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Fletcher K, Johnson DB. Chronic immune-related adverse events arising from immune checkpoint inhibitors: an update. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008591. [PMID: 38964785 PMCID: PMC11227828 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer treatment, improving outcomes for many patients. However, toxicities termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are limitations of these revolutionary treatments. These irAEs may resolve with treatment or ICI cessation (acute) or persist many months beyond therapy cessation (chronic). Acute irAEs were the first to be recognized and are thus more well studied. However, chronic irAEs have been highlighted in recent years and are becoming a topic of more intensive investigation. These chronic irAEs have been noted to affect many different organ systems, including endocrine, rheumatologic, gastrointestinal, dermatologic, neurologic, and cardiovascular systems. In this review, we discuss current knowledge surrounding the frequency, time course, and risk factors associated with chronic irAEs affecting various organ systems, treatment approaches, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Fletcher
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Poelman A, Neerinckx B, Beuselinck B, De Langhe E. Systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases as paraneoplastic phenomena: 3 illustrative case reports and narrative review of the literature. Acta Clin Belg 2023; 78:410-417. [PMID: 36847475 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2023.2183577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases can occur as paraneoplastic phenomena in the context of underlying malignancies. We present three illustrative clinical cases and a narrative literature review focusing on systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis and palmar fasciitis and polyarthritis syndrome. METHODS Medical data of three patients from the University Hospitals Leuven were retrospectively and anonymously obtained and reviewed. A narrative review was performed, searching the databases of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library. RESULTS Systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis and palmar fasciitis and polyarthritis syndrome are systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases that can present as paraneoplastic phenomena. Systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases are often associated with the presence of specific autoantibodies, some associated with a high likelihood of underlying malignancy. The presence of anti-ribonucleic acid polymerase III antibodies and anti-transcription intermediary factor 1 gamma antibodies indicates an increased risk of underlying cancer in systemic sclerosis and dermatomyositis, respectively. Individual patient prognosis can be improved through early detection of underlying malignancy, hence the importance of adequate cancer screening. CONCLUSION Some systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases can appear as paraneoplastic phenomena, whereby the presence of specific autoantibodies is known to be related to the likelihood of underlying malignancy. We highlight the importance of clinician's knowledge of these distinct features, as it facilitates early detection and treatment of underlying malignancy, thereby improving individual patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouck Poelman
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Neerinckx
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Beuselinck
- Department of General Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen De Langhe
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Shen M, Chen D, Zhao R, Zheng X, Gu Y, Yang T, Shi Y. Real-world adherence to toxicity management guidelines for immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1213225. [PMID: 37554766 PMCID: PMC10405819 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1213225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs) have improved survival and are increasingly used for cancer. However, ICIs use may be limited by immune-related adverse events (irAEs), such as ICI-induced diabetes mellitus(ICI-DM). The objective of the present study was to characterize ICI-DM patients and real-world adherence to guidelines. Research design and methods The present study was a retrospective review of electronic records of ICI-DM patients at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between July 2018 and October 2022. Results 34.8% (8/23)patients monitored blood glucose in every treatment cycle. The proportion of patients with severe diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA) was lower in the tight glycemic monitoring group than the non-tight glycemic monitoring group (16.7% vs. 55.6%, p = 0.049). 78.3%(18/23) patients with hyperglycemia visited a non-endocrinologist first, but 95.7% of patients were then referred to an endocrinologist. Twenty patients were tested for distinguishing the etiology of hyperglycemia and 20% patients with positive glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody(GADA), 55% with C-peptide <3.33pmol/L. High screening rates for other ICI-induced endocrinopathies were observed and half of the patients with ICI-DM developed other endocrine gland irAEs, with the most common being thyroiditis. Moreover, five patients developed non-endocrine serious adverse events(SAEs). Twelve (52.2%) patients were withdrawn from ICI due to ICI-DM. The time to progression of tumor in ICI-DM patients in the continue and interruption group was longer than in the withdrawal group (333.5 ± 82.5 days vs. 183.1 ± 62.4 days, p = 0.161). Only 17.4% of ICI-DM patients were completely managed according to guidelines. Thus, the present study proposed a screening, diagnosis, and management algorithm for ICI-DM in real-world practice. Conclusion The present study reported the largest number of ICI-DM cases described in a single institute, providing insight into real-world ICI-DM management guideline adherence and highlighting the clinical challenges in ICI-DM management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Shi
- *Correspondence: Yun Shi, ; Tao Yang,
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Johnson DB, Nebhan CA, Moslehi JJ, Balko JM. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors: long-term implications of toxicity. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19:254-267. [PMID: 35082367 PMCID: PMC8790946 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00600-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 214.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has heralded a new era in cancer treatment, enabling the possibility of long-term survival in patients with metastatic disease, and providing new therapeutic indications in earlier-stage settings. As such, characterizing the long-term implications of receiving ICIs has grown in importance. An abundance of evidence exists describing the acute clinical toxicities of these agents, although chronic effects have not been as well catalogued. Nonetheless, emerging evidence indicates that persistent toxicities might be more common than initially suggested. While generally low-grade, these chronic sequelae can affect the endocrine, rheumatological, pulmonary, neurological and other organ systems. Fatal toxicities also comprise a diverse set of clinical manifestations and can occur in 0.4-1.2% of patients. This risk is a particularly relevant consideration in light of the possibility of long-term survival. Finally, the effects of immune-checkpoint blockade on a diverse range of immune processes, including atherosclerosis, heart failure, neuroinflammation, obesity and hypertension, have not been characterized but remain an important area of research with potential relevance to cancer survivors. In this Review, we describe the current evidence for chronic immune toxicities and the long-term implications of these effects for patients receiving ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Caroline A Nebhan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Javid J Moslehi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Justin M Balko
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Kurozumi A, Sakamoto K, Nakagawa T, Matsunaga F, Shimomura A, Shimizu C, Hara H, Hiroi Y. Atherosclerotic Progression Is Related to Immune-Related Adverse Events. Int Heart J 2022; 63:293-298. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.21-657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsumasa Kurozumi
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Kayo Sakamoto
- Department of Radiation Physics and Technology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Futoshi Matsunaga
- Department of Radiation Physics and Technology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Akihiko Shimomura
- Department of Breast and Medical Oncology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Chikako Shimizu
- Department of Breast and Medical Oncology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Hisao Hara
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Yukio Hiroi
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
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Poto R, Troiani T, Criscuolo G, Marone G, Ciardiello F, Tocchetti CG, Varricchi G. Holistic Approach to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Adverse Events. Front Immunol 2022; 13:804597. [PMID: 35432346 PMCID: PMC9005797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.804597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) block inhibitory molecules, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), or its ligand, programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) and enhance antitumor T-cell activity. ICIs provide clinical benefits in a percentage of patients with advanced cancers, but they are usually associated with a remarkable spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) (e.g., rash, colitis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, endocrine, cardiac and musculoskeletal dysfunctions). Particularly patients on combination therapy (e.g., anti-CTLA-4 plus anti-PD-1/PD-L1) experience some form of irAEs. Different mechanisms have been postulated to explain these adverse events. Host factors such as genotype, gut microbiome and pre-existing autoimmune disorders may affect the risk of adverse events. Fatal ICI-related irAEs are due to myocarditis, colitis or pneumonitis. irAEs usually occur within the first months after ICI initiation but can develop as early as after the first dose to years after ICI initiation. Most irAEs resolve pharmacologically, but some appear to be persistent. Glucocorticoids represent the mainstay of management of irAEs, but other immunosuppressive drugs can be used to mitigate refractory irAEs. In the absence of specific trials, several guidelines, based on data from retrospective studies and expert consensus, have been published to guide the management of ICI-related irAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Gjada Criscuolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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Cunningham-Bussel A, Wang J, Prisco LC, Martin LW, Vanni KM, Zaccardelli A, Nasrallah M, Gedmintas L, MacFarlane LA, Shadick NA, Awad MM, Rahma O, LeBoeuf NR, Gravallese EM, Sparks JA. Predictors of Rheumatic Immune-Related Adverse Events and De Novo Inflammatory Arthritis After Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment for Cancer. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:527-540. [PMID: 34397169 PMCID: PMC8847547 DOI: 10.1002/art.41949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify predictors of rheumatic immune-related adverse events (irAEs) following immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment for cancer. METHODS We performed a case-control study to predict the occurrence of rheumatic irAEs in cancer patients who initiated ICI treatment at Mass General Brigham and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute between 2011 and 2020. We screened for the presence of rheumatic irAEs by reviewing the medical records of patients evaluated by rheumatologists or those prescribed nonglucocorticoid immunomodulatory drugs after the time of ICI initiation (baseline). Review of medical records confirmed the presence of rheumatic irAEs and the indications necessitating immunomodulatory drug treatment. Controls were defined as patients who did not experience rheumatic irAEs, did not have preexisting rheumatic disease, did not have a clinical evaluation by a rheumatologist after ICI treatment, did not receive an immunomodulatory drug after ICI, did not receive systemic glucocorticoids after ICI, and survived at least 6 months after the initial ICI treatment. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) (with 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]) for the risk of a rheumatic irAE in the presence of various baseline predictors. RESULTS A total of 8,028 ICI recipients were identified (mean age 65.5 years, 43.1% female, 31.8% with lung cancer). After ICI initiation, 404 patients (5.0%) were evaluated by rheumatologists, and 475 patients (5.9%) received an immunomodulatory drug to treat any irAEs. There were 226 confirmed rheumatic irAE cases (2.8%) and 118 de novo inflammatory arthritis cases (1.5%). Rheumatic diseases (either preexisting rheumatic diseases or rheumatic irAEs) were a common indication for immunomodulatory drug use (27.9%). Baseline predictors of rheumatic irAEs included melanoma (multivariable OR 4.06 [95% CI 2.54-6.51]) and genitourinary (GU) cancer (OR 2.22 [95% CI 1.39-3.54]), both relative to patients with lung cancer; combination ICI treatment (OR 2.35 [95% CI 1.48-3.74]), relative to patients receiving programmed death 1 inhibitor monotherapy; autoimmune disease (OR 2.04 [95% CI 1.45-2.85]) and recent glucocorticoid use (OR 2.13 [95% CI 1.51-2.98]), relative to patients not receiving a glucocorticoid, compared to the 2,312 controls without rheumatic irAEs. Predictors of de novo inflammatory arthritis were similar to those of rheumatic irAEs. CONCLUSION We identified novel predictors of rheumatic irAE development in cancer patients, including baseline presence of melanoma, baseline presence of GU tract cancer, preexisting autoimmune disease, receiving or having received combination ICI treatment, and receiving or having received glucocorticoids. The proportion of cancer patients experiencing rheumatic irAEs may be even higher than was reported in the present study, since we used stringent criteria to identify cases of rheumatic irAEs. Our findings could be used to identify cancer patients at risk of developing rheumatic irAEs and de novo inflammatory arthritis and may help further elucidate the pathogenesis of rheumatic irAEs in patients with cancer who are receiving ICI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Cunningham-Bussel
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren C. Prisco
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lily W. Martin
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen M.M. Vanni
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessandra Zaccardelli
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mazen Nasrallah
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lydia Gedmintas
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsey A. MacFarlane
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy A. Shadick
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark M. Awad
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Osama Rahma
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole R. LeBoeuf
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Ellen M. Gravallese
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Sparks
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Shen S, Dai H, Fei Z, Chai Y, Hao Y, Fan Q, Dong Z, Zhu Y, Xu J, Ma Q, Han X, Xu L, Peng F, Liu Z, Wang C. Immunosuppressive Nanoparticles for Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Liver. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9111-9125. [PMID: 33988024 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has been considered as an effective way to boost immune cells to recognize and attack tumors. However, side effects known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs) should be carefully managed. Here, we engineer immunosuppressive nanoparticles by coating PD-L1 overexpressed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) plasma membrane on poly lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles (MSC-PD-L1+ NPs) for managing and reducing irAEs induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors. The nanoparticles can enrich at liver site after intravenous administration. In the high dose of anti-PD-L1 mAb-induced irAEs clinically relevant mouse model, a low dose of MSC-PD-L1+ NPs (2 mg/kg) sufficiently rescues hepatitis by inactivating T cells and macrophages in the liver tissue. More intriguingly, due to the dose threshold for nanoparticles to the tumor site, we unexpectedly find that the injected NPs do not affect the efficiency of ICB therapy to inhibit solid tumor growth. Such a strategy shows potential for managing the various cancer immunotherapy associated irAEs in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Huaxing Dai
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ziying Fei
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yu Chai
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yu Hao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qin Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ziliang Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jialu Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qingle Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ligeng Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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