1
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Hehenberger E, Guo J, Wilken S, Hoadley K, Sudek L, Poirier C, Dannebaum R, Susko E, Worden AZ. Phosphate Limitation Responses in Marine Green Algae Are Linked to Reprogramming of the tRNA Epitranscriptome and Codon Usage Bias. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad251. [PMID: 37987557 PMCID: PMC10735309 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine algae are central to global carbon fixation, and their productivity is dictated largely by resource availability. Reduced nutrient availability is predicted for vast oceanic regions as an outcome of climate change; however, there is much to learn regarding response mechanisms of the tiny picoplankton that thrive in these environments, especially eukaryotic phytoplankton. Here, we investigate responses of the picoeukaryote Micromonas commoda, a green alga found throughout subtropical and tropical oceans. Under shifting phosphate availability scenarios, transcriptomic analyses revealed altered expression of transfer RNA modification enzymes and biased codon usage of transcripts more abundant during phosphate-limiting versus phosphate-replete conditions, consistent with the role of transfer RNA modifications in regulating codon recognition. To associate the observed shift in the expression of the transfer RNA modification enzyme complement with the transfer RNAs encoded by M. commoda, we also determined the transfer RNA repertoire of this alga revealing potential targets of the modification enzymes. Codon usage bias was particularly pronounced in transcripts encoding proteins with direct roles in managing phosphate limitation and photosystem-associated proteins that have ill-characterized putative functions in "light stress." The observed codon usage bias corresponds to a proposed stress response mechanism in which the interplay between stress-induced changes in transfer RNA modifications and skewed codon usage in certain essential response genes drives preferential translation of the encoded proteins. Collectively, we expose a potential underlying mechanism for achieving growth under enhanced nutrient limitation that extends beyond the catalog of up- or downregulated protein-encoding genes to the cell biological controls that underpin acclimation to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hehenberger
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, RD3, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, DE
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, CZ
| | - Jian Guo
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Susanne Wilken
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kenneth Hoadley
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, RD3, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, DE
| | - Lisa Sudek
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Camille Poirier
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, RD3, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, DE
| | - Richard Dannebaum
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Edward Susko
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, CA
| | - Alexandra Z Worden
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, RD3, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, DE
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, DE
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2
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Hamzelou S, Belobrajdic D, Broadbent JA, Juhász A, Lee Chang K, Jameson I, Ralph P, Colgrave ML. Utilizing proteomics to identify and optimize microalgae strains for high-quality dietary protein: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023:1-16. [PMID: 38035669 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2283376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Algae-derived protein has immense potential to provide high-quality protein foods for the expanding human population. To meet its potential, a broad range of scientific tools are required to identify optimal algal strains from the hundreds of thousands available and identify ideal growing conditions for strains that produce high-quality protein with functional benefits. A research pipeline that includes proteomics can provide a deeper interpretation of microalgal composition and biochemistry in the pursuit of these goals. To date, proteomic investigations have largely focused on pathways that involve lipid production in selected microalgae species. Herein, we report the current state of microalgal proteome measurement and discuss promising approaches for the development of protein-containing food products derived from algae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Angéla Juhász
- School of Science, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | - Ian Jameson
- CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, Hobart, Australia
| | - Peter Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Michelle L Colgrave
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, Australia
- School of Science, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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3
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Helliwell KE. Emerging trends in nitrogen and phosphorus signalling in photosynthetic eukaryotes. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:344-358. [PMID: 36372648 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) are the major nutrients that constrain plant and algal growth in nature. Recent advances in understanding nutrient signalling mechanisms of these organisms have revealed molecular attributes to optimise N and P acquisition. This has illuminated the importance of interplay between N and P regulatory networks, highlighting a need to study synergistic interactions rather than single-nutrient effects. Emerging insights of nutrient signalling in polyphyletic model plants and algae hint that, although core P-starvation signalling components are conserved, distinct mechanisms for P (and N) sensing have arisen. Here, the N and P signalling mechanisms of diverse photosynthetic eukaryotes are examined, drawing parallels and differences between taxa. Future directions to understand their molecular basis, evolution, and ecology are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Helliwell
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK.
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Levin G, Schuster G. LHC-like Proteins: The Guardians of Photosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2503. [PMID: 36768826 PMCID: PMC9916820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of chlorophyll-containing light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) was a crucial milestone in the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. Light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding proteins form complexes in proximity to the reaction centres of photosystems I and II and serve as an antenna, funnelling the harvested light energy towards the reaction centres, facilitating photochemical quenching, thereby optimizing photosynthesis. It is now generally accepted that the LHC proteins evolved from LHC-like proteins, a diverse family of proteins containing up to four transmembrane helices. Interestingly, LHC-like proteins do not participate in light harvesting to elevate photosynthesis activity under low light. Instead, they protect the photosystems by dissipating excess energy and taking part in non-photochemical quenching processes. Although there is evidence that LHC-like proteins are crucial factors of photoprotection, the roles of only a few of them, mainly the stress-related psbS and lhcSR, are well described. Here, we summarize the knowledge gained regarding the evolution and function of the various LHC-like proteins, with emphasis on those strongly related to photoprotection. We further suggest LHC-like proteins as candidates for improving photosynthesis in significant food crops and discuss future directions in their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Levin
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Gadi Schuster
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
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5
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Ferrer-González FX, Hamilton M, Smith CB, Schreier JE, Olofsson M, Moran MA. Bacterial transcriptional response to labile exometabolites from photosynthetic picoeukaryote Micromonas commoda. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:5. [PMID: 36690682 PMCID: PMC9870897 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-023-00212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved primary production released into seawater by marine phytoplankton is a major source of carbon fueling heterotrophic bacterial production in the ocean. The composition of the organic compounds released by healthy phytoplankton is poorly known and difficult to assess with existing chemical methods. Here, expression of transporter and catabolic genes by three model marine bacteria (Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3, Stenotrophomonas sp. SKA14, and Polaribacter dokdonensis MED152) was used as a biological sensor of metabolites released from the picoeukaryote Micromonas commoda RCC299. Bacterial expression responses indicated that the three species together recognized 38 picoeukaryote metabolites. This was consistent with the Micromonas expression of genes for starch metabolism and synthesis of peptidoglycan-like intermediates. A comparison of the hypothesized Micromonas exometabolite pool with that of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana CCMP1335, analyzed previously with the same biological sensor method, indicated that both phytoplankton released organic acids, nucleosides, and amino acids, but differed in polysaccharide and organic nitrogen release. Future ocean conditions are expected to favor picoeukaryotic phytoplankton over larger-celled microphytoplankton. Results from this study suggest that such a shift could alter the substrate pool available to heterotrophic bacterioplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Hamilton
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Christa B Smith
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jeremy E Schreier
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Malin Olofsson
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mary Ann Moran
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Viruses infecting a warm water picoeukaryote shed light on spatial co-occurrence dynamics of marine viruses and their hosts. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:3129-3147. [PMID: 33972727 PMCID: PMC8528832 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The marine picoeukaryote Bathycoccus prasinos has been considered a cosmopolitan alga, although recent studies indicate two ecotypes exist, Clade BI (B. prasinos) and Clade BII. Viruses that infect Bathycoccus Clade BI are known (BpVs), but not that infect BII. We isolated three dsDNA prasinoviruses from the Sargasso Sea against Clade BII isolate RCC716. The BII-Vs do not infect BI, and two (BII-V2 and BII-V3) have larger genomes (~210 kb) than BI-Viruses and BII-V1. BII-Vs share ~90% of their proteins, and between 65% to 83% of their proteins with sequenced BpVs. Phylogenomic reconstructions and PolB analyses establish close-relatedness of BII-V2 and BII-V3, yet BII-V2 has 10-fold higher infectivity and induces greater mortality on host isolate RCC716. BII-V1 is more distant, has a shorter latent period, and infects both available BII isolates, RCC716 and RCC715, while BII-V2 and BII-V3 do not exhibit productive infection of the latter in our experiments. Global metagenome analyses show Clade BI and BII algal relative abundances correlate positively with their respective viruses. The distributions delineate BI/BpVs as occupying lower temperature mesotrophic and coastal systems, whereas BII/BII-Vs occupy warmer temperature, higher salinity ecosystems. Accordingly, with molecular diagnostic support, we name Clade BII Bathycoccus calidus sp. nov. and propose that molecular diversity within this new species likely connects to the differentiated host-virus dynamics observed in our time course experiments. Overall, the tightly linked biogeography of Bathycoccus host and virus clades observed herein supports species-level host specificity, with strain-level variations in infection parameters.
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Phenoplate: An innovative method for assessing interacting effects of temperature and light on non-photochemical quenching in microalgae under chemical stress. N Biotechnol 2021; 66:89-96. [PMID: 34715374 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid light curves are one of the most widely used methods for assessing the physiological state of photosynthetic organisms. While the method has been applied in a range of physiological studies over the last 20 years, little progress has been made in adapting it for the new age of multi-parametric phenotyping. In order to advance research that is aimed at evaluating the physiological impact of multiple factors, the Phenoplate was developed: a simultaneous assessment of temperature and light gradients. It was used to measure rapid light curves of three marine microalgae across a temperature gradient and altered phosphate availability. The results revealed that activation of photoprotective mechanisms occurred with high efficiency at lower temperatures, and relaxation of photoprotection was negatively impacted above a certain temperature threshold in Tetraselmis sp. It was observed that Thalassiosira pseudonana and Nannochloropsis oceanica exhibited two unique delayed non-photochemical quenching signatures: in combinations of low light with low temperature, and darkness with high temperature, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the Phenoplate approach can be used as a rapid and simple tool to gain insight into the photobiology of microalgae.
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Meagher E, Rangsrikitphoti P, Faridi B, Zamzam G, Durnford DG. Photoacclimation to high-light stress in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during conditional senescence relies on generating pH-dependent, high-quenching centres. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 158:136-145. [PMID: 33307425 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae can respond to long-term increases in light intensity by altering the concentration of photosynthetic complexes. Under active growth, the ability of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to acclimate to excess light is dependent on cell division to reduce the concentration of photosynthetic complexes. But, in batch culture, cells eventually reach stationary phase where their ability to divide is limited; this should impact their capacity to undergo photoacclimation. Our goal is to dissect excess-light responses as cells approach stationary phase and to determine how the strategies of photoacclimation differ compared to cells in the exponential-growth phase. In this study, cultures exited exponential growth and transitioned into a declining growth phase (DGP), where cells continued a slow rate of growth for the next seven days in both low (LL) and high-light (HL). During this period, both cultures experience a conditional senescence-related decline in chlorophyll levels. Under HL, however, the senescing cultures have a rapid decline in PSII reaction centres, maintain a stable concentration of LHCII antenna, rapidly increase LHCSR levels, and have a sustained increase in Fo/Fm. Collectively this implies that the remaining antenna act as pH-dependent, quenching centres, presumably to protect the senescing chloroplast against HL. We discovered that acclimating to HL post-exponential phase involves active degradation that is intertwined with the normal senescence process that allowed for a limited rate of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Meagher
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | | | - Babar Faridi
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Ghaith Zamzam
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Dion G Durnford
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada.
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Feijão E, Franzitta M, Cabrita MT, Caçador I, Duarte B, Gameiro C, Matos AR. Marine heat waves alter gene expression of key enzymes of membrane and storage lipids metabolism in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:357-368. [PMID: 33002714 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Across the globe, heat waves are getting more intense and frequent. Diatoms are a major group of microalgae at the base of the marine food webs and an important source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are transferred through the food web. The present study investigates the possible impacts of temperature increase on lipid classes and expression of genes encoding enzymes related to lipid metabolism in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The heat wave exposure caused an increase in the relative amounts of plastidial lipids such as the glycolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) in parallel with a decrease in the neutral lipid fraction, which includes triacylglycerols. In agreement, gene expression analyses revealed an up-regulation of a gene encoding one MGDG synthase and down-regulation of a diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), a key enzyme in triacylglycerol synthesis. Our results show that heat waves not only negatively impact the abundance of unsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3n-4) as observed by the decrease in their relative abundance in MGDG and neutral lipids, respectively, but also induce changes in the relative amounts of the diverse membrane lipids as well as the proportion of membrane/storage lipids. The expression study of key genes indicates that some of the aforementioned alterations are regulated at the transcription level whereas others appear to be post-transcriptional. The changes observed in plastidial lipids are related to negative impacts on the photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Feijão
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Marco Franzitta
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cabrita
- Centro de Estudos Geográficos (CEG), Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território (IGOT), Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Branca Edmée Marques, 1600-276, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Caçador
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Gameiro
- IPMA, Instituto Português do Mar e Atmosfera, Div-RP - Divisão de Modelação e Gestão de Recursos de Pesca, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Matos
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
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Kumar G, Shekh A, Jakhu S, Sharma Y, Kapoor R, Sharma TR. Bioengineering of Microalgae: Recent Advances, Perspectives, and Regulatory Challenges for Industrial Application. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:914. [PMID: 33014997 PMCID: PMC7494788 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae, due to their complex metabolic capacity, are being continuously explored for nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and other industrially important bioactives. However, suboptimal yield and productivity of the bioactive of interest in local and robust wild-type strains are of perennial concerns for their industrial applications. To overcome such limitations, strain improvement through genetic engineering could play a decisive role. Though the advanced tools for genetic engineering have emerged at a greater pace, they still remain underused for microalgae as compared to other microorganisms. Pertaining to this, we reviewed the progress made so far in the development of molecular tools and techniques, and their deployment for microalgae strain improvement through genetic engineering. The recent availability of genome sequences and other omics datasets form diverse microalgae species have remarkable potential to guide strategic momentum in microalgae strain improvement program. This review focuses on the recent and significant improvements in the omics resources, mutant libraries, and high throughput screening methodologies helpful to augment research in the model and non-model microalgae. Authors have also summarized the case studies on genetically engineered microalgae and highlight the opportunities and challenges that are emerging from the current progress in the application of genome-editing to facilitate microalgal strain improvement. Toward the end, the regulatory and biosafety issues in the use of genetically engineered microalgae in commercial applications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshan Kumar
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Ajam Shekh
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, India
| | - Sunaina Jakhu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Yogesh Sharma
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Ritu Kapoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- Division of Crop Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
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De novo Transcriptome of the Non-saxitoxin Producing Alexandrium tamutum Reveals New Insights on Harmful Dinoflagellates. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18080386. [PMID: 32722301 PMCID: PMC7460133 DOI: 10.3390/md18080386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many dinoflagellates species, especially of the Alexandrium genus, produce a series of toxins with tremendous impacts on human and environmental health, and tourism economies. Alexandrium tamutum was discovered for the first time in the Gulf of Naples, and it is not known to produce saxitoxins. However, a clone of A. tamutum from the same Gulf showed copepod reproduction impairment and antiproliferative activity. In this study, the full transcriptome of the dinoflagellate A. tamutum is presented in both control and phosphate starvation conditions. RNA-seq approach was used for in silico identification of transcripts that can be involved in the synthesis of toxic compounds. Phosphate starvation was selected because it is known to induce toxin production for other Alexandrium spp. Results showed the presence of three transcripts related to saxitoxin synthesis (sxtA, sxtG and sxtU), and others potentially related to the synthesis of additional toxic compounds (e.g., 44 transcripts annotated as "polyketide synthase"). These data suggest that even if this A. tamutum clone does not produce saxitoxins, it has the potential to produce toxic metabolites, in line with the previously observed activity. These data give new insights into toxic microalgae, toxin production and their potential applications for the treatment of human pathologies.
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12
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Slocombe SP, Zúñiga-Burgos T, Chu L, Wood NJ, Camargo-Valero MA, Baker A. Fixing the Broken Phosphorus Cycle: Wastewater Remediation by Microalgal Polyphosphates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:982. [PMID: 32695134 PMCID: PMC7339613 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P), in the form of phosphate derived from either inorganic (Pi) or organic (Po) forms is an essential macronutrient for all life. P undergoes a biogeochemical cycle within the environment, but anthropogenic redistribution through inefficient agricultural practice and inadequate nutrient recovery at wastewater treatment works have resulted in a sustained transfer of P from rock deposits to land and aquatic environments. Our present and near future supply of P is primarily mined from rock P reserves in a limited number of geographical regions. To help ensure that this resource is adequate for humanity's food security, an energy-efficient means of recovering P from waste and recycling it for agriculture is required. This will also help to address excess discharge to water bodies and the resulting eutrophication. Microalgae possess the advantage of polymeric inorganic polyphosphate (PolyP) storage which can potentially operate simultaneously with remediation of waste nitrogen and phosphorus streams and flue gases (CO2, SOx, and NOx). Having high productivity in photoautotrophic, mixotrophic or heterotrophic growth modes, they can be harnessed in wastewater remediation strategies for biofuel production either directly (biodiesel) or in conjunction with anaerobic digestion (biogas) or dark fermentation (biohydrogen). Regulation of algal P uptake, storage, and mobilization is intertwined with the cellular status of other macronutrients (e.g., nitrogen and sulphur) in addition to the manufacture of other storage products (e.g., carbohydrate and lipids) or macromolecules (e.g., cell wall). A greater understanding of controlling factors in this complex interaction is required to facilitate and improve P control, recovery, and reuse from waste streams. The best understood algal genetic model is Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in terms of utility and shared resources. It also displays mixotrophic growth and advantageously, species of this genus are often found growing in wastewater treatment plants. In this review, we focus primarily on the molecular and genetic aspects of PolyP production or turnover and place this knowledge in the context of wastewater remediation and highlight developments and challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Slocombe
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Zúñiga-Burgos
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- BioResource Systems Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lili Chu
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Wood
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Centre for Doctoral Training in Bioenergy, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Miller Alonso Camargo-Valero
- BioResource Systems Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Alison Baker
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Bernhardt JR, Kratina P, Pereira AL, Tamminen M, Thomas MK, Narwani A. The evolution of competitive ability for essential resources. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190247. [PMID: 32200736 PMCID: PMC7133530 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Competition for limiting resources is among the most fundamental ecological interactions and has long been considered a key driver of species coexistence and biodiversity. Species' minimum resource requirements, their R*s, are key traits that link individual physiological demands to the outcome of competition. However, a major question remains unanswered-to what extent are species' competitive traits able to evolve in response to resource limitation? To address this knowledge gap, we performed an evolution experiment in which we exposed Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for approximately 285 generations to seven environments in chemostats that differed in resource supply ratios (including nitrogen, phosphorus and light limitation) and salt stress. We then grew the ancestors and descendants in a common garden and quantified their competitive abilities for essential resources. We investigated constraints on trait evolution by testing whether changes in resource requirements for different resources were correlated. Competitive abilities for phosphorus improved in all populations, while competitive abilities for nitrogen and light increased in some populations and decreased in others. In contrast to the common assumption that there are trade-offs between competitive abilities for different resources, we found that improvements in competitive ability for a resource came at no detectable cost. Instead, improvements in competitive ability for multiple resources were either positively correlated or not significantly correlated. Using resource competition theory, we then demonstrated that rapid adaptation in competitive traits altered the predicted outcomes of competition. These results highlight the need to incorporate contemporary evolutionary change into predictions of competitive community dynamics over environmental gradients. This article is part of the theme issue 'Conceptual challenges in microbial community ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey R. Bernhardt
- Aquatic Ecology Department, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Kratina
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Aaron Louis Pereira
- Aquatic Ecology Department, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Manu Tamminen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Natura, University Hill, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Mridul K. Thomas
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anita Narwani
- Aquatic Ecology Department, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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14
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Wilken S, Choi CJ, Worden AZ. Contrasting Mixotrophic Lifestyles Reveal Different Ecological Niches in Two Closely Related Marine Protists. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:52-67. [PMID: 31529498 PMCID: PMC7065223 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many marine microbial eukaryotes combine photosynthetic with phagotrophic nutrition, but incomplete understanding of such mixotrophic protists, their functional diversity, and underlying physiological mechanisms limits the assessment and modeling of their roles in present and future ocean ecosystems. We developed an experimental system to study responses of mixotrophic protists to availability of living prey and light, and used it to characterize contrasting physiological strategies in two stramenopiles in the genus Ochromonas. We show that oceanic isolate CCMP1393 is an obligate mixotroph, requiring both light and prey as complementary resources. Interdependence of photosynthesis and heterotrophy in CCMP1393 comprises a significant role of mitochondrial respiration in photosynthetic electron transport. In contrast, coastal isolate CCMP2951 is a facultative mixotroph that can substitute photosynthesis by phagotrophy and hence grow purely heterotrophically in darkness. In contrast to CCMP1393, CCMP2951 also exhibits a marked photoprotection response that integrates non-photochemical quenching and mitochondrial respiration as electron sink for photosynthetically produced reducing equivalents. Facultative mixotrophs similar to CCMP2951 might be well adapted to variable environments, while obligate mixotrophs similar to CCMP1393 appear capable of resource efficient growth in oligotrophic ocean environments. Thus, the responses of these phylogenetically close protists to the availability of different resources reveals niche differentiation that influences impacts in food webs and leads to opposing carbon cycle roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wilken
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute7700 Sandholdt RoadMoss LandingCalifornia95039USA
- Department of Freshwater and Marine EcologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 904Amsterdam1098 XHThe Netherlands
| | - Chang Jae Choi
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute7700 Sandholdt RoadMoss LandingCalifornia95039USA
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology UnitGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchDüsternbrooker Weg 20Kiel24105Germany
| | - Alexandra Z. Worden
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute7700 Sandholdt RoadMoss LandingCalifornia95039USA
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology UnitGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchDüsternbrooker Weg 20Kiel24105Germany
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15
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Zimmerman AE, Howard-Varona C, Needham DM, John SG, Worden AZ, Sullivan MB, Waldbauer JR, Coleman ML. Metabolic and biogeochemical consequences of viral infection in aquatic ecosystems. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 18:21-34. [PMID: 31690825 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystems are controlled by 'bottom-up' (resources) and 'top-down' (predation) forces. Viral infection is now recognized as a ubiquitous top-down control of microbial growth across ecosystems but, at the same time, cell death by viral predation influences, and is influenced by, resource availability. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the biogeochemical impact of viruses, focusing on how metabolic reprogramming of host cells during lytic viral infection alters the flow of energy and nutrients in aquatic ecosystems. Our synthesis revealed several emerging themes. First, viral infection transforms host metabolism, in part through virus-encoded metabolic genes; the functions performed by these genes appear to alleviate energetic and biosynthetic bottlenecks to viral production. Second, viral infection depends on the physiological state of the host cell and on environmental conditions, which are challenging to replicate in the laboratory. Last, metabolic reprogramming of infected cells and viral lysis alter nutrient cycling and carbon export in the oceans, although the net impacts remain uncertain. This Review highlights the need for understanding viral infection dynamics in realistic physiological and environmental contexts to better predict their biogeochemical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Zimmerman
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - David M Needham
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Seth G John
- Department of Earth Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Z Worden
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA.,Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jacob R Waldbauer
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maureen L Coleman
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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16
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Diel transcriptional response of a California Current plankton microbiome to light, low iron, and enduring viral infection. ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:2817-2833. [PMID: 31320727 PMCID: PMC6794264 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton and associated microbial communities provide organic carbon to oceanic food webs and drive ecosystem dynamics. However, capturing those dynamics is challenging. Here, an in situ, semi-Lagrangian, robotic sampler profiled pelagic microbes at 4 h intervals over ~2.6 days in North Pacific high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll waters. We report on the community structure and transcriptional dynamics of microbes in an operationally large size class (>5 μm) predominantly populated by dinoflagellates, ciliates, haptophytes, pelagophytes, diatoms, cyanobacteria (chiefly Synechococcus), prasinophytes (chiefly Ostreococcus), fungi, archaea, and proteobacteria. Apart from fungi and archaea, all groups exhibited 24-h periodicity in some transcripts, but larger portions of the transcriptome oscillated in phototrophs. Periodic photosynthesis-related transcripts exhibited a temporal cascade across the morning hours, conserved across diverse phototrophic lineages. Pronounced silica:nitrate drawdown, a high flavodoxin to ferredoxin transcript ratio, and elevated expression of other Fe-stress markers indicated Fe-limitation. Fe-stress markers peaked during a photoperiodically adaptive time window that could modulate phytoplankton response to seasonal Fe-limitation. Remarkably, we observed viruses that infect the majority of abundant taxa, often with total transcriptional activity synchronized with putative hosts. Taken together, these data reveal a microbial plankton community that is shaped by recycled production and tightly controlled by Fe-limitation and viral activity.
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17
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Zimmerman AE, Bachy C, Ma X, Roux S, Jang HB, Sullivan MB, Waldbauer JR, Worden AZ. Closely related viruses of the marine picoeukaryotic alga Ostreococcus lucimarinus exhibit different ecological strategies. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:2148-2170. [PMID: 30924271 PMCID: PMC6851583 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In marine ecosystems, viruses are major disrupters of the direct flow of carbon and nutrients to higher trophic levels. Although the genetic diversity of several eukaryotic phytoplankton virus groups has been characterized, their infection dynamics are less understood, such that the physiological and ecological implications of their diversity remain unclear. We compared genomes and infection phenotypes of the two most closely related cultured phycodnaviruses infecting the widespread picoprasinophyte Ostreococcus lucimarinus under standard- (1.3 divisions per day) and limited-light (0.41 divisions per day) nutrient replete conditions. OlV7 infection caused early arrest of the host cell cycle, coinciding with a significantly higher proportion of infected cells than OlV1-amended treatments, regardless of host growth rate. OlV7 treatments showed a near-50-fold increase of progeny virions at the higher host growth rate, contrasting with OlV1's 16-fold increase. However, production of OlV7 virions was more sensitive than OlV1 production to reduced host growth rate, suggesting fitness trade-offs between infection efficiency and resilience to host physiology. Moreover, although organic matter released from OlV1- and OlV7-infected hosts had broadly similar chemical composition, some distinct molecular signatures were observed. Collectively, these results suggest that current views on viral relatedness through marker and core gene analyses underplay operational divergence and consequences for host ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Bachy
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research InstituteMoss LandingCAUSA
| | - Xiufeng Ma
- Department of the Geophysical SciencesUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Simon Roux
- Department of MicrobiologyEnvironmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Ho Bin Jang
- Department of MicrobiologyEnvironmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Department of CivilEnvironmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Matthew B. Sullivan
- Department of MicrobiologyEnvironmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Department of CivilEnvironmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | | | - Alexandra Z. Worden
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research InstituteMoss LandingCAUSA
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, Marine Ecology DivisionGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research KielKielDE
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18
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Shaikh KM, Nesamma AA, Abdin MZ, Jutur PP. Molecular profiling of an oleaginous trebouxiophycean alga Parachlorella kessleri subjected to nutrient deprivation for enhanced biofuel production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:182. [PMID: 31338124 PMCID: PMC6628475 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreasing fossil fuels and its impact on global warming have led to an increasing demand for its replacement by sustainable renewable biofuels. Microalgae may offer a potential feedstock for renewable biofuels capable of converting atmospheric CO2 to substantial biomass and valuable biofuels, which is of great importance for the food and energy industries. Parachlorella kessleri, a marine unicellular green alga belonging to class Trebouxiophyceae, accumulates large amount of lipids under nutrient-deprived conditions. The present study aims to understand the metabolic imprints in order to elucidate the physiological mechanisms of lipid accumulations in this microalga under nutrient deprivation. RESULTS Molecular profiles were obtained using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of P. kessleri subjected to nutrient deprivation. Relative quantities of more than 60 metabolites were systematically compared in all the three starvation conditions. Our results demonstrate that in lipid metabolism, the quantities of neutral lipids increased significantly followed by the decrease in other metabolites involved in photosynthesis, and nitrogen assimilation. Nitrogen starvation seems to trigger the triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation rapidly, while the microalga seems to tolerate phosphorous limitation, hence increasing both biomass and lipid content. The metabolomic and lipidomic profiles have identified a few common metabolites such as citric acid and 2-ketoglutaric acid which play significant role in diverting flux towards acetyl-CoA leading to accumulation of neutral lipids, whereas other molecules such as trehalose involve in cell growth regulation, when subjected to nutrient deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the entire system through qualitative (untargeted) metabolome approach in P. kessleri has led to identification of relevant metabolites involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of precursor molecules that may have potential for biofuel production, aiming towards the vision of tomorrow's bioenergy needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Mohd Shaikh
- Omics of Algae Group, Integrative Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, 110062 India
| | - Asha Arumugam Nesamma
- Omics of Algae Group, Integrative Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Malik Zainul Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, 110062 India
| | - Pannaga Pavan Jutur
- Omics of Algae Group, Integrative Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
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19
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Bachy C, Charlesworth CJ, Chan AM, Finke JF, Wong CH, Wei CL, Sudek S, Coleman ML, Suttle CA, Worden AZ. Transcriptional responses of the marine green alga Micromonas pusilla and an infecting prasinovirus under different phosphate conditions. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:2898-2912. [PMID: 29749714 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prasinophytes are widespread marine algae for which responses to nutrient limitation and viral infection are not well understood. We studied the picoprasinophyte, Micromonas pusilla, grown under phosphate-replete (0.65 ± 0.07 d-1 ) and 10-fold lower (low)-phosphate (0.11 ± 0.04 d-1 ) conditions, and infected by the phycodnavirus MpV-SP1. Expression of 17% of Micromonas genes in uninfected cells differed by >1.5-fold (q < 0.01) between nutrient conditions, with genes for P-metabolism and the uniquely-enriched Sel1-like repeat (SLR) family having higher relative transcript abundances, while phospholipid-synthesis genes were lower in low-P than P-replete. Approximately 70% (P-replete) and 30% (low-P) of cells were lysed 24 h post-infection, and expression of ≤5.8% of host genes changed relative to uninfected treatments. Host genes for CAZymes and glycolysis were activated by infection, supporting importance in viral production, which was significantly lower in slower growing (low-P) hosts. All MpV-SP1 genes were expressed, and our analyses suggest responses to differing host-phosphate backgrounds involve few viral genes, while the temporal program of infection involves many more, and is largely independent of host-phosphate background. Our study (i) identifies genes previously unassociated with nutrient acclimation or viral infection, (ii) provides insights into the temporal program of prasinovirus gene expression by hosts and (iii) establishes cell biological aspects of an ecologically important host-prasinovirus system that differ from other marine algal-virus systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bachy
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Christina J Charlesworth
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Amy M Chan
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jan F Finke
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chee-Hong Wong
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Sequencing Technology Group, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Chia-Lin Wei
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Sequencing Technology Group, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Sebastian Sudek
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Maureen L Coleman
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Curtis A Suttle
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, M5G 1Z8, Canada.,Departments of Botany, and Microbiology & Immunology, and Institute of Oceans & Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Z Worden
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.,Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, M5G 1Z8, Canada
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