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Wang J, Dong H, Ji Y, Li Y, Lee ST. Patterned graphene: An effective platform for adsorption, immobilization, and destruction of SARS-CoV-2 M pro. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 673:202-215. [PMID: 38875787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
To address the ongoing challenges posed by the SARS-CoV-2 and potentially stronger viruses in the future, the development of effective methods to fabricate patterned graphene (PG) and other precisely functional products has become a new research frontier. Herein, we modeled the "checkerboard" graphene (CG) and stripped graphene (SG) as representatives of PG, and studied their interaction mechanism with the target protein (Mpro) by molecular dynamics simulation. The calculation results on the binding strength and the root mean square deviation values of the active pocket revealed that PG is an effective platform for adsorption, immobilization, and destruction of Mpro. Specifically, CG is found to promote disruption of the active pocket for Mpro, but the presence of "checkerboard" oxidized regions inhibits the adsorption of Mpro. Meanwhile, the SG can effectively confine Mpro within the non-oxidized strips and enhances their binding strength, but doesn't play well on disrupting the active pocket. Our work not only elucidates the biological effects of PGs, but also provides guidance for their targeted and precise utilization in combating the SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Wang
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau; Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Huilong Dong
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China.
| | - Yujin Ji
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Youyong Li
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau; Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Shuit-Tong Lee
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau; Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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2
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Jaishwal P, Jha K, Singh SP. Revisiting the dimensions of universal vaccine with special focus on COVID-19: Efficacy versus methods of designing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134012. [PMID: 39048013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Even though the use of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic showed unprecedented success in a short time, it also exposed a flaw in the current vaccine design strategy to offer broad protection against emerging variants of concern. However, developing broad-spectrum vaccines is still a challenge for immunologists. The development of universal vaccines against emerging pathogens and their variants appears to be a practical solution to mitigate the economic and physical effects of the pandemic on society. Very few reports are available to explain the basic concept of universal vaccine design and development. This review provides an overview of the innate and adaptive immune responses generated against vaccination and essential insight into immune mechanisms helpful in designing universal vaccines targeting influenza viruses and coronaviruses. In addition, the characteristics, safety, and factors affecting the efficacy of universal vaccines have been discussed. Furthermore, several advancements in methods worthy of designing universal vaccines are described, including chimeric immunogens, heterologous prime-boost vaccines, reverse vaccinology, structure-based antigen design, pan-reactive antibody vaccines, conserved neutralizing epitope-based vaccines, mosaic nanoparticle-based vaccines, etc. In addition to the several advantages, significant potential constraints, such as defocusing the immune response and subdominance, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Jaishwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, India
| | - Kisalay Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, India
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3
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Ye G, Bu F, Pan R, Mendoza A, Yang G, Spiller B, Wadzinski BE, Du L, Perlman S, Liu B, Li F. Structure-guided in vitro evolution of nanobodies targeting new viral variants. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012600. [PMID: 39325826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in antiviral antibody therapy is keeping up with the rapid evolution of viruses. Our research shows that nanobodies-single-domain antibodies derived from camelids-can be rapidly re-engineered to combat new viral strains through structure-guided in vitro evolution. Specifically, for viral mutations occurring at nanobody-binding sites, we introduce randomized amino acid sequences into nanobody residues near these mutations. We then select nanobody variants that effectively bind to the mutated viral target from a phage display library. As a proof of concept, we used this approach to adapt Nanosota-3, a nanobody originally identified to target the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of early Omicron subvariants, making it highly effective against recent Omicron subvariants. Remarkably, this adaptation process can be completed in less than two weeks, allowing drug development to keep pace with viral evolution and provide timely protection to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Viruses, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Fan Bu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Viruses, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ruangang Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Alise Mendoza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Viruses, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ge Yang
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Spiller
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Brian E Wadzinski
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lanying Du
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Bin Liu
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Emerging Viruses, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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4
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Zhu J, Tao P, Chopra AK, Rao VB. Bacteriophage T4 as a Protein-Based, Adjuvant- and Needle-Free, Mucosal Pandemic Vaccine Design Platform. Annu Rev Virol 2024; 11:395-420. [PMID: 38768614 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-111145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed vaccinology. Rapid deployment of mRNA vaccines has saved countless lives. However, these platforms have inherent limitations including lack of durability of immune responses and mucosal immunity, high cost, and thermal instability. These and uncertainties about the nature of future pandemics underscore the need for exploring next-generation vaccine platforms. Here, we present a novel protein-based, bacteriophage T4 platform for rapid design of efficacious vaccines against bacterial and viral pathogens. Full-length antigens can be displayed at high density on a 120 × 86 nm phage capsid through nonessential capsid binding proteins Soc and Hoc. Such nanoparticles, without any adjuvant, induce robust humoral, cellular, and mucosal responses when administered intranasally and confer sterilizing immunity. Combined with structural stability and ease of manufacture, T4 phage provides an excellent needle-free, mucosal pandemic vaccine platform and allows equitable vaccine access to low- and middle-income communities across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingen Zhu
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA; ,
| | - Pan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ashok K Chopra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Venigalla B Rao
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA; ,
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5
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Liu X, Ng WH, Zusinaite E, Freitas J, Taylor A, Yerragunta V, Aavula SM, Gorriparthi S, Ponsekaran S, Bonda RL, Mani P, Nimmagadda SV, Wang S, Lello LS, Zaid A, Dua U, Taft-Benz SA, Anderson E, Baxter VK, Sarkar S, Ling ZL, Ashhurst TM, Cheng SMS, Pattnaik P, Kanakasapapathy AK, Baric RS, Burt FJ, Peiris M, Heise MT, King NJC, Merits A, Lingala R, Mahalingam S. A single-dose intranasal live-attenuated codon deoptimized vaccine provides broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7225. [PMID: 39187479 PMCID: PMC11347628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) continues its significant health and economic impact globally. Despite the success of spike-protein vaccines in preventing severe disease, long-lasting protection against emerging variants and the prevention of breakthrough infections and transmission remain elusive. We generate an intranasal live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, CDO-7N-1, using codon deoptimization. CDO-7N-1 shows highly attenuated replication and minimal or no lung pathology in vivo over multiple passages. It induces robust mucosal and systemic neutralizing antibody and T-cell subset responses, in mice (female K18-hACE2 and male HFH4-hACE2 mice), hamsters, and macaques triggered by a single immunization. Mice and hamsters vaccinated with CDO-7N-1 are protected from challenge with wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 and other variants of concern. Serum from vaccinated animals neutralizes WT SARS-CoV-2, variants of concern (beta and delta), variants of interest (omicron XBB.1.5) and SARS-CoV-1. Antibody responses are sustained and enhanced by repeated immunization or infection with WT SARS-CoV-2. Immunity against all SARS-CoV-2 proteins by CDO-7N-1 should improve efficacy against future SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Wern Hann Ng
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Eva Zusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Joseph Freitas
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam Taylor
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Venugopal Yerragunta
- Indian Immunologicals Ltd (IIL), Rakshapuram, Gachibowli Post, Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Shukra Madhaha Aavula
- Indian Immunologicals Ltd (IIL), Rakshapuram, Gachibowli Post, Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Sambaiah Gorriparthi
- Indian Immunologicals Ltd (IIL), Rakshapuram, Gachibowli Post, Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Santhakumar Ponsekaran
- Indian Immunologicals Ltd (IIL), Rakshapuram, Gachibowli Post, Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Rama Lakshmi Bonda
- Indian Immunologicals Ltd (IIL), Rakshapuram, Gachibowli Post, Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Priyanka Mani
- Indian Immunologicals Ltd (IIL), Rakshapuram, Gachibowli Post, Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Sridevi V Nimmagadda
- Indian Immunologicals Ltd (IIL), Rakshapuram, Gachibowli Post, Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Sainan Wang
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Ali Zaid
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ujjwal Dua
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Enterprise, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sharon A Taft-Benz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Anderson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victoria K Baxter
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sanjay Sarkar
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zheng L Ling
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Thomas M Ashhurst
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry Core Research Facility, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samuel M S Cheng
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Priyabrata Pattnaik
- Indian Immunologicals Ltd (IIL), Rakshapuram, Gachibowli Post, Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
| | | | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Felicity J Burt
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mark T Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rajendra Lingala
- Indian Immunologicals Ltd (IIL), Rakshapuram, Gachibowli Post, Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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6
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Ren S, Zhang Y, Gao X, Wang X, Tong L, Wang S, Sun Y, Yin X, Chen H. Platform establishment of the Cre-loxP recombination system for genetic manipulation of the Lumpy skin disease virus. Vet Microbiol 2024; 294:110122. [PMID: 38772074 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen in Asia, including China. Genetic manipulation of the LSDV is essential for the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism and biological function of the LSDV-encoded protein. In this study, we established a platform for the Cre-loxP recombination system under a modified early-late H5 promoter of the VACV for quick construction of the recombinant LSDV virus. The recombinant virus, LSDV-EGFP-ΔTK, was purified and obtained using serial limited dilution and picking the single cells methods. Using the lentiviral package system, a Cre recombinase enzyme stable expression MDBK cell line was established to supply the Cre recombinase for the reporter gene excision. A genetically stable, safe TK gene-deleted LSDV (LSDV-ΔTK) was constructed using homologous recombination and the Cre-loxP system. It was purified using limited dilution in the MDBK-Cre cell line. Establishing the Cre-loxP recombination system will enable sequential deletion of the interested genes from the LSDV genome and genetic manipulation of the LSDV genome, providing technical support and a platform for developing the attenuated LSDV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhui Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Yuzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Gao
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, PR China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Lina Tong
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, PR China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China.
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China.
| | - Haotai Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China.
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7
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Heo CK, Lim WH, Moon KB, Yang J, Kim SJ, Kim HS, Kim DJ, Cho EW. S2 Peptide-Conjugated SARS-CoV-2 Virus-like Particles Provide Broad Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:676. [PMID: 38932406 PMCID: PMC11209314 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Approved COVID-19 vaccines primarily induce neutralizing antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. However, the emergence of variants of concern with RBD mutations poses challenges to vaccine efficacy. This study aimed to design a next-generation vaccine that provides broader protection against diverse coronaviruses, focusing on glycan-free S2 peptides as vaccine candidates to overcome the low immunogenicity of the S2 domain due to the N-linked glycans on the S antigen stalk, which can mask S2 antibody responses. Glycan-free S2 peptides were synthesized and attached to SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles (VLPs) lacking the S antigen. Humoral and cellular immune responses were analyzed after the second booster immunization in BALB/c mice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed the reactivity of sera against SARS-CoV-2 variants, and pseudovirus neutralization assay confirmed neutralizing activities. Among the S2 peptide-conjugated VLPs, the S2.3 (N1135-K1157) and S2.5 (A1174-L1193) peptide-VLP conjugates effectively induced S2-specific serum immunoglobulins. These antisera showed high reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 variant S proteins and effectively inhibited pseudoviral infections. S2 peptide-conjugated VLPs activated SARS-CoV-2 VLP-specific T-cells. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine incorporating conserved S2 peptides and CoV-2 VLPs shows promise as a universal vaccine capable of generating neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Kyu Heo
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Youseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (C.-K.H.); (W.-H.L.)
| | - Won-Hee Lim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Youseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (C.-K.H.); (W.-H.L.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Beom Moon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (K.-B.M.); (H.-S.K.)
| | - Jihyun Yang
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang Jick Kim
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (K.-B.M.); (H.-S.K.)
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, 194-15 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si 28160, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun-Wie Cho
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Youseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (C.-K.H.); (W.-H.L.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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8
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Timofeeva AM, Sedykh SE, Litvinova EA, Dolgushin SA, Matveev AL, Tikunova NV, Nevinsky GA. Binding of Natural Antibodies Generated after COVID-19 and Vaccination with Individual Peptides Corresponding to the SARS-CoV-2 S-Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:426. [PMID: 38675808 PMCID: PMC11053827 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of vaccines is a crucial objective in modern biotechnology and molecular pharmacology. In this context, conducting research to expedite the selection of a potent immunogen is imperative. The candidate vaccine should induce the production of antibodies that can recognize the immunogenic epitopes of the target protein, resembling the ones found in recovered patients. One major challenge in vaccine development is the absence of straightforward and reliable techniques to determine the extent to which the spectrum of antibodies produced after vaccination corresponds to antibodies found after recovery. This paper describes a newly developed method to detect antibodies specific to immunogenic epitopes of the target protein in blood plasma and to compare them with antibody spectra generated post vaccination. Comparing the antibody pool generated in the human body after recovering from an infectious disease with the pool formed through vaccination can become a universal method for screening candidate vaccines. This method will enable the identification of candidate vaccines that can induce the production of antibodies similar to those generated in response to a natural infection. Implementing this approach will facilitate the rapid development of new vaccines, even when faced with a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Timofeeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.E.S.); (A.L.M.); (N.V.T.)
- Advanced Engineering School, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Sergey E. Sedykh
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.E.S.); (A.L.M.); (N.V.T.)
- Advanced Engineering School, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Litvinova
- Physical Engineering Faculty, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk 630073, Russia
| | | | - Andrey L. Matveev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.E.S.); (A.L.M.); (N.V.T.)
| | - Nina V. Tikunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.E.S.); (A.L.M.); (N.V.T.)
- Advanced Engineering School, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.E.S.); (A.L.M.); (N.V.T.)
- Advanced Engineering School, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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9
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Titball RW, Bernstein DI, Fanget NVJ, Hall RA, Longet S, MacAry PA, Rupp RE, van Gils M, von Messling V, Walker DH, Barrett ADT. Progress with COVID vaccine development and implementation. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:69. [PMID: 38561358 PMCID: PMC10985065 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - David I Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephanie Longet
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Paul A MacAry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard E Rupp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Marit van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - David H Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alan D T Barrett
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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10
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Zhou F, Vahokoski J, Langeland N, Cox RJ. Impact of ageing on homologous and human-coronavirus-reactive antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:37. [PMID: 38378953 PMCID: PMC10879087 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) circulate worldwide yet remain understudied and unmitigated. The observation of elevated levels of HCoV reactive antibodies in COVID-19 patients highlights the urgent necessity of better understanding of HCoV specific immunity. Here, we characterized in-depth the de novo SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses and the boosting of HCoV-reactive antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection in individuals up to 98 years old. All the vaccinees were home-dwelling with no documented SARS-CoV-2 infection before receiving the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2). The first two vaccine doses elicited potent SARS-CoV-2 spike binding antibodies in individuals up to 80 years. The third dose largely boosted the previously low S2 domain binding and neutralizing antibodies in elderly 80-90 years old, but less so in those above 90 years. The endemic betacoronavirus (HKU1 and OC43) reactive antibodies were boosted in all vaccinees, although to a lesser extent in those above 80 years old. COVID-19 patients had potent elevation of alpha- and betacoronavirus (229E, NL63, HKU1 and OC43) reactive antibodies. In both patients and vaccinees, S2 domain specific antibody increases correlated with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing and HCoV-reactive antibody responses in all ages, indicating S2 domain as a candidate for future universal coronavirus vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhou
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Juha Vahokoski
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospitalen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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11
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Kim E, Khan MS, Ferrari A, Huang S, Kenniston TW, Cassaniti I, Baldanti F, Gambotto A. Second Boost of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 S1 Subunit Vaccine Induced Broad Humoral Immune Responses in Elderly Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.05.578925. [PMID: 38370806 PMCID: PMC10871204 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.05.578925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Currently approved COVID-19 vaccines prevent symptomatic infection, hospitalization, and death from the disease. However, repeated homologous boosters, while considered a solution for severe forms of the disease caused by new SARS-CoV-2 variants in elderly individuals and immunocompromised patients, cannot provide complete protection against breakthrough infections. This highlights the need for alternative platforms for booster vaccines. In our previous study, we assessed the boost effect of the SARS-CoV-2 Beta S1 recombinant protein subunit vaccine (rS1Beta) in aged mice primed with an adenovirus-based vaccine expressing SARS-CoV-2-S1 (Ad5.S1) via subcutaneous injection or intranasal delivery, which induced robust humoral immune responses (1). In this follow-up study, we demonstrated that a second booster dose of a non-adjuvanted recombinant Omicron (BA.1) S1 subunit vaccine with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist RS09 (rS1RS09OM) was effective in stimulating strong S1-specific immune responses and inducing significantly high neutralizing antibodies against the Wuhan, Delta, and Omicron variants in 100-week-old mice. Importantly, the second booster dose elicits cross-reactive antibody responses, resulting in ACE2 binding inhibition against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron (BA.1) and its subvariants. Interestingly, the levels of IgG and neutralizing antibodies correlated with the level of ACE2 inhibition in the booster serum samples, although Omicron S1-specific IgG level showed a weaker correlation compared to Wuhan S1-specific IgG level. Furthermore, we compared the immunogenic properties of the rS1 subunit vaccine in young, middle-aged, and elderly mice, resulting in reduced immunogenicity with age, especially an impaired Th1-biased immune response in aged mice. Our findings demonstrate that the new variant of concern (VOC) rS1 subunit vaccine as a second booster has the potential to offer cross-neutralization against a broad range of variants and to improve vaccine effectiveness against newly emerging breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 variants in elderly individuals who were previously primed with the authorized vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PA 15213, USA
| | - Muhammad S. Khan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alessandro Ferrari
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Shaohua Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PA 15213, USA
| | - Thomas W. Kenniston
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PA 15213, USA
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambotto
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Cankat S, Demael MU, Swadling L. In search of a pan-coronavirus vaccine: next-generation vaccine design and immune mechanisms. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:103-118. [PMID: 38148330 PMCID: PMC10805787 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the coronaviridae family are endemic to human populations and have caused several epidemics and pandemics in recent history. In this review, we will discuss the feasibility of and progress toward the ultimate goal of creating a pan-coronavirus vaccine that can protect against infection and disease by all members of the coronavirus family. We will detail the unmet clinical need associated with the continued transmission of SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV and the four seasonal coronaviruses (HCoV-OC43, NL63, HKU1 and 229E) in humans and the potential for future zoonotic coronaviruses. We will highlight how first-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and natural history studies have greatly increased our understanding of effective antiviral immunity to coronaviruses and have informed next-generation vaccine design. We will then consider the ideal properties of a pan-coronavirus vaccine and propose a blueprint for the type of immunity that may offer cross-protection. Finally, we will describe a subset of the diverse technologies and novel approaches being pursued with the goal of developing broadly or universally protective vaccines for coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cankat
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - M U Demael
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - L Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London, NW3 2PP, UK.
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13
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Wang M, Lkhagva E, Kim S, Zhai C, Islam MM, Kim HJ, Hong ST. The gut microbe pair of Oribacterium sp. GMB0313 and Ruminococcus sp. GMB0270 confers complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection by activating CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2342497. [PMID: 38635321 PMCID: PMC11028030 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2342497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the potential protective role of the gut microbiome against COVID-19, specific microbes conferring resistance to COVID-19 have not yet been identified. In this work, we aimed to identify and validate gut microbes at the species level that provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. To identify gut microbes conferring protection against COVID-19, we conducted a fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from an individual with no history of COVID-19 infection or immunization into a lethal COVID-19 hamster model. FMT from this COVID-19-resistant donor resulted in significant phenotypic changes related to COVID-19 sensitivity in the hamsters. Metagenomic analysis revealed distinct differences in the gut microbiome composition among the hamster groups, leading to the identification of two previously unknown bacterial species: Oribacterium sp. GMB0313 and Ruminococcus sp. GMB0270, both associated with COVID-19 resistance. Subsequently, we conducted a proof-of-concept confirmation animal experiment adhering to Koch's postulates. Oral administration of this gut microbe pair, Oribacterium sp. GMB0313 and Ruminococcus sp. GMB0270, to the hamsters provided complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection through the activation of CD8+ T cell mediated immunity. The prophylactic efficacy of the gut microbe pair against SARS-CoV-2 infection was comparable to, or even superior to, current mRNA vaccines. This strong prophylactic efficacy suggests that the gut microbe pair could be developed as a host-directed universal vaccine for all betacoronaviruses, including potential future emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingda Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeollabuk-Do, South Korea
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Enkhchimeg Lkhagva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeollabuk-Do, South Korea
| | - Sura Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeollabuk-Do, South Korea
| | - Chongkai Zhai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeollabuk-Do, South Korea
- College of Food and Drugs, Luoyang Polytechnic, Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Md Minarul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeollabuk-Do, South Korea
| | - Hyeon J. Kim
- BioLabs-LA at the Lundquist Institute for Bio Medical Innovation at Harbor UCLA, SNJ Pharma Inc, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Seong-Tshool Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeollabuk-Do, South Korea
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14
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Heo CK, Lim WH, Yang J, Son S, Kim SJ, Kim DJ, Poo H, Cho EW. Novel S2 subunit-specific antibody with broad neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1307693. [PMID: 38143750 PMCID: PMC10749193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1307693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), had a major impact on both the global health and economy. Numerous virus-neutralizing antibodies were developed against the S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein to block viral binding to host cells and were authorized for control of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, frequent mutations in the S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 enabled the emergence of immune evasive variants. To address these challenges, broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the relatively conserved S2 subunit and its epitopes have been investigated as antibody therapeutics and universal vaccines. Methods We initiated this study by immunizing BALB/c mice with β-propiolactone-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (IAV) to generate B-cell hybridomas. These hybridomas were subsequently screened using HEK293T cells expressing the S2-ECD domain. Hybridomas that produced anti-S2 antibodies were selected, and we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the potential of these anti-S2 antibodies as antiviral agents and versatile tools for research and diagnostics. Results In this study, we present a novel S2-specific antibody, 4A5, isolated from BALB/c mice immunized with inactivated SARS-CoV-2. 4A5 exhibited specific affinity to SARS-CoV-2 S2 subunits compared with those of other β-CoVs. 4A5 bound to epitope segment F1109-V1133 between the heptad-repeat1 (HR1) and the stem-helix (SH) region. The 4A5 epitope is highly conserved in SARS-CoV-2 variants, with a significant conformational feature in both pre- and postfusion S proteins. Notably, 4A5 exhibited broad neutralizing activity against variants and triggered Fc-enhanced antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. Discussion These findings offer a promising avenue for novel antibody therapeutics and insights for next-generation vaccine design. The identification of 4A5, with its unique binding properties and broad neutralizing capacity, offers a potential solution to the challenge posed by SARS-CoV-2 variants and highlights the importance of targeting the conserved S2 subunit in combating the COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Kyu Heo
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Hee Lim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Yang
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Son
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jick Kim
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haryoung Poo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Wie Cho
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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15
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Chen K, Zhang L, Fang Z, Li J, Li C, Song W, Huang Z, Chen R, Zhang Y, Li J. Analysis of the protective efficacy of approved COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron variants and the prospects for universal vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1294288. [PMID: 38090587 PMCID: PMC10711607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1294288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
By the end of 2022, different variants of Omicron had rapidly spread worldwide, causing a significant impact on the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic situation. Compared with previous variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), these new variants of Omicron exhibited a noticeable degree of mutation. The currently developed platforms to design COVID-19 vaccines include inactivated vaccines, mRNA vaccines, DNA vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, virus-like particle vaccines, and viral vector vaccines. Many of these platforms have obtained approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the WHO. However, the Omicron variants have spread in countries where vaccination has taken place; therefore, the number of cases has rapidly increased, causing concerns about the effectiveness of these vaccines. This article first discusses the epidemiological trends of the Omicron variant and reviews the latest research progress on available vaccines. Additionally, we discuss progress in the development progress and practical significance of universal vaccines. Next, we analyze the neutralizing antibody effectiveness of approved vaccines against different variants of Omicron, heterologous vaccination, and the effectiveness of multivalent vaccines in preclinical trials. We hope that this review will provide a theoretical basis for the design, development, production, and vaccination strategies of novel coronavirus vaccines, thus helping to end the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keda Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongbiao Fang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wancheng Song
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Virus Inspection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Virus Inspection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Alturaiki W. The role of cross-reactive immunity to emerging coronaviruses: Implications for novel universal mucosal vaccine design. Saudi Med J 2023; 44:965-972. [PMID: 37777266 PMCID: PMC10541972 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.10.20230375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Host immune response to coronaviruses and the role of cross-reactivity immunity among different coronaviruses are crucial for understanding and combating the continuing COVID-19 outbreak and potential subsequent pandemics. This review paper explores how previous exposure to common cold coronaviruses and more pathogenic coronaviruses may elicit a protective immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and discusses the challenges posed by some variants of concern that may escape current vaccines. It also highlights the need for a mucosal universal vaccine that can induce long-term protection against current and emerging coronaviruses by leveraging cross-reactive immunity. We propose a novel mucosal universal vaccine that consists of cross-reactive antigenic peptides with highly conserved epitopes among coronaviruses, conjugated with an immunostimulant adjuvant cytokine, including B-cell activating factor (BAFF). This vaccine may enhance the local mucosal adaptive response, induce tissue-resident memory cells, and inhibit viral replication and clearance. However, further research is required to evaluate its safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Alturaiki
- From the Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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17
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Goswami A, Kumar M, Ullah S, Gore MM. De novo design of anti-variant COVID-19 vaccine. Biol Methods Protoc 2023; 8:bpad021. [PMID: 37854896 PMCID: PMC10580973 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies highlight the effectiveness of hybrid Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines combining wild-type nucleocapsid and Spike proteins. We have further enhanced this strategy by incorporating delta and omicron variants' spike protein mutations. Both delta and omicron mark the shifts in viral transmissibility and severity in unvaccinated and vaccinated patients. So their mutations are highly crucial for future viral variants also. Omicron is particularly adept at immune evasion by mutating spike epitopes. The rapid adaptations of Omicron and sub-variants to spike-based vaccines and simultaneous transmissibility underline the urgency for new vaccines in the continuous battle against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, we have added three persistent T-cell-stimulating nucleocapsid peptides similar to homologous sequences from seasonal Human Coronaviruses (HuCoV) and an envelope peptide that elicits a strong T-cell immune response. These peptides are clustered in the hybrid spike's cytoplasmic region with non-immunogenic linkers, enabling systematic arrangement. AlphaFold (Artificial intelligence-based model building) analysis suggests omitting the transmembrane domain enhances these cytoplasmic epitopes' folding efficiency which can ensure persistent immunity for CD4+ structural epitopes. Further molecular dynamics simulations validate the compact conformation of the modeled structures and a flexible C-terminus region. Overall, the structures show stability and less conformational fluctuation throughout the simulation. Also, the AlphaFold predicted structural epitopes maintained their folds during simulation to ensure the specificity of CD4+ T-cell response after vaccination. Our proposed approach may provide options for incorporating diverse anti-viral T-cell peptides, similar to HuCoV, into linker regions. This versatility can be promising to address outbreaks and challenges posed by various viruses for effective management in this era of innovative vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Goswami
- Kshamalab, Leo’s Research Services and Suppliers, Mysuru 570016, India
| | - Madan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry-BMC Biochemistry, University of Uppsala, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
| | - Samee Ullah
- National Center for Bioinformatics (NCB), Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Milind M Gore
- 5/1B, Krutika Co-Op Housing Society, Kothrud, Pune 411039, India
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18
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Salgado BB, Barbosa ARC, Arcanjo AR, de Castro DB, Ramos TCA, Naveca F, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ, Lalwani JDB, Lalwani P. Hybrid Immunity Results in Enhanced and More Sustained Antibody Responses after the Second Sinovac-CoronaVac Dose in a Brazilian Cohort: DETECTCoV-19 Cohort. Viruses 2023; 15:1987. [PMID: 37896766 PMCID: PMC10610994 DOI: 10.3390/v15101987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We measured anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses before and after CoronaVac (inactivated) vaccination in a case-control study performed in CoronaVac-immunized individuals participating in a longitudinal prospective study of adults in Manaus (DETECTCoV-19). Antibody responses were measured by standard serological immunoassays. Peak anti-S-RBD and neutralizing RBD-ACE2 blocking antibody responses after two doses of CoronaVac vaccine were similar in vaccine breakthrough cases (n = 9) and matched controls (n = 45). Individuals with hybrid immunity resulting from prior SARS-CoV-2 infection followed by vaccination (n = 22) had elevated levels of anti-N, anti-S-RBD and RBD-ACE2 blocking antibodies after the second vaccine dose compared to infection-naïve individuals (n = 48). Post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses rapidly waned in infection-naïve individuals. Antibody responses wane after vaccination, making individuals susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 variants. These findings support the need for booster doses after primary vaccination. Population antibody serosurveys provide critical information toward implementing optimal timing of booster doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Batista Salgado
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane (ILMD), Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Terezina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus 69057-070, AM, Brazil; (B.B.S.); (A.R.C.B.); (F.N.)
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, ILMD/Fiocruz Amazônia and PPGIBA/ICB-UFAM, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil;
| | - Aguyda Rayany Cavalcante Barbosa
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane (ILMD), Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Terezina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus 69057-070, AM, Brazil; (B.B.S.); (A.R.C.B.); (F.N.)
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, ILMD/Fiocruz Amazônia and PPGIBA/ICB-UFAM, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil;
| | - Ana Ruth Arcanjo
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas (FVS/AM), Manaus 69093-018, AM, Brazil; (A.R.A.); (D.B.d.C.); (T.C.A.R.)
| | - Daniel Barros de Castro
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas (FVS/AM), Manaus 69093-018, AM, Brazil; (A.R.A.); (D.B.d.C.); (T.C.A.R.)
| | - Tatyana Costa Amorim Ramos
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas (FVS/AM), Manaus 69093-018, AM, Brazil; (A.R.A.); (D.B.d.C.); (T.C.A.R.)
| | - Felipe Naveca
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane (ILMD), Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Terezina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus 69057-070, AM, Brazil; (B.B.S.); (A.R.C.B.); (F.N.)
| | - Daniel M. Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
| | - Rosemary J. Boyton
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6LY, UK;
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jaila Dias Borges Lalwani
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, ILMD/Fiocruz Amazônia and PPGIBA/ICB-UFAM, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil;
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas (FCF), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil
| | - Pritesh Lalwani
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane (ILMD), Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Terezina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus 69057-070, AM, Brazil; (B.B.S.); (A.R.C.B.); (F.N.)
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, ILMD/Fiocruz Amazônia and PPGIBA/ICB-UFAM, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil;
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19
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Akbarian S, Sheikhi M, Khedri P, Baharifar N, Khalaf Shamsabadi F, Davidi MR, Khazaei HA, Assarian H, Sheikhi A. The correlation between humoral immune responses and severity of clinical symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e158. [PMID: 37694396 PMCID: PMC10548535 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic persists with global repercussions. Initial COVID-19 symptoms encompass pneumonia, fever, myalgia, and fatigue. The human immune system produces IgM and IgG antibodies in response to SARS-CoV-2. Despite previous research, a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between clinical manifestations and humoral immune responses remains elusive. This study aims to scrutinize this association. 134 COVID-19 patients were enrolled, and stratified into mild, moderate, and severe symptom groups. Serum IgM and IgG levels were assessed thrice at one-month intervals using ELISA. The findings reveal significant elevation in serum IgG levels in moderate compared to mild cases (P < 0.001). Additionally, IgG production was significantly heightened in severe cases compared to both mild (P < 0.0001) and moderate (P < 0.05) groups. IgM and IgG levels peaked initially and diminished over time. While anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are expected to confer protection, the direct correlation between IgG levels and symptom severity may arise from delayed immune activation, resulting in an intense antibody response in severe cases. Given evidence linking delayed immune function with a dysregulated innate immune response, comprehensive data collection should encompass not only serum IgG and IgM, but also early measurement of type I interferons at symptom onset. This could provide a more thorough understanding of COVID-19 progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Akbarian
- Department of Microbiology, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sheikhi
- Faculty of Medicine, Kazeroon Azad University, Kazeroon, Iran
| | - Parichehr Khedri
- Department of Microbiology, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
| | - Narges Baharifar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | | | | | - Hossein Ali Khazaei
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hamidali Assarian
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Assarian Pathobiology Lab, Dezful, Iran
| | - Abdolkarim Sheikhi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
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20
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Su X, Huang Z, Xu W, Wang Q, Xing L, Lu L, Jiang S, Xia S. IgG Fc-Binding Peptide-Conjugated Pan-CoV Fusion Inhibitor Exhibits Extended In Vivo Half-Life and Synergistic Antiviral Effect When Combined with Neutralizing Antibodies. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1283. [PMID: 37759683 PMCID: PMC10526447 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide-based pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor EK1 is in phase III clinical trials, and it has, thus far, shown good clinical application prospects against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. To further improve its in vivo long-acting property, we herein developed an Fc-binding strategy by conjugating EK1 with human immunoglobulin G Fc-binding peptide (IBP), which can exploit the long half-life advantage of IgG in vivo. The newly engineered peptide IBP-EK1 showed potent and broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, including various Omicron sublineages and other human coronaviruses (HCoVs) with low cytotoxicity. In mouse models, IBP-EK1 possessed potent prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against lethal HCoV-OC43 challenge, and it showed good safety profile and low immunogenicity. More importantly, IBP-EK1 exhibited a significantly extended in vivo half-life in rhesus monkeys of up to 37.7 h, which is about 20-fold longer than that reported for EK1. Strikingly, IBP-EK1 displayed strong in vitro or ex vivo synergistic anti-HCoV effect when combined with monoclonal neutralizing antibodies, including REGN10933 or S309, suggesting that IBP-conjugated EK1 can be further developed as a long-acting, broad-spectrum anti-HCoV agent, either alone or in combination with neutralizing antibodies, to combat the current COVID-19 pandemic or future outbreaks caused by emerging and re-emerging highly pathogenic HCoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (X.S.); (Z.H.); (W.X.); (Q.W.); (L.X.); (L.L.)
| | - Shuai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (X.S.); (Z.H.); (W.X.); (Q.W.); (L.X.); (L.L.)
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21
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Huang SH, Chen YT, Lin XY, Ly YY, Lien ST, Chen PH, Wang CT, Wu SC, Chen CC, Lin CY. In silico prediction of immune-escaping hot spots for future COVID-19 vaccine design. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13468. [PMID: 37596329 PMCID: PMC10439115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a widespread impact on a global scale, and the evolution of considerable dominants has already taken place. Some variants contained certain key mutations located on the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein, such as E484K and N501Y. It is increasingly worrying that these variants could impair the efficacy of current vaccines or therapies. Therefore, analyzing and predicting the high-risk mutations of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein is crucial to design future vaccines against the different variants. In this work, we proposed an in silico approach, immune-escaping score (IES), to predict high-risk immune-escaping hot spots on the receptor-binding domain (RBD), implemented through integrated delta binding free energy measured by computational mutagenesis of spike-antibody complexes and mutation frequency calculated from viral genome sequencing data. We identified 23 potentially immune-escaping mutations on the RBD by using IES, nine of which occurred in omicron variants (R346K, K417N, N440K, L452Q, L452R, S477N, T478K, F490S, and N501Y), despite our dataset being curated before the omicron first appeared. The highest immune-escaping score (IES = 1) was found for E484K, which agrees with recent studies stating that the mutation significantly reduced the efficacy of neutralization antibodies. Furthermore, our predicted delta binding free energy and IES show a high correlation with high-throughput deep mutational scanning data (Pearson's r = 0.70) and experimentally measured neutralization titers data (mean Pearson's r = -0.80). In summary, our work presents a new method to identify the potentially immune-escaping mutations on the RBD and provides valuable insights into future COVID-19 vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yi-Yi Ly
- Graphen Inc., New York, NY, 10110, USA
| | | | | | | | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Adimmune Corp., Taichung City, 427003, Taiwan
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22
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Abdelaziz MO, Raftery MJ, Weihs J, Bielawski O, Edel R, Köppke J, Vladimirova D, Adler JM, Firsching T, Voß A, Gruber AD, Hummel LV, Fernandez Munoz I, Müller-Marquardt F, Willimsky G, Elleboudy NS, Trimpert J, Schönrich G. Early protective effect of a ("pan") coronavirus vaccine (PanCoVac) in Roborovski dwarf hamsters after single-low dose intranasal administration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166765. [PMID: 37520530 PMCID: PMC10372429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has highlighted the danger posed by human coronaviruses. Rapid emergence of immunoevasive variants and waning antiviral immunity decrease the effect of the currently available vaccines, which aim at induction of neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, T cells are marginally affected by antigen evolution although they represent the major mediators of virus control and vaccine protection against virus-induced disease. Materials and methods We generated a multi-epitope vaccine (PanCoVac) that encodes the conserved T cell epitopes from all structural proteins of coronaviruses. PanCoVac contains elements that facilitate efficient processing and presentation of PanCoVac-encoded T cell epitopes and can be uploaded to any available vaccine platform. For proof of principle, we cloned PanCoVac into a non-integrating lentivirus vector (NILV-PanCoVac). We chose Roborovski dwarf hamsters for a first step in evaluating PanCoVac in vivo. Unlike mice, they are naturally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, Roborovski dwarf hamsters develop COVID-19-like disease after infection with SARS-CoV-2 enabling us to look at pathology and clinical symptoms. Results Using HLA-A*0201-restricted reporter T cells and U251 cells expressing a tagged version of PanCoVac, we confirmed in vitro that PanCoVac is processed and presented by HLA-A*0201. As mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract is crucial for protection against respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, we tested the protective effect of single-low dose of NILV-PanCoVac administered via the intranasal (i.n.) route in the Roborovski dwarf hamster model of COVID-19. After infection with ancestral SARS-CoV-2, animals immunized with a single-low dose of NILV-PanCoVac i.n. did not show symptoms and had significantly decreased viral loads in the lung tissue. This protective effect was observed in the early phase (2 days post infection) after challenge and was not dependent on neutralizing antibodies. Conclusion PanCoVac, a multi-epitope vaccine covering conserved T cell epitopes from all structural proteins of coronaviruses, might protect from severe disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 variants and future pathogenic coronaviruses. The use of (HLA-) humanized animal models will allow for further efficacy studies of PanCoVac-based vaccines in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed O. Abdelaziz
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J. Raftery
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Weihs
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olivia Bielawski
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Edel
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Köppke
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Julia M. Adler
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theresa Firsching
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Voß
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D. Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca V. Hummel
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivan Fernandez Munoz
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Müller-Marquardt
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerald Willimsky
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nooran S. Elleboudy
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Dinda B, Dinda M, Dinda S, De UC. An overview of anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-inflammatory potential of baicalein and its metabolite baicalin: Insights into molecular mechanisms. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115629. [PMID: 37437351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is highly contagious infection that breaks the healthcare systems of several countries worldwide. Till to date, no effective antiviral drugs against COVID-19 infection have reached the market, and some repurposed drugs and vaccines are prescribed for the treatment and prevention of this disease. The currently prescribed COVID-19 vaccines are less effective against the newly emergent variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2 due to several mutations in viral spike protein and obviously there is an urgency to develop new antiviral drugs against this disease. In this review article, we systematically discussed the anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-inflammatory efficacy of two flavonoids, baicalein and its 7-O-glucuronide, baicalin, isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, Oroxylum indicum, and other plants as well as their pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability, for development of safe and effective drugs for COVID-19 treatment. Both baicalein and baicalin target the activities of viral S-, 3CL-, PL-, RdRp- and nsp13-proteins, and host mitochondrial OXPHOS for suppression of viral infection. Moreover, these compounds prevent sepsis-related inflammation and organ injury by modulation of host innate immune responses. Several nanoformulated and inclusion complexes of baicalein and baicalin have been reported to increase oral bioavailability, but their safety and efficacy in SARS-CoV-2-infected transgenic animals are not yet evaluated. Future studies on these compounds are required for use in clinical trials of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswanath Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura, India.
| | - Manikarna Dinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Subhajit Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College, Kamalpur, Dhalai, Tripura, India
| | - Utpal Chandra De
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura, India
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24
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Lista F, Peragallo MS, Biselli R, De Santis R, Mariotti S, Nisini R, D'Amelio R. Have Diagnostics, Therapies, and Vaccines Made the Difference in the Pandemic Evolution of COVID-19 in Comparison with "Spanish Flu"? Pathogens 2023; 12:868. [PMID: 37513715 PMCID: PMC10384375 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1918 many countries, but not Spain, were fighting World War I. Spanish press could report about the diffusion and severity of a new infection without censorship for the first-time, so that this pandemic is commonly defined as "Spanish flu", even though Spain was not its place of origin. "Spanish flu" was one of the deadliest pandemics in history and has been frequently compared with the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic. These pandemics share similarities, being both caused by highly variable and transmissible respiratory RNA viruses, and diversity, represented by diagnostics, therapies, and especially vaccines, which were made rapidly available for COVID-19, but not for "Spanish flu". Most comparison studies have been carried out in the first period of COVID-19, when these resources were either not yet available or their use had not long started. Conversely, we wanted to analyze the role that the advanced diagnostics, anti-viral agents, including monoclonal antibodies, and innovative COVID-19 vaccines, may have had in the pandemic containment. Early diagnosis, therapies, and anti-COVID-19 vaccines have markedly reduced the pandemic severity and mortality, thus preventing the collapse of the public health services. However, their influence on the reduction of infections and re-infections, thus on the transition from pandemic to endemic condition, appears to be of minor relevance. The high viral variability of influenza and coronavirus may probably be contained by the development of universal vaccines, which are not easy to be obtained. The only effective weapon still remains the disease prevention, to be achieved with the reduction of promiscuity between the animal reservoirs of these zoonotic diseases and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florigio Lista
- Istituto di Scienze Biomediche della Difesa, Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Stefano Peragallo
- Centro Studi e Ricerche di Sanità e Veterinaria, Comando Logistico dell'Esercito, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Biselli
- Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo De Santis
- Istituto di Scienze Biomediche della Difesa, Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Sabrina Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaele D'Amelio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00198 Roma, Italy
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25
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Bai Y, An C, Zhang X, Li K, Cheng F, Cui B, Song Z, Liu D, Zhang J, He Q, Liu J, Mao Q, Liang Z. A Novel Targeted RIG-I Receptor 5'Triphosphate Double Strain RNA-Based Adjuvant Significantly Improves the Immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta-Omicron Chimeric RBD-Dimer Recombinant Protein Vaccine. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051099. [PMID: 37243185 DOI: 10.3390/v15051099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid mutation and spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants recently, especially through the emerging variants Omicron BA5, BF7, XBB and BQ1, necessitate the development of universal vaccines to provide broad spectrum protection against variants. For the SARS-CoV-2 universal recombinant protein vaccines, an effective approach is necessary to design broad-spectrum antigens and combine them with novel adjuvants that can induce high immunogenicity. In this study, we designed a novel targeted retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) receptor 5'triphosphate double strain RNA (5'PPP dsRNA)-based vaccine adjuvant (named AT149) and combined it with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron chimeric RBD-dimer recombinant protein (D-O RBD) to immunize mice. The results showed that AT149 activated the P65 NF-κB signaling pathway, which subsequently activated the interferon signal pathway by targeting the RIG-I receptor. The D-O RBD + AT149 and D-O RBD + aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (Al) + AT149 groups showed elevated levels of neutralizing antibodies against the authentic Delta variant, and Omicron subvariants, BA1, BA5, and BF7, pseudovirus BQ1.1, and XBB compared with D-O RBD + Al and D-O RBD + Al + CpG7909/Poly (I:C) groups at 14 d after the second immunization, respectively. In addition, D-O RBD + AT149 and D-O RBD + Al + AT149 groups presented higher levels of the T-cell-secreted IFN-γ immune response. Overall, we designed a novel targeted RIG-I receptor 5'PPP dsRNA-based vaccine adjuvant to significantly improve the immunogenicity and broad spectrum of the SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Chaoqiang An
- Shanghai JunTuo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhang
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Kelei Li
- Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijning 102600, China
| | - Feiran Cheng
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Bopei Cui
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Ziyang Song
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Qian He
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Jianyang Liu
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102600, China
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26
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Gerardi V, Rohaim MA, Naggar RFE, Atasoy MO, Munir M. Deep Structural Analysis of Myriads of Omicron Sub-Variants Revealed Hotspot for Vaccine Escape Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:668. [PMID: 36992252 PMCID: PMC10059128 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the Omicron variant has reinforced the importance of continued SARS-CoV-2 evolution and its possible impact on vaccine effectiveness. Specifically, mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) are critical to comprehend the flexibility and dynamicity of the viral interaction with the human agniotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. To this end, we have applied a string of deep structural and genetic analysis tools to map the substitution patterns in the S protein of major Omicron sub-variants (n = 51) with a primary focus on the RBD mutations. This head-to-head comparison of Omicron sub-variants revealed multiple simultaneous mutations that are attributed to antibody escape, and increased affinity and binding to hACE2. Our deep mapping of the substitution matrix indicated a high level of diversity at the N-terminal and RBD domains compared with other regions of the S protein, highlighting the importance of these two domains in a matched vaccination approach. Structural mapping identified highly variable mutations in the up confirmation of the S protein and at sites that critically define the function of the S protein in the virus pathobiology. These substitutional trends offer support in tracking mutations along the evolutionary trajectories of SAR-CoV-2. Collectively, the findings highlight critical areas of mutations across the major Omicron sub-variants and propose several hotspots in the S proteins of SARS-CoV-2 sub-variants to train the future design and development of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gerardi
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Mohammed A. Rohaim
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Rania F. El Naggar
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
| | - Mustafa O. Atasoy
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
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27
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Kwak HW, Park HJ, Jung SY, Oh EY, Park SI, Kim Y, Park HJ, Park S, Kim YJ, Ko HL, Lee JA, Won H, Hwang YH, Kim SY, Kim SE, Bae SE, Yoon M, Kim JO, Song M, Lee SJ, Seo KW, Lee K, Kim D, Kim H, Lee SM, Hong SH, Nam JH. Recombinant measles virus encoding the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 efficiently induces Th1 responses and neutralizing antibodies that block SARS-CoV-2 variants. Vaccine 2023; 41:1892-1901. [PMID: 36792434 PMCID: PMC9902292 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants, the development of effective and safe vaccines has become a priority. The measles virus (MeV) vaccine is an attractive vaccine platform as it has been administered to children for more than 40 years in over 100 countries. In this study, we developed a recombinant MeV expressing the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (rMeV-S) and tested its efficacy using mouse and hamster models. In hCD46Tg mice, two-dose rMeV-S vaccination induced higher Th1 secretion and humoral responses than one-dose vaccination. Interestingly, neutralizing antibodies induced by one-dose and two-dose rMeV-S immunization effectively blocked the entry of the α, β, γ, and δ variants of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, two-dose rMeV-S immunization provided complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 in the hamster model. These results suggest the potential of rMeV-S as a vaccine candidate for targeting SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Kwak
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Bucheon, Republic of Korea; BK Plus Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Bucheon, Republic of Korea; SML biopharm, Gyeonggi-do, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Park
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Bucheon, Republic of Korea; BK Plus Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeon Jung
- Department of R&D, SK bioscience, Pangyoro, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-In Park
- Division of Research Program, Scripps Korea Antibody Institute, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Jun Park
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Bucheon, Republic of Korea; BK Plus Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Bucheon, Republic of Korea; SML biopharm, Gyeonggi-do, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jin Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Li Ko
- Division of Research Program, Scripps Korea Antibody Institute, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeran Won
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ho Hwang
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Eun Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung Eun Bae
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhyuk Yoon
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ouk Kim
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Manki Song
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jeen Lee
- Department of R&D, SK bioscience, Pangyoro, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Weon Seo
- Department of R&D, SK bioscience, Pangyoro, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunse Lee
- Department of R&D, SK bioscience, Pangyoro, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokeun Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Department of R&D, SK bioscience, Pangyoro, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Hee Hong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hwan Nam
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Bucheon, Republic of Korea; BK Plus Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Bucheon, Republic of Korea.
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Umitaibatin R, Harisna AH, Jauhar MM, Syaifie PH, Arda AG, Nugroho DW, Ramadhan D, Mardliyati E, Shalannanda W, Anshori I. Immunoinformatics Study: Multi-Epitope Based Vaccine Design from SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020399. [PMID: 36851275 PMCID: PMC9964839 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak has become a huge challenge in the human sector for the past two years. The coronavirus is capable of mutating at a higher rate than other viruses. Thus, an approach for creating an effective vaccine is still needed to induce antibodies against multiple variants with lower side effects. Currently, there is a lack of research on designing a multiepitope of the COVID-19 spike protein for the Indonesian population with comprehensive immunoinformatic analysis. Therefore, this study aimed to design a multiepitope-based vaccine for the Indonesian population using an immunoinformatic approach. This study was conducted using the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein sequences from Indonesia that were retrieved from the GISAID database. Three SARS-CoV-2 sequences, with IDs of EIJK-61453, UGM0002, and B.1.1.7 were selected. The CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte (CTL) epitope, CD4+ helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitope, B-cell epitope, and IFN-γ production were predicted. After modeling the vaccines, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, in silico immune simulations, and plasmid vector design were performed. The designed vaccine is antigenic, non-allergenic, non-toxic, capable of inducing IFN-γ with a population reach of 86.29% in Indonesia, and has good stability during molecular dynamics and immune simulation. Hence, this vaccine model is recommended to be investigated for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadhita Umitaibatin
- Lab-on-Chip Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Azza Hanif Harisna
- Nano Center Indonesia, Jl. Raya Puspiptek, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia
| | | | - Putri Hawa Syaifie
- Nano Center Indonesia, Jl. Raya Puspiptek, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia
| | | | - Dwi Wahyu Nugroho
- Nano Center Indonesia, Jl. Raya Puspiptek, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia
| | - Donny Ramadhan
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - Etik Mardliyati
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drug, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - Wervyan Shalannanda
- Department of Telecommunication Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Isa Anshori
- Lab-on-Chip Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
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