions. These findings suggest that the appropriate ripening stage of goji berry should be considered as having a significant impact on drying behaviors and quality attributes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An-An Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 194, 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Long Xie
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Qing-Hui Wang
- Agricultural Mechanization Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Xu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 194, 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of Agro-products Storage and Processing, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Institute of Agro-products Storage and Processing, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhi-An Zheng
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 194, 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wei-Qiao Lv
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Hong-Wei Xiao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 194, 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gao Y, Regad F, Li Z, Pirrello J, Bouzayen M, Van Der Rest B. Class I TCP in fruit development: much more than growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1411341. [PMID: 38863555 PMCID: PMC11165105 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1411341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Fruit development can be viewed as the succession of three main steps consisting of the fruit initiation, growth and ripening. These processes are orchestrated by different factors, notably the successful fertilization of flowers, the environmental conditions and the hormones whose action is coordinated by a large variety of transcription factors. Among the different transcription factor families, TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) family has received little attention in the frame of fruit biology despite its large effects on several developmental processes and its action as modulator of different hormonal pathways. In this respect, the comprehension of TCP functions in fruit development remains an incomplete puzzle that needs to be assembled. Building on the abundance of genomic and transcriptomic data, this review aims at collecting available TCP expression data to allow their integration in the light of the different functional genetic studies reported so far. This reveals that several Class I TCP genes, already known for their involvement in the cell proliferation and growth, display significant expression levels in developing fruit, although clear evidence supporting their functional significance in this process remains scarce. The extensive expression data compiled in our study provide convincing elements that shed light on the specific involvement of Class I TCP genes in fruit ripening, once these reproductive organs acquire their mature size. They also emphasize their putative role in the control of specific biological processes such as fruit metabolism and hormonal dialogue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yushuo Gao
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Veígeítales - Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Universiteí de Toulouse, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse-Institut National Polytechnique (INP), Toulouse, France
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Farid Regad
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Veígeítales - Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Universiteí de Toulouse, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse-Institut National Polytechnique (INP), Toulouse, France
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Julien Pirrello
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Veígeítales - Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Universiteí de Toulouse, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse-Institut National Polytechnique (INP), Toulouse, France
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Veígeítales - Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Universiteí de Toulouse, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse-Institut National Polytechnique (INP), Toulouse, France
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Benoît Van Der Rest
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Veígeítales - Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Universiteí de Toulouse, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse-Institut National Polytechnique (INP), Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang Y, Zhou GJ, Li Z, Sun J, Wong AST, Ko VCC, Wu RSS, Lai KP. Effects of benzophenone-3 and its metabolites on the marine diatom Chaetoceros neogracilis: Underlying mechanisms and environmental implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171371. [PMID: 38432364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The wide application of benzophenones (BPs), such as benzophenone-3 (BP3), as an ingredient in sunscreens, cosmetics, coatings, and plastics, has led to their global contamination in aquatic environments. Using the marine diatom Chaetoceros neogracilis as a model, this study assessed the toxic effects and mechanisms of BP3 and its two major metabolites (BP8 and BP1). The results showed that BP3 exhibited higher toxicity on C. neogracilis than BP8 and BP1, with their 72-h median effective concentrations being 0.4, 0.8 and 4 mg/L, respectively. Photosynthesis efficiencies were significantly reduced after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of the three benzophenones, while cell viability, membrane integrity, membrane potential, and metabolic activities could be further impaired at their higher concentrations. Comparative transcriptomic analysis, followed by gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses unraveled that all the three tested benzophenones disrupted photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism of the diatom through alteration of similar pathways. The toxic effect of BP3 was also attributable to its unique inhibitory effects on eukaryotic ribosome biosynthesis and DNA replication. Taken together, our findings underscore that benzophenones may pose a significant threat to photosynthesis, oxygen production, primary productivity, carbon fixation, and the nitrogen cycle of diatom in coastal waters worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Ziying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Academy of Metrology & Quality Inspection, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jiaji Sun
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Vincent Chi Chiu Ko
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rudolf Shiu Sun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang M, Chen S, Lim SL, Yang L, Zhong JY, Chan KC, Zhao Z, Wong KB, Wang J, Lim BL. A converged ubiquitin-proteasome pathway for the degradation of TOC and TOM tail-anchored receptors. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:1007-1023. [PMID: 38501483 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
In plants, thousands of nucleus-encoded proteins translated in the cytosol are sorted to chloroplasts and mitochondria by binding to specific receptors of the TOC (translocon on the outer chloroplast membrane) and the TOM (translocon on the outer mitochondrial membrane) complexes for import into those organelles. The degradation pathways for these receptors are unclear. Here, we discovered a converged ubiquitin-proteasome pathway for the degradation of Arabidopsis thaliana TOC and TOM tail-anchored receptors. The receptors are ubiquitinated by E3 ligase(s) and pulled from the outer membranes by the AAA+ adenosine triphosphatase CDC48, after which a previously uncharacterized cytosolic protein, transmembrane domain (TMD)-binding protein for tail-anchored outer membrane proteins (TTOP), binds to the exposed TMDs at the C termini of the receptors and CDC48, and delivers these complexes to the 26S proteasome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meijing Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 999077, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shey-Li Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 999077, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jia Yi Zhong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Koon Chuen Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhizhu Zhao
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, 999077, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junqi Wang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Boon Leong Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 999077, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, 999077, Hong Kong, China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xiong J, Liu Y, Wu P, Bian Z, Li B, Zhang Y, Zhu B. Identification and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) analysis of methyltransferase affecting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening. PLANTA 2024; 259:109. [PMID: 38558186 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Six methyltransferase genes affecting tomato fruit ripening were identified through genome-wide screening, VIGS assay, and expression pattern analysis. The data provide the basis for understanding new mechanisms of methyltransferases. Fruit ripening is a critical stage for the formation of edible quality and seed maturation, which is finely modulated by kinds of factors, including genetic regulators, hormones, external signals, etc. Methyltransferases (MTases), important genetic regulators, play vital roles in plant development through epigenetic regulation, post-translational modification, or other mechanisms. However, the regulatory functions of numerous MTases except DNA methylation in fruit ripening remain limited so far. Here, six MTases, which act on different types of substrates, were identified to affect tomato fruit ripening. First, 35 MTase genes with relatively high expression at breaker (Br) stage of tomato fruit were screened from the tomato MTase gene database encompassing 421 genes totally. Thereafter, six MTase genes were identified as potential regulators of fruit ripening via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), including four genes with a positive regulatory role and two genes with a negative regulatory role, respectively. The expression of these six MTase genes exhibited diverse patterns during the fruit ripening process, and responded to various external ripening-related factors, including ethylene, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), temperature, and light exposure. These results help to further elaborate the biological mechanisms of MTase genes in tomato fruit ripening and enrich the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of fruit ripening involving MTases, despite of DNA MTases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Xiong
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwen Wu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Bian
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kutyrieva-Nowak N, Leszczuk A, Ezzat L, Kaloudas D, Zając A, Szymańska-Chargot M, Skrzypek T, Krokida A, Mekkaoui K, Lampropoulou E, Kalaitzis P, Zdunek A. The modified activity of prolyl 4 hydroxylases reveals the effect of arabinogalactan proteins on changes in the cell wall during the tomato ripening process. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1365490. [PMID: 38571716 PMCID: PMC10987753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1365490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are proteoglycans with an unusual molecular structure characterised by the presence of a protein part and carbohydrate chains. Their specific properties at different stages of the fruit ripening programme make AGPs unique markers of this process. An important function of AGPs is to co-form an amorphous extracellular matrix in the cell wall-plasma membrane continuum; thus, changes in the structure of these molecules can determine the presence and distribution of other components. The aim of the current work was to characterise the molecular structure and localisation of AGPs during the fruit ripening process in transgenic lines with silencing and overexpression of SlP4H3 genes (prolyl 4 hydroxylase 3). The objective was accomplished through comprehensive and comparative in situ and ex situ analyses of AGPs from the fruit of transgenic lines and wild-type plants at specific stages of ripening. The experiment showed that changes in prolyl 4 hydroxylases (P4H3) activity affected the content of AGPs and the progress in their modifications in the ongoing ripening process. The analysis of the transgenic lines confirmed the presence of AGPs with high molecular weights (120-60 kDa) at all the examined stages, but a changed pattern of the molecular features of AGPs was found in the last ripening stages, compared to WT. In addition to the AGP molecular changes, morphological modifications of fruit tissue and alterations in the spatio-temporal pattern of AGP distribution at the subcellular level were detected in the transgenic lines with the progression of the ripening process. The work highlights the impact of AGPs and their alterations on the fruit cell wall and changes in AGPs associated with the progression of the ripening process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Lamia Ezzat
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kaloudas
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Adrian Zając
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Skrzypek
- Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Afroditi Krokida
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Khansa Mekkaoui
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Evangelia Lampropoulou
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Muñoz-Vargas MA, Taboada J, González-Gordo S, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Characterization of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity in sweet pepper fruits during ripening and its inhibition by nitration and reducing events. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:92. [PMID: 38466441 PMCID: PMC10927865 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Pepper fruits contain two leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) genes which are differentially modulated during ripening and by nitric oxide. The LAP activity increases during ripening but is negatively modulated by nitration. Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is an essential metalloenzyme that cleaves N-terminal leucine residues from proteins but also metabolizes dipeptides and tripeptides. LAPs play a fundamental role in cell protein turnover and participate in physiological processes such as defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses, but little is known about their involvement in fruit physiology. This study aims to identify and characterize genes encoding LAP and evaluate their role during the ripening of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits and under a nitric oxide (NO)-enriched environment. Using a data-mining approach of the pepper plant genome and fruit transcriptome (RNA-seq), two LAP genes, designated CaLAP1 and CaLAP2, were identified. The time course expression analysis of these genes during different fruit ripening stages showed that whereas CaLAP1 decreased, CaLAP2 was upregulated. However, under an exogenous NO treatment of fruits, both genes were downregulated. On the contrary, it was shown that during fruit ripening LAP activity increased by 81%. An in vitro assay of the LAP activity in the presence of different modulating compounds including peroxynitrite (ONOO-), NO donors (S-nitrosoglutathione and nitrosocyteine), reducing agents such as reduced glutathione (GSH), L-cysteine (L-Cys), and cyanide triggered a differential response. Thus, peroxynitrite and reducing compounds provoked around 50% inhibition of the LAP activity in green immature fruits, whereas cyanide upregulated it 1.5 folds. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of LAP in pepper fruits as well as of its regulation by diverse modulating compounds. Based on the capacity of LAP to metabolize dipeptides and tripeptides, it could be hypothesized that the LAP might be involved in the GSH recycling during the ripening process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María A Muñoz-Vargas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Taboada
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Q, Wang P, Li W, Liu M, Zhou L, Su X, Cheng H, Guo H. AmCBF1 activates the expression of GhClpR1 to mediate dark-green leaves in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:83. [PMID: 38441719 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The transcription factor AmCBF1 deepens the leaf colour of transgenic cotton by binding to the promoter of the chloroplast development-related protein GhClpR1 to promote photosynthesis. The ATP-dependent caseinolytic protease (Clp protease) family plays a crucial role within chloroplasts, comprising several Clp proteins to maintain chloroplast homeostasis. At present, research on Clp proteins mainly focuses on Arabidopsis, leaving its function in other plants, particularly in crops, less explored. In this study, we overexpressed AmCBF1 from Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (A. mongolicus) in wild type (R15), and found a significant darkening of leaf colour in transgenic plants (L28 and L30). RNA-seq analysis showed an enrichment of pathways associated with photosynthesis. Subsequent screening of differentially expressed genes revealed a significant up-regulation of GhClpR1, a gene linked to chloroplast development, in the transgenic strain. In addition, GhClpR1 was consistently expressed in upland cotton, with the highest expression observed in leaves. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the protein encoded by GhClpR1 was located in chloroplasts. Yeast one hybrid and dual luciferase experiments showed that the AmCBF1 transcription factor positively regulates the expression of GhClpR1. VIGs-mediated silencing of GhClpR1 led to a significant yellowing phenotype in the leaves. This was accompanied by a reduction in chlorophyll content, and microscopic examination of chloroplast ultrastructure revealed severe developmental impairment. Finally, yeast two-hybrid assays showed that GhClpR1 interacts with the Clp protease complex accessory protein GhClpT2. Our study provides a foundation for studying the function of the Clp protease complex and a new strategy for cultivating high-light-efficiency cotton resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Peilin Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Weilong Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Man Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Xiaofeng Su
- Biotechnology Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572024, China.
| | - Huiming Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang EJN, Liao PC, Pon L. Mitochondrial protein and organelle quality control-Lessons from budding yeast. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:72-87. [PMID: 37731280 PMCID: PMC10842221 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for normal cellular function and have emerged as key aging determinants. Indeed, defects in mitochondrial function have been linked to cardiovascular, skeletal muscle and neurodegenerative diseases, premature aging, and age-linked diseases. Here, we describe mechanisms for mitochondrial protein and organelle quality control. These surveillance mechanisms mediate repair or degradation of damaged or mistargeted mitochondrial proteins, segregate mitochondria based on their functional state during asymmetric cell division, and modulate cellular fitness, the response to stress, and lifespan control in yeast and other eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Jie-Ning Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Pin-Chao Liao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013
| | - Liza Pon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu YY, Wang LL, Lin YL, Li X, Liu XF, Xu ZH, Fu BL, Wang WQ, Allan AC, Tu MY, Yin XR. AcHZP45 is a repressor of chlorophyll biosynthesis and activator of chlorophyll degradation in kiwifruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:204-218. [PMID: 37712824 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of chlorophyll during fruit development is essential to reveal a more 'ripe' color that signals readiness to wild dispersers of seeds and the human consumer. Here, comparative biochemical analysis of developing fruit of Actinidia deliciosa cv. Xuxiang ('XX', green-fleshed) and Actinidia chinensis cv. Jinshi No.1 ('JS', yellow-fleshed) indicated that variation in chlorophyll content is the major contributor to differences in flesh color. Four differentially expressed candidate genes were identified: the down-regulated genes AcCRD1 and AcPOR1 involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, and the up-regulated genes AcSGR1 and AcSGR2 driving chlorophyll degradation. Prochlorophyllide and chlorophyllide, the metabolites produced by AcCRD1 and AcPOR1, progressively reduced in 'JS', but not in 'XX', indicating that chlorophyll biosynthesis was less active in yellow-fleshed fruit. AcSGR1 and AcSGR2 were verified to be involved in chlorophyll degradation, using both transient expression in tobacco and stable overexpression in kiwifruit. Furthermore, a homeobox-leucine zipper (HD-Zip II), AcHZP45, showed significantly increased expression during 'JS' fruit ripening, which led to both repressed expression of AcCRD1 and AcPOR1 and activated expression of AcSGR1 and AcSGR2. Collectively, the present study indicated that different dynamics of chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation coordinate the changes in chlorophyll content in kiwifruit flesh, which are orchestrated by the key transcription factor AcHZP45.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Wu
- Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ling-Li Wang
- Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Creation in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yi-Lai Lin
- Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Liu
- Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zi-Hong Xu
- Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Creation in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bei-Ling Fu
- Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Qiu Wang
- Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mei-Yan Tu
- Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Creation in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xue-Ren Yin
- Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dang Z, Zhu M, Chen H, Zhang Y, Gao A, Ma W, Chen Y, Wei Y, Zhang H. MiMYB10 transcription factor regulates biosynthesis and accumulation of carotenoid involved genes in mango fruit. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127665. [PMID: 37884236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential and beneficial substances for both plant and human health. Identifying the regulatory network of these pigments is necessary for improving fruit quality and commodity value. In this study, we performed integrative analyses of transcriptome data from two different type fruits, ripening peel color at green ('Neelum' mango) and red ('Irwin' mango). Specifically, we found that MiMYB10 transcription level was highly associated with mango peel color. Further, silencing MiMYB10 homologous gene in tomato fruits resulted in lower carotenoid and anthocyanin content. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and dual-luciferase clarified that MiMYB10 regulates the carotenoid biosynthesis gene MiPDS (phytoene desaturase gene) in a direct manner. On the other hand, MiMYB10 activates the expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes (PSY, Z-ISO, CRTISO, LCYE) and chlorophyll degradation gene (SGR1), promoting the accumulation of carotenoid, accelerating chlorophyll degradation, and controlling peel color. In summary, this study identified important roles of MiMYB10 in pigment regulatory and provided new options for breeding strategies aiming to improve fruit quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Dang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Grops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Huarui Chen
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, College of Tropical Crops, Collaborative Innovation Center of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Aiping Gao
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Weihong Ma
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yeyuan Chen
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China.
| | - Yunxie Wei
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Salt Tolerant Crops of Hainan Province, College of Tropical Crops, Collaborative Innovation Center of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Grops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li R, Zeng Q, Zhang X, Jing J, Ge X, Zhao L, Yi B, Tu J, Fu T, Wen J, Shen J. Xanthophyll esterases in association with fibrillins control the stable storage of carotenoids in yellow flowers of rapeseed (Brassica juncea). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:285-301. [PMID: 37194444 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis, stabilization, and storage of carotenoids are vital processes in plants that collectively contribute to the vibrant colors observed in flowers and fruits. Despite its importance, the carotenoid storage pathway remains poorly understood and lacks thorough characterization. We identified two homologous genes, BjA02.PC1 and BjB04.PC2, belonging to the esterase/lipase/thioesterase (ELT) family of acyltransferases. We showed that BjPCs in association with fibrillin gene BjFBN1b control the stable storage of carotenoids in yellow flowers of Brassica juncea. Through genetic, high-resolution mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy analyses, we demonstrated that both BjA02.PC1 and BjB04.PC2 can promote the accumulation of esterified xanthophylls, facilitating the formation of carotenoid-enriched plastoglobules (PGs) and ultimately producing yellow pigments in flowers. The elimination of BjPCs led to the redirection of metabolic flux from xanthophyll ester biosynthesis to lipid biosynthesis, resulting in white flowers for B. juncea. Moreover, we genetically verified the function of two fibrillin genes, BjA01.FBN1b and BjB05.FBN1b, in mediating PG formation and demonstrated that xanthophyll esters must be deposited in PGs for stable storage. These findings identified a previously unknown carotenoid storage pathway that is regulated by BjPCs and BjFBN1b, while offering unique opportunities for improving the stability, deposition, and bioavailability of carotenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rihui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qinyu Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jing Jing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nellaepalli S, Lau AS, Jarvis RP. Chloroplast protein translocation pathways and ubiquitin-dependent regulation at a glance. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs241125. [PMID: 37732520 PMCID: PMC10546890 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis and numerous metabolic and signalling processes that enable plant growth and development. Most of the ∼3000 proteins in chloroplasts are nucleus encoded and must be imported from the cytosol. Thus, the protein import machinery of the organelle (the TOC-TIC apparatus) is of fundamental importance for chloroplast biogenesis and operation. Cytosolic factors target chloroplast precursor proteins to the TOC-TIC apparatus, which drives protein import across the envelope membranes into the organelle, before various internal systems mediate downstream routing to different suborganellar compartments. The protein import system is proteolytically regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), enabling centralized control over the organellar proteome. In addition, the UPS targets a range of chloroplast proteins directly. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we present mechanistic details of these different chloroplast protein targeting and translocation events, and of the UPS systems that regulate chloroplast proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar Nellaepalli
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Anne Sophie Lau
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - R. Paul Jarvis
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wan C, Zhang H, Cheng H, Sowden RG, Cai W, Jarvis RP, Ling Q. Selective autophagy regulates chloroplast protein import and promotes plant stress tolerance. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112534. [PMID: 37248861 PMCID: PMC10350842 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts are plant organelles responsible for photosynthesis and environmental sensing. Most chloroplast proteins are imported from the cytosol through the translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts (TOC). Previous work has shown that TOC components are regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) to control the chloroplast proteome, which is crucial for the organelle's function and plant development. Here, we demonstrate that the TOC apparatus is also subject to K63-linked polyubiquitination and regulation by selective autophagy, potentially promoting plant stress tolerance. We identify NBR1 as a selective autophagy adaptor targeting TOC components, and mediating their relocation into vacuoles for autophagic degradation. Such selective autophagy is shown to control TOC protein levels and chloroplast protein import and to influence photosynthetic activity as well as tolerance to UV-B irradiation and heat stress in Arabidopsis plants. These findings uncover the vital role of selective autophagy in the proteolytic regulation of specific chloroplast proteins, and how dynamic control of chloroplast protein import is critically important for plants to cope with challenging environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Hongying Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Robert G Sowden
- Department of Plant Sciences and Section of Molecular Plant Biology (Department of Biology)University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Wenjuan Cai
- Core Facility Center, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences and Section of Molecular Plant Biology (Department of Biology)University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Qihua Ling
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS‐JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang W, Wang Y, Chen T, Qin G, Tian S. Current insights into posttranscriptional regulation of fleshy fruit ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1785-1798. [PMID: 36250906 PMCID: PMC10315313 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complicated process that is accompanied by the formation of fruit quality. It is not only regulated at the transcriptional level via transcription factors or DNA methylation but also fine-tuned after transcription occurs. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of key regulatory mechanisms of fleshy fruit ripening after transcription. We mainly highlight the typical mechanisms by which fruit ripening is controlled, namely, alternative splicing, mRNA N6-methyladenosine RNA modification methylation, and noncoding RNAs at the posttranscriptional level; regulation of translation efficiency and upstream open reading frame-mediated translational repression at the translational level; and histone modifications, protein phosphorylation, and protein ubiquitination at the posttranslational level. Taken together, these posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms, along with transcriptional regulation, constitute the molecular framework of fruit ripening. We also critically discuss the potential usage of some mechanisms to improve fruit traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Protein translocases, such as the bacterial SecY complex, the Sec61 complex of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondrial translocases, facilitate the transport of proteins across membranes. In addition, they catalyze the insertion of integral membrane proteins into the lipid bilayer. Several membrane insertases cooperate with these translocases, thereby promoting the topogenesis, folding and assembly of membrane proteins. Oxa1 and BamA family members serve as core components in the two major classes of membrane insertases. They facilitate the integration of proteins with α-helical transmembrane domains and of β-barrel proteins into lipid bilayers, respectively. Members of the Oxa1 family were initially found in the internal membranes of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts. Recent studies, however, also identified several Oxa1-type insertases in the ER, where they serve as catalytically active core subunits in the ER membrane protein complex (EMC), the guided entry of tail-anchored (GET) and the GET- and EMC-like (GEL) complex. The outer membrane of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts contain β-barrel proteins, which are inserted by members of the BamA family. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of these different types of membrane insertases and discuss their function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Büsra Kizmaz
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hao Y, Zeng Z, Zhang X, Xie D, Li X, Ma L, Liu M, Liu H. Green means go: Green light promotes hypocotyl elongation via brassinosteroid signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1304-1317. [PMID: 36724050 PMCID: PMC10118266 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have elucidated the mechanisms by which different wavelengths of light (blue, red, far-red, or ultraviolet-B [UV-B]) regulate plant development, whether and how green light regulates plant development remains largely unknown. Previous studies reported that green light participates in regulating growth and development in land plants, but these studies have reported conflicting results, likely due to technical problems. For example, commercial green light-emitting diode light sources emit a little blue or red light. Here, using a pure green light source, we determined that unlike blue, red, far-red, or UV-B light, which inhibits hypocotyl elongation, green light promotes hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana and several other plants during the first 2-3 d after planting. Phytochromes, cryptochromes, and other known photoreceptors do not mediate green-light-promoted hypocotyl elongation, but the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway is involved in this process. Green light promotes the DNA binding activity of BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1), a master transcription factor of the BR pathway, thus regulating gene transcription to promote hypocotyl elongation. Our results indicate that pure green light promotes elongation via BR signaling and acts as a shade signal to enable plants to adapt their development to a green-light-dominant environment under a canopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zexian Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of Light Source and Illuminating Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Rd, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Dixiang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China
| | - Xu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Libang Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China
| | - Muqing Liu
- Department of Light Source and Illuminating Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Rd, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sierra J, Escobar-Tovar L, Leon P. Plastids: diving into their diversity, their functions, and their role in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2508-2526. [PMID: 36738278 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are a group of essential, heterogenous semi-autonomous organelles characteristic of plants that perform photosynthesis and a diversity of metabolic pathways that impact growth and development. Plastids are remarkably dynamic and can interconvert in response to specific developmental and environmental cues, functioning as a central metabolic hub in plant cells. By far the best studied plastid is the chloroplast, but in recent years the combination of modern techniques and genetic analyses has expanded our current understanding of plastid morphological and functional diversity in both model and non-model plants. These studies have provided evidence of an unexpected diversity of plastid subtypes with specific characteristics. In this review, we describe recent findings that provide insights into the characteristics of these specialized plastids and their functions. We concentrate on the emerging evidence that supports the model that signals derived from particular plastid types play pivotal roles in plant development, environmental, and defense responses. Furthermore, we provide examples of how new technologies are illuminating the functions of these specialized plastids and the overall complexity of their differentiation processes. Finally, we discuss future research directions such as the use of ectopic plastid differentiation as a valuable tool to characterize factors involved in plastid differentiation. Collectively, we highlight important advances in the field that can also impact future agricultural and biotechnological improvement in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Sierra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México
| | - Lina Escobar-Tovar
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México
| | - Patricia Leon
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Han H, Zhou Y, Liu H, Chen X, Wang Q, Zhuang H, Sun X, Ling Q, Zhang H, Wang B, Wang J, Tang Y, Wang H, Liu H. Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analysis Provides Insight into Leaf Color and Photosynthesis Variation of the Yellow-Green Leaf Mutant of Hami Melon ( Cucumis melo L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1623. [PMID: 37111847 PMCID: PMC10143263 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Leaf color mutants are ideal materials for studying the regulatory mechanism of chloroplast development and photosynthesis. We isolated a cucumis melo spontaneous mutant (MT), which showed yellow-green leaf phenotype in the whole growing period and could be inherited stably. We compared its leaves with the wild type (WT) in terms of cytology, physiology, transcriptome and metabolism. The results showed that the thylakoid grana lamellae of MT were loosely arranged and fewer in number than WT. Physiological experiments also showed that MT had less chlorophyll content and more accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than WT. Furthermore, the activity of several key enzymes in C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation pathway was more enhanced in MT than WT. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that differential expression genes and differentially accumulated metabolites in MT were mainly co-enriched in the pathways related to photosystem-antenna proteins, central carbon metabolism, glutathione metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid metabolism. We also analyzed several key proteins in photosynthesis and chloroplast transport by Western blot. In summary, the results may provide a new insight into the understanding of how plants respond to the impaired photosynthesis by regulating chloroplast development and photosynthetic carbon assimilation pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Han
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (H.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huifang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Xianjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (H.H.)
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Hongmei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Xiaoxia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (H.H.)
| | - Qihua Ling
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Baike Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Yaping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement in Xinjiang, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (H.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Christian R, Labbancz J, Usadel B, Dhingra A. Understanding protein import in diverse non-green plastids. Front Genet 2023; 14:969931. [PMID: 37007964 PMCID: PMC10063809 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.969931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectacular diversity of plastids in non-green organs such as flowers, fruits, roots, tubers, and senescing leaves represents a Universe of metabolic processes in higher plants that remain to be completely characterized. The endosymbiosis of the plastid and the subsequent export of the ancestral cyanobacterial genome to the nuclear genome, and adaptation of the plants to all types of environments has resulted in the emergence of diverse and a highly orchestrated metabolism across the plant kingdom that is entirely reliant on a complex protein import and translocation system. The TOC and TIC translocons, critical for importing nuclear-encoded proteins into the plastid stroma, remain poorly resolved, especially in the case of TIC. From the stroma, three core pathways (cpTat, cpSec, and cpSRP) may localize imported proteins to the thylakoid. Non-canonical routes only utilizing TOC also exist for the insertion of many inner and outer membrane proteins, or in the case of some modified proteins, a vesicular import route. Understanding this complex protein import system is further compounded by the highly heterogeneous nature of transit peptides, and the varying transit peptide specificity of plastids depending on species and the developmental and trophic stage of the plant organs. Computational tools provide an increasingly sophisticated means of predicting protein import into highly diverse non-green plastids across higher plants, which need to be validated using proteomics and metabolic approaches. The myriad plastid functions enable higher plants to interact and respond to all kinds of environments. Unraveling the diversity of non-green plastid functions across the higher plants has the potential to provide knowledge that will help in developing climate resilient crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Christian
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - June Labbancz
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | | | - Amit Dhingra
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Amit Dhingra,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Salas-Sanjuán MDC, Rebolloso MDM, del Moral F, Valenzuela JL. Use of Sub-Atmospheric Pressure Storage to Improve the Quality and Shelf-Life of Marmande Tomatoes cv. Rojito. Foods 2023; 12:1197. [PMID: 36981124 PMCID: PMC10048657 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the feasibility of storing Marmande tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum, cv Rojito) under hypobaric conditions was evaluated. The fruits were sorted into four lots of 72 fruits each. One lot was considered as a control, and the fruits were kept in the open box, while the fruits of the rest of the three remaining lots were enclosed in airtight containers and subjected to 101, 75 and 50 Kpa, respectively. Control fruits and airtight containers were kept at room temperature, and every three days from the beginning of the experiment the following main quality parameters were analysed: ethylene production rate, firmness, colour, total solids content, ascorbic acid, total phenolics and pigments, as well as a sensory analysis carried out by panellists. The results show that sub-atmospheric storage led a reduction in ethylene production, which was associated with a delay in ripening. The differences in the evolution of pigments were very significant, while a large degradation of chlorophylls was observed in the control fruits and in those kept at 101 kPa, in the fruits kept at 75 kPa and 50 kPa the degradation was much slower. In relation to carotenoid pigments, it was observed that sub-atmospheric treatments delayed their appearance compared to control and 101 kPa fruits. In relation to other quality parameters, it was found that control fruit and fruit held at 101 kPa softened more rapidly than fruit under sub-atmospheric conditions, whose loss of firmness was more gradual with differences found only at 9 and 12 days of storage with respect to fruit firmness at harvest. The appearance of these fruits was evaluated with the same score as at the time of harvesting, during 9 of the 12 days of the experiment, then a positive effect of sub-atmospheric treatments was also found in the sensory analysis. The results suggest that sub-atmospheric storage could be a suitable method of increasing the shelf-life of fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María del Carmen Salas-Sanjuán
- Department of Agronomy, Higher Engineering School, Research Centres CIAIMBITAL and CeiA3, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - María del Mar Rebolloso
- Department of Agronomy, Higher Engineering School, Research Centres CIAIMBITAL and CeiA3, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Fernando del Moral
- Department of Agronomy, Higher Engineering School, Research Centres CIAIMBITAL and CeiA3, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Valenzuela
- Department of Biology & Geology, Higher Engineering School, Research Centres CIAIMBITAL and CeiA3, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Morelli L, Torres-Montilla S, Glauser G, Shanmugabalaji V, Kessler F, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Novel insights into the contribution of plastoglobules and reactive oxygen species to chromoplast differentiation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1696-1710. [PMID: 36307969 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissues can be enriched in phytonutrients not only by stimulating their biosynthesis but also by providing appropriate sink structures for their sequestering and storage. In the case of carotenoids, they accumulate at high levels in chromoplasts naturally found in flowers and fruit. Chromoplasts can also be artificially differentiated from leaf chloroplasts by boosting carotenoid production with the bacterial protein crtB. Here we used electron and confocal microscopy together with subplastidial fractionation and transcript, protein and metabolite analyses to analyze the structural and biochemical changes occurring in crtB-induced artificial chromoplasts and their impact on the accumulation of health-related isoprenoids. We show that leaf chromoplasts develop plastoglobules (PG) harboring high levels of carotenoids (mainly phytoene and pro-vitamin A β-carotene) but also other nutritionally relevant isoprenoids, such as tocopherols (vitamin E) and phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Further promoting PG proliferation by exposure to intense (high) light resulted in a higher accumulation of these health-related metabolites but also an acceleration of the chloroplast-to-chromoplast conversion. We further show that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulates chromoplastogenesis. Our data suggest that carotenoid accumulation and ROS production are not just consequences but promoters of the chromoplast differentiation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morelli
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Torres-Montilla
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Felix Kessler
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Morelli L, Torres-Montilla S, Glauser G, Shanmugabalaji V, Kessler F, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Novel insights into the contribution of plastoglobules and reactive oxygen species to chromoplast differentiation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 36307969 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.20.496796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissues can be enriched in phytonutrients not only by stimulating their biosynthesis but also by providing appropriate sink structures for their sequestering and storage. In the case of carotenoids, they accumulate at high levels in chromoplasts naturally found in flowers and fruit. Chromoplasts can also be artificially differentiated from leaf chloroplasts by boosting carotenoid production with the bacterial protein crtB. Here we used electron and confocal microscopy together with subplastidial fractionation and transcript, protein and metabolite analyses to analyze the structural and biochemical changes occurring in crtB-induced artificial chromoplasts and their impact on the accumulation of health-related isoprenoids. We show that leaf chromoplasts develop plastoglobules (PG) harboring high levels of carotenoids (mainly phytoene and pro-vitamin A β-carotene) but also other nutritionally relevant isoprenoids, such as tocopherols (vitamin E) and phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Further promoting PG proliferation by exposure to intense (high) light resulted in a higher accumulation of these health-related metabolites but also an acceleration of the chloroplast-to-chromoplast conversion. We further show that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulates chromoplastogenesis. Our data suggest that carotenoid accumulation and ROS production are not just consequences but promoters of the chromoplast differentiation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morelli
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Torres-Montilla
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Felix Kessler
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mohd Ali S, Li N, Soufi Z, Yao J, Johnson E, Ling Q, Jarvis RP. Multiple ubiquitin E3 ligase genes antagonistically regulate chloroplast-associated protein degradation. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1138-1146.e5. [PMID: 36822201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is the most prominent member of a diverse group of plant organelles called the plastids, and it is characterized by its vital role in photosynthesis. 1,2,3 Most of the ∼3,000 different proteins in chloroplasts are synthesized in the cytosol in precursor (preprotein) form, each with a cleavable transit peptide. 4,5,6,7,8 Preproteins are imported via translocons in the outer and inner envelope membranes of the chloroplast, termed TOC and TIC, respectively. 9,10,11,12,13 Discovery of the chloroplast-localized ubiquitin E3 ligase SUPPRESSOR OF PPI1 LOCUS1 (SP1) demonstrated that the nucleocytosolic ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) targets the TOC apparatus to dynamically control protein import and chloroplast biogenesis in response to developmental and environmental cues. The relevant UPS pathway is termed chloroplast-associated protein degradation (CHLORAD). 14,15,16 Two homologs of SP1 exist, SP1-like1 (SPL1) and SPL2, but their roles have remained obscure. Here, we show that SP1 is ubiquitous in the Viridiplantae and that SPL2 and SPL1 appeared early during the evolution of the Viridiplantae and land plants, respectively. Through genetic and biochemical analysis, we reveal that SPL1 functions as a negative regulator of SP1, potentially by interfering with its ability to catalyze ubiquitination. In contrast, SPL2, the more distantly related SP1 homolog, displays partial functional redundancy with SP1. Both SPL1 and SPL2 modify the extent of leaf senescence, like SP1, but do so in diametrically opposite ways. Thus, SPL1 and SPL2 are bona fide CHLORAD system components with negative and positive regulatory functions that allow for nuanced control of this vital proteolytic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabri Mohd Ali
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology (Department of Biology) and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Na Li
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology (Department of Biology) and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ziad Soufi
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology (Department of Biology) and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Jinrong Yao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Errin Johnson
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Qihua Ling
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology (Department of Biology) and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology (Department of Biology) and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kim DB, Na C, Hwang I, Lee DW. Understanding protein translocation across chloroplast membranes: Translocons and motor proteins. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:408-416. [PMID: 36223071 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Subcellular organelles in eukaryotes are surrounded by lipid membranes. In an endomembrane system, vesicle trafficking is the primary mechanism for the delivery of organellar proteins to specific organelles. However, organellar proteins for chloroplasts, mitochondria, the nucleus, and peroxisomes that are translated in the cytosol are directly imported into their target organelles. Chloroplasts are a plant-specific organelle with outer and inner envelope membranes, a dual-membrane structure that is similar to mitochondria. Interior chloroplast proteins translated by cytosolic ribosomes are thus translocated through TOC and TIC complexes (translocons in the outer and inner envelope of chloroplasts, respectively), with stromal ATPase motor proteins playing a critical role in pulling pre-proteins through these import channels. Over the last three decades, the identity and function of TOC/TIC components and stromal motor proteins have been actively investigated, which has shed light on the action mechanisms at a molecular level. However, there remains some disagreement over the exact composition of TIC complexes and genuine stromal motor proteins. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the mechanisms by which proteins are translocated through TOC/TIC complexes and discuss future prospects for this field of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Been Kim
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Changhee Na
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Lee
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Akhter D, Zhang Y, Hu J, Pan R. Protein ubiquitination in plant peroxisomes. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:371-380. [PMID: 35975710 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination regulates diverse cellular processes in eukaryotic organisms, from growth and development to stress response. Proteins subjected to ubiquitination can be found in virtually all subcellular locations and organelles, including peroxisomes, single-membrane and highly dynamic organelles ubiquitous in eukaryotes. Peroxisomes contain metabolic functions essential to plants and animals such as lipid catabolism, detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), biosynthesis of vital hormones and cofactors, and photorespiration. Plant peroxisomes possess a complex proteome with functions varying among different tissue types and developmental stages, and during plant response to distinct environmental cues. However, how these diverse functions are regulated at the post-translational level is poorly understood, especially in plants. In this review, we summarized current knowledge of the involvement of protein ubiquitination in peroxisome protein import, remodeling, pexophagy, and metabolism, focusing on plants, and referencing discoveries from other eukaryotic systems when relevant. Based on previous ubiquitinomics studies, we compiled a list of 56 ubiquitinated Arabidopsis peroxisomal proteins whose functions are associated with all the major plant peroxisomal metabolic pathways. This discovery suggests a broad impact of protein ubiquitination on plant peroxisome functions, therefore substantiating the need to investigate this significant regulatory mechanism in peroxisomes at more depths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delara Akhter
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058/311200, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Yuchan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058/311200, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing,, Michigan, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing,, Michigan, USA
| | - Ronghui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058/311200, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The Ubiquitin-26S Proteasome Pathway and Its Role in the Ripening of Fleshy Fruits. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032750. [PMID: 36769071 PMCID: PMC9917055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The 26S proteasome is an ATP-dependent proteolytic complex in eukaryotes, which is mainly responsible for the degradation of damaged and misfolded proteins and some regulatory proteins in cells, and it is essential to maintain the balance of protein levels in the cell. The ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway, which targets a wide range of protein substrates in plants, is an important post-translational regulatory mechanism involved in various stages of plant growth and development and in the maturation process of fleshy fruits. Fleshy fruit ripening is a complex biological process, which is the sum of a series of physiological and biochemical reactions, including the biosynthesis and signal transduction of ripening related hormones, pigment metabolism, fruit texture changes and the formation of nutritional quality. This paper reviews the structure of the 26S proteasome and the mechanism of the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway, and it summarizes the function of this pathway in the ripening process of fleshy fruits.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gao LL, Hong ZH, Wang Y, Wu GZ. Chloroplast proteostasis: A story of birth, life, and death. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100424. [PMID: 35964157 PMCID: PMC9860172 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a dynamic balance of protein synthesis and degradation. Because of the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and the massive transfer of their genetic information to the nucleus of the host cell, many protein complexes in the chloroplasts are constituted from subunits encoded by both genomes. Hence, the proper function of chloroplasts relies on the coordinated expression of chloroplast- and nucleus-encoded genes. The biogenesis and maintenance of chloroplast proteostasis are dependent on synthesis of chloroplast-encoded proteins, import of nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins from the cytosol, and clearance of damaged or otherwise undesired "old" proteins. This review focuses on the regulation of chloroplast proteostasis, its interaction with proteostasis of the cytosol, and its retrograde control over nuclear gene expression. We also discuss significant issues and perspectives for future studies and potential applications for improving the photosynthetic performance and stress tolerance of crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Gao
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zheng-Hui Hong
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yinsong Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guo-Zhang Wu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang Y, Kong L, Wang W, Qin G. Global ubiquitinome analysis reveals the role of E3 ubiquitin ligase FaBRIZ in strawberry fruit ripening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:214-232. [PMID: 36215033 PMCID: PMC9786855 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is an important post-translational modification that mediates protein degradation in eukaryotic cells, participating in multiple biological processes. However, the profiling of protein ubiquitination and the function of this crucial modification in fruit ripening remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that suppression of proteasome by the inhibitor MG132 retarded strawberry fruit ripening. Using K-ɛ-GG antibody enrichment combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry, we performed a comprehensive ubiquitinome analysis in strawberry fruit. We identified 2947 ubiquitination sites for 2878 peptides within 1487 proteins, which are involved in a variety of cellular functions. The lysine at position 48 (K48)-linked poly-ubiquitin chains appeared to be the most prevalent type of modification among the identified ubiquitinated proteins. A large number of ubiquitination sites exhibited altered ubiquitination levels after proteasome inhibition, including those within ripening-related proteins associated with sugar and acid metabolism, cell wall metabolism, anthocyanin synthesis, and ABA biosynthesis and signalling. We further demonstrated that FaBRIZ, a RING-type E3 ligase, functions as a negative regulator of ripening in strawberry fruit. Our findings highlight the critical regulatory roles of protein ubiquitination in fruit ripening. The ubiquitinome data provide a basis for further exploration of the function of ubiquitination on specific proteins.
Collapse
|
37
|
Sun Y, Yao Z, Ye Y, Fang J, Chen H, Lyu Y, Broad W, Fournier M, Chen G, Hu Y, Mohammed S, Ling Q, Jarvis RP. Ubiquitin-based pathway acts inside chloroplasts to regulate photosynthesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7352. [PMID: 36383657 PMCID: PMC9668298 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the energetic basis for most life on Earth, and in plants it operates inside double membrane-bound organelles called chloroplasts. The photosynthetic apparatus comprises numerous proteins encoded by the nuclear and organellar genomes. Maintenance of this apparatus requires the action of internal chloroplast proteases, but a role for the nucleocytosolic ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) was not expected, owing to the barrier presented by the double-membrane envelope. Here, we show that photosynthesis proteins (including those encoded internally by chloroplast genes) are ubiquitinated and processed via the CHLORAD pathway: They are degraded by the 26S proteasome following CDC48-dependent retrotranslocation to the cytosol. This demonstrates that the reach of the UPS extends to the interior of endosymbiotically derived chloroplasts, where it acts to regulate photosynthesis, arguably the most fundamental process of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Zujie Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Fang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Yuping Lyu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - William Broad
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Marjorie Fournier
- Advanced Proteomics Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Genyun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghong Hu
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Qihua Ling
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author. (Q.L.); (R.P.J.)
| | - R. Paul Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- Corresponding author. (Q.L.); (R.P.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang Q, Yue J, Zhang C, Yan J. Split-Ubiquitin Two-Hybrid Screen for Proteins Interacting with slToc159-1 and slToc159-2, Two Chloroplast Preprotein Import Receptors in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2923. [PMID: 36365376 PMCID: PMC9654457 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The post-translational import of nuclear-encoded chloroplast preproteins is critical for chloroplast biogenesis, and the Toc159 family of proteins is the receptor for this process. Our previous work identified and analyzed the Toc GTPase in tomato; however, the tomato-specific transport substrate for Toc159 is still unknown, which limits the study of the function of the TOC receptor in tomato. In this study, we expand the number of preprotein substrates of slToc159 receptor family members using slToc159-1 and slToc159-2 as bait via a split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid membrane system. Forty-one specific substrates were identified in tomato for the first time. Using slToc159-1GM and slToc159-2GM as bait, we compared the affinity of the two bait proteins, with and without the A domain, to the precursor protein, which suggested that the A domain endowed the proproteins with subclass specificity. The presence of the A domain enhanced the interaction intensity of slToc159-1 with the photosynthetic preprotein but decreased the interaction intensity of slToc159-2 with the photosynthetic preprotein. Similarly, the presence of the A domain also altered the affinity of slToc159 to non-photosynthetic preproteins. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis showed that A domain had the ability to recognize the preprotein, and the interaction occurred in the chloroplast. Further, the localization of the A domain in Arabidopsis protoplasts showed that the A domain did not contain chloroplast membrane targeting signals. Our data demonstrate the importance of a highly non-conserved A domain, which endows the slToc159 receptor with specificity for different protein types. However, the domain containing the information on targeting the chloroplast needs further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Vegetable Research Academy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiang Yue
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Vegetable Research Academy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chaozhong Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Vegetable Research Academy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jianmin Yan
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Vegetable Research Academy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Li Y, Jian Y, Mao Y, Meng F, Shao Z, Wang T, Zheng J, Wang Q, Liu L. "Omics" insights into plastid behavior toward improved carotenoid accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1001756. [PMID: 36275568 PMCID: PMC9583013 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1001756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are a group of diverse organelles with conserved carotenoids synthesizing and sequestering functions in plants. They optimize the carotenoid composition and content in response to developmental transitions and environmental stimuli. In this review, we describe the turbulence and reforming of transcripts, proteins, and metabolic pathways for carotenoid metabolism and storage in various plastid types upon organogenesis and external influences, which have been studied using approaches including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabonomics. Meanwhile, the coordination of plastid signaling and carotenoid metabolism including the effects of disturbed carotenoid biosynthesis on plastid morphology and function are also discussed. The "omics" insight extends our understanding of the interaction between plastids and carotenoids and provides significant implications for designing strategies for carotenoid-biofortified crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Jian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fanliang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tonglin Wang
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jirong Zheng
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wan C, Ling Q. Functions of autophagy in chloroplast protein degradation and homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:993215. [PMID: 36247630 PMCID: PMC9557084 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.993215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are defining organelles in plant and algae, which carried out various critical metabolic processes, including photosynthesis. Roles of chloroplast protein homeostasis in plant development and stress adaptation were clearly demonstrated in previous studies, and its maintenance requires internal proteases originated from the prokaryotic ancestor. Recently, increasing evidence revealed that eukaryotic proteolytic pathways, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, are also involved in the turnover of chloroplast proteins, in response to developmental and environmental cues. Notably, chloroplasts can be regulated via the selective degradation of chloroplast materials in a process called chlorophagy. Yet, understandings of the mechanism of chlorophagy are still rudimentary, particularly regarding its initiation and operation. Here we provide an updated overview of autophagy pathways for chloroplast protein degradation and discuss their importance for plant physiology. In addition, recent advance in analogous mitophagy in yeast and mammals will also be discussed, which provides clues for further elucidating the mechanism of chlorophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qihua Ling
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and John Innes Centre, Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hand KA, Shabek N. The Role of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Chloroplast Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9613. [PMID: 36077009 PMCID: PMC9455731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts are ancient organelles responsible for photosynthesis and various biosynthetic functions essential to most life on Earth. Many of these functions require tightly controlled regulatory processes to maintain homeostasis at the protein level. One such regulatory mechanism is the ubiquitin-proteasome system whose fundamental role is increasingly emerging in chloroplasts. In particular, the role of E3 ubiquitin ligases as determinants in the ubiquitination and degradation of specific intra-chloroplast proteins. Here, we highlight recent advances in understanding the roles of plant E3 ubiquitin ligases SP1, COP1, PUB4, CHIP, and TT3.1 as well as the ubiquitin-dependent segregase CDC48 in chloroplast function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nitzan Shabek
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chloroplasts Protein Quality Control and Turnover: A Multitude of Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147760. [PMID: 35887108 PMCID: PMC9319218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the organelle of photosynthesis and other important metabolic pathways, chloroplasts contain up to 70% of leaf proteins with uniquely complex processes in synthesis, import, assembly, and turnover. Maintaining functional protein homeostasis in chloroplasts is vitally important for the fitness and survival of plants. Research over the past several decades has revealed a multitude of mechanisms that play important roles in chloroplast protein quality control and turnover under normal and stress conditions. These mechanisms include: (i) endosymbiotically-derived proteases and associated proteins that play a vital role in maintaining protein homeostasis inside the chloroplasts, (ii) the ubiquitin-dependent turnover of unimported chloroplast precursor proteins to prevent their accumulation in the cytosol, (iii) chloroplast-associated degradation of the chloroplast outer-membrane translocon proteins for the regulation of chloroplast protein import, (iv) chloroplast unfolded protein response triggered by accumulated unfolded and misfolded proteins inside the chloroplasts, and (v) vesicle-mediated degradation of chloroplast components in the vacuole. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of these diverse mechanisms of chloroplast protein quality control and turnover and discuss important questions that remain to be addressed in order to better understand and improve important chloroplast functions.
Collapse
|
43
|
Calvanese E, Gu Y. Towards understanding inner nuclear membrane protein degradation in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2266-2274. [PMID: 35139191 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The inner nuclear membrane (INM) hosts a unique set of membrane proteins that play essential roles in various aspects of the nuclear function. However, overaccumulation or malfunction of INM protein has been associated with a range of rare genetic diseases; therefore, maintaining the homeostasis and integrity of INM proteins by active removal of aberrantly accumulated proteins and replacing defective molecules through proteolysis is of critical importance. Within the last decade, it has been shown that INM proteins are degraded in yeasts by a process very similar to endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), which is accomplished by retrotranslocation of membrane substrates followed by proteasome-dependent proteolysis, and this process was named inner nuclear membrane-associated degradation (INMAD). INMAD is distinguished from ERAD by specific INM-localized E3 ubiquitin ligases and proteolysis regulators. While much is yet to be determined about the INMAD pathway in yeasts, virtually no knowledge of it exists for higher eukaryotes, and only very recently have several critical regulators that participate in INM protein degradation been discovered in plants. Here, we review key molecular components of the INMAD pathway and draw parallels between the yeast and plant system to discuss promising directions in the future study of the plant INMAD process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Calvanese
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Woodson JD. Control of chloroplast degradation and cell death in response to stress. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:851-864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
45
|
Sun T, Rao S, Zhou X, Li L. Plant carotenoids: recent advances and future perspectives. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:3. [PMID: 37789426 PMCID: PMC10515021 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid metabolites synthesized de novo in all photosynthetic organisms. Carotenoids are essential for plants with diverse functions in photosynthesis, photoprotection, pigmentation, phytohormone synthesis, and signaling. They are also critically important for humans as precursors of vitamin A synthesis and as dietary antioxidants. The vital roles of carotenoids to plants and humans have prompted significant progress toward our understanding of carotenoid metabolism and regulation. New regulators and novel roles of carotenoid metabolites are continuously revealed. This review focuses on current status of carotenoid metabolism and highlights recent advances in comprehension of the intrinsic and multi-dimensional regulation of carotenoid accumulation. We also discuss the functional evolution of carotenoids, the agricultural and horticultural application, and some key areas for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sombir Rao
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xuesong Zhou
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vall-Llaura N, Fernández-Cancelo P, Nativitas-Lima I, Echeverria G, Teixidó N, Larrigaudière C, Torres R, Giné-Bordonaba J. ROS-scavenging-associated transcriptional and biochemical shifts during nectarine fruit development and ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 171:38-48. [PMID: 34971954 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ROS are known as toxic by-products but also as important signaling molecules playing a key role in fruit development and ripening. To counteract the negative effects of ROS, plants and fruit own multiple ROS-scavenging mechanisms aiming to ensure a balanced ROS homeostasis. In the present study, changes in specific ROS (i.e. H2O2) as well as enzymatic (SOD, CAT, POX, APX) and non-enzymatic (phenylpropanoids, carotenoids and ascorbate) ROS-scavenging systems were investigated along four different stages of nectarine (cv. 'Diamond Ray') fruit development and ripening (39, 70, 94 and 121 DAFB) both at the metabolic (28 individual metabolites or enzymes) and transcriptional level (24 genes). Overall, our results demonstrate a complex ROS-related transcriptome and metabolome reprogramming during fruit development and ripening. At earlier fruit developmental stages an increase on the respiration rate is likely triggering an oxidative burst and resulting in the activation of specific ethylene response factors (ERF1). In turn, ROS-responsive genes or the biosynthesis of specific antioxidant compounds (i.e. phenylpropanoids) were highly expressed or accumulated at earlier fruit developmental stages (39-70 DAFB). Nonetheless, as the fruit develops, the decrease in the fruit respiration rate and the reduction of ERF1 genes leads to lower levels of most non-enzymatic antioxidants and higher accumulation of H2O2. Based on available literature and the observed accumulation dynamics of H2O2, it is anticipated that this compound may not only be a by-product of ROS-scavenging but also a signaling molecule accumulated during the ripening of nectarine fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Vall-Llaura
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic I Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Pablo Fernández-Cancelo
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic I Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Isabel Nativitas-Lima
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic I Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain; Colegio de Postgraduados (COLPOS), Campus Montecillo, 56230, Texcoco, Mexico.
| | - Gemma Echeverria
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic I Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Neus Teixidó
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic I Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Christian Larrigaudière
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic I Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Rosario Torres
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic I Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jordi Giné-Bordonaba
- IRTA, Postharvest Programme, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic I Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kapoor L, Simkin AJ, George Priya Doss C, Siva R. Fruit ripening: dynamics and integrated analysis of carotenoids and anthocyanins. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:27. [PMID: 35016620 PMCID: PMC8750800 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruits are vital food resources as they are loaded with bioactive compounds varying with different stages of ripening. As the fruit ripens, a dynamic color change is observed from green to yellow to red due to the biosynthesis of pigments like chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins. Apart from making the fruit attractive and being a visual indicator of the ripening status, pigments add value to a ripened fruit by making them a source of nutraceuticals and industrial products. As the fruit matures, it undergoes biochemical changes which alter the pigment composition of fruits. RESULTS The synthesis, degradation and retention pathways of fruit pigments are mediated by hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors. Manipulation of the underlying regulatory mechanisms during fruit ripening suggests ways to enhance the desired pigments in fruits by biotechnological interventions. Here we report, in-depth insight into the dynamics of a pigment change in ripening and the regulatory mechanisms in action. CONCLUSIONS This review emphasizes the role of pigments as an asset to a ripened fruit as they augment the nutritive value, antioxidant levels and the net carbon gain of fruits; pigments are a source for fruit biofortification have tremendous industrial value along with being a tool to predict the harvest. This report will be of great utility to the harvesters, traders, consumers, and natural product divisions to extract the leading nutraceutical and industrial potential of preferred pigments biosynthesized at different fruit ripening stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leepica Kapoor
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Andrew J Simkin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, United Kingdom, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - C George Priya Doss
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Ramamoorthy Siva
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ji M, Zhao J, Han K, Cui W, Wu X, Chen B, Lu Y, Peng J, Zheng H, Rao S, Wu G, Chen J, Yan F. Turnip mosaic virus P1 suppresses JA biosynthesis by degrading cpSRP54 that delivers AOCs onto the thylakoid membrane to facilitate viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010108. [PMID: 34852025 PMCID: PMC8668097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) is a crucial hormone in plant antiviral immunity. Increasing evidence shows that viruses counter this host immune response by interfering with JA biosynthesis and signaling. However, the mechanism by which viruses affect JA biosynthesis is still largely unexplored. Here, we show that a highly conserved chloroplast protein cpSRP54 was downregulated in Nicotiana benthamiana infected by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Its silencing facilitated TuMV infection. Furthermore, cpSRP54 interacted with allene oxide cyclases (AOCs), key JA biosynthesis enzymes, and was responsible for delivering AOCs onto the thylakoid membrane (TM). Interestingly, TuMV P1 protein interacted with cpSRP54 and mediated its degradation via the 26S proteosome and autophagy pathways. The results suggest that TuMV has evolved a strategy, through the inhibition of cpSRP54 and its delivery of AOCs to the TM, to suppress JA biosynthesis and enhance viral infection. Interaction between cpSRP54 and AOCs was shown to be conserved in Arabidopsis and rice, while cpSRP54 also interacted with, and was degraded by, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) 126 kDa protein and potato virus X (PVX) p25 protein, indicating that suppression of cpSRP54 may be a common mechanism used by viruses to counter the antiviral JA pathway. Jasmonic acid pathway has emerged as one of the predominant battlefields between plants and viruses. Several studies have indicated that, in addition to interfering with JA signaling, plant viruses can also affect JA biosynthesis, but the direct molecular links between them remain elusive. Here, we identify a highly conserved chloroplast protein cpSRP54 as a key positive regulator in JA biosynthesis and a common target for viruses belong to different genera. Through associating with cpSRP54 and inducing its degradation using the protein they encoded, the viruses can inhibit the cpSRP54-facilitated delivery of AOCs to the thylakoid membrane and manipulation of JA-mediated defense. This capability of viruses might define a novel and effective strategy against the antiviral JA pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Ji
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kelei Han
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Weijun Cui
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyang Wu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binghua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JC); (FY)
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JC); (FY)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Li G, Wang J, Zhang C, Ai G, Zhang D, Wei J, Cai L, Li C, Zhu W, Larkin RM, Zhang J. L2, a chloroplast metalloproteinase, regulates fruit ripening by participating in ethylene autocatalysis under the control of ethylene response factors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7035-7048. [PMID: 34255841 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although autocatalytic ethylene biosynthesis plays an important role in the ripening of climacteric fruits, our knowledge of the network that promotes it remains limited. We identified white fruit (wf), a tomato mutant that produces immature fruit that are white and that ripen slowly. We found that an inversion on chromosome 10 disrupts the LUTESCENT2 (L2) gene, and that white fruit is allelic to lutescent2. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology we knocked out L2 in wild type tomato and found that the l2-cr mutants produced phenotypes that were very similar to white fruit (lutescent2). In the l2-cr fruit, chloroplast development was impaired and the accumulation of carotenoids and lycopene occurred more slowly than in wild type. During fruit ripening in l2-cr mutants, the peak of ethylene release was delayed, less ethylene was produced, and the expression of ACO genes was significantly suppressed. We also found that exogenous ethylene induces the expression of L2 and that ERF.B3, an ethylene response factor, binds to the promoter of the L2 gene and activates its transcription. Thus, the expression of L2 is regulated by exogenous ethylene. Taken together, our results indicate that ethylene may affect the expression of L2 gene and that L2 participates in autocatalytic ethylene biosynthesis during tomato fruit ripening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiafa Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guo Ai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dedi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liangyu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changbao Li
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wenzhao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert M Larkin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hsou-Min Li
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|