1
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Lai G, Huang S, Deng L, Chen A. Improving the Stationary Entanglement of a Laguerre-Gaussian Cavity Mode with a Rotating Mirror via Nonlinear Cross-Kerr Interactions and Parametric Interactions. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1389. [PMID: 39269051 PMCID: PMC11397274 DOI: 10.3390/nano14171389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Quantum entanglement is essential in performing many quantum information tasks. Here, we theoretically investigate the stationary entanglement between a Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) cavity field and a rotating end mirror in an LG-cavity optorotational system with a nonlinear cross-Kerr (CK) interaction and a degenerate optical parametric amplifier (OPA). We calculate the logarithmic negativity of the system to quantify the stationary entanglement. We examine the influence of various system parameters such as the cavity detuning, the strength of the nonlinear CK interaction, the parametric gain and phase of the OPA, the power of the input Gaussian laser, the topological charge of the LG-cavity field, the mass of the rotating end mirror, and the ambient temperature on the stationary entanglement. Under the combined effect of the nonlinear CK interaction and the OPA, we find that the stationary entanglement can be substantially enhanced at lower Gaussian laser powers, smaller topological charges of the LG-cavity field, and larger masses of the rotating end mirror. We show that the combination of the nonlinear CK interaction and the OPA can make the stationary entanglement more robust against the ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Lai
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Sumei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Li Deng
- School of Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Aixi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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2
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Mehdi Z, Haine SA, Hope JJ, Szigeti SS. Fundamental Limits of Feedback Cooling Ultracold Atomic Gases. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:073401. [PMID: 39213573 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.073401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the fundamental viability of cooling ultracold atomic gases with quantum feedback control. Our Letter shows that the trade-off between the resolution and destructiveness of optical imaging techniques imposes constraints on the efficacy of feedback cooling, and that rapid rethermalization is necessary for cooling thermal gases. We construct a simple model to determine the limits to feedback cooling set by the visibility of density fluctuations, measurement-induced heating, and three-body atomic recombination. We demonstrate that feedback control can rapidly cool high-temperature thermal clouds in quasi-2D geometries to degenerate temperatures with minimal atom loss compared to traditional evaporation. Our analysis confirms the feasibility of feedback cooling ultracold atomic gases, providing a pathway to new regimes of cooling not achievable with current approaches.
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3
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Budakian R, Finkler A, Eichler A, Poggio M, Degen CL, Tabatabaei S, Lee I, Hammel PC, Eugene SP, Taminiau TH, Walsworth RL, London P, Bleszynski Jayich A, Ajoy A, Pillai A, Wrachtrup J, Jelezko F, Bae Y, Heinrich AJ, Ast CR, Bertet P, Cappellaro P, Bonato C, Altmann Y, Gauger E. Roadmap on nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:412001. [PMID: 38744268 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad4b23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The field of nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (NanoMRI) was started 30 years ago. It was motivated by the desire to image single molecules and molecular assemblies, such as proteins and virus particles, with near-atomic spatial resolution and on a length scale of 100 nm. Over the years, the NanoMRI field has also expanded to include the goal of useful high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of molecules under ambient conditions, including samples up to the micron-scale. The realization of these goals requires the development of spin detection techniques that are many orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional NMR and MRI, capable of detecting and controlling nanoscale ensembles of spins. Over the years, a number of different technical approaches to NanoMRI have emerged, each possessing a distinct set of capabilities for basic and applied areas of science. The goal of this roadmap article is to report the current state of the art in NanoMRI technologies, outline the areas where they are poised to have impact, identify the challenges that lie ahead, and propose methods to meet these challenges. This roadmap also shows how developments in NanoMRI techniques can lead to breakthroughs in emerging quantum science and technology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffi Budakian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Amit Finkler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Institute for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martino Poggio
- Department of Physics and Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Institute for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sahand Tabatabaei
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Inhee Lee
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - P Chris Hammel
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - S Polzik Eugene
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 17, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Tim H Taminiau
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Ronald L Walsworth
- University of Maryland 2218 Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Paz London
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - Ania Bleszynski Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 97420, United States of America
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
- Quantum Information Science Program, CIFAR, 661 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Arjun Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 97420, United States of America
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Yujeong Bae
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas J Heinrich
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian R Ast
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrice Bertet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paola Cappellaro
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Cristian Bonato
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, HeriotWatt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Yoann Altmann
- Institute of Signals, Sensors and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Gauger
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, HeriotWatt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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4
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Xu J, Mao Y, Li Z, Zuo Y, Zhang J, Yang B, Xu W, Liu N, Deng ZJ, Chen W, Xia K, Qiu CW, Zhu Z, Jing H, Liu K. Single-cavity loss-enabled nanometrology. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01729-8. [PMID: 39020101 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Optical monitoring of the position and alignment of objects with a precision of only a few nanometres is key in applications such as smart manufacturing and force sensing. Traditional optical nanometrology requires precise nanostructure fabrication, multibeam interference or complex postprocessing algorithms, sometimes hampering wider adoption of this technology. Here we show a simplified, yet robust, approach to achieve nanometric metrology down to 2 nm resolution that eliminates the need for any reference signal for interferometric measurements. We insert an erbium-doped quartz crystal absorber into a single Fabry-Pérot cavity with a length of 3 cm and then induce exceptional points by matching the optical loss with the intercavity coupling. We experimentally achieve a displacement response enhancement of 86 times compared with lossless methods, and theoretically argue that an enhancement of over 450 times, corresponding to subnanometre resolution, may be achievable. We also show a fivefold enhancement in the signal-to-noise ratio, thus demonstrating that non-Hermitian sensors can lead to improved performances over the Hermitian counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Xu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanhao Mao
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yunlan Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Biao Yang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Ning Liu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Jiao Deng
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Keyu Xia
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Hui Jing
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
| | - Ken Liu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
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5
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Bonvin E, Devaud L, Rossi M, Militaru A, Dania L, Bykov DS, Romero-Isart O, Northup TE, Novotny L, Frimmer M. State Expansion of a Levitated Nanoparticle in a Dark Harmonic Potential. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:253602. [PMID: 38996258 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.253602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
We spatially expand and subsequently contract the motional thermal state of a levitated nanoparticle using a hybrid trapping scheme. The particle's center-of-mass motion is initialized in a thermal state (temperature 155 mK) in an optical trap and then expanded by subsequent evolution in a much softer Paul trap in the absence of optical fields. We demonstrate expansion of the motional state's standard deviation in position by a factor of 24. In our system, state expansion occurs devoid of backaction from photon recoil, making this approach suitable for coherent wave function expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Oriol Romero-Isart
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Engelsen NJ, Beccari A, Kippenberg TJ. Ultrahigh-quality-factor micro- and nanomechanical resonators using dissipation dilution. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:725-737. [PMID: 38443697 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical resonators are widely used in sensors, transducers and optomechanical systems, where mechanical dissipation sets the ultimate limit to performance. Over the past 15 years, the quality factors in strained mechanical resonators have increased by four orders of magnitude, surpassing the previous state of the art achieved in bulk crystalline resonators at room temperature and liquid helium temperatures. In this Review, we describe how these advances were made by leveraging 'dissipation dilution'-where dissipation is reduced through a combination of static tensile strain and geometric nonlinearity in dynamic strain. We then review the state of the art in strained nanomechanical resonators and discuss the potential for even higher quality factors in crystalline materials. Finally, we detail current and future applications of dissipation-diluted mechanical resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Johan Engelsen
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Alberto Beccari
- Instutute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias Jan Kippenberg
- Instutute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Cupertino A, Shin D, Guo L, Steeneken PG, Bessa MA, Norte RA. Centimeter-scale nanomechanical resonators with low dissipation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4255. [PMID: 38762589 PMCID: PMC11102468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
High-aspect-ratio mechanical resonators are pivotal in precision sensing, from macroscopic gravitational wave detectors to nanoscale acoustics. However, fabrication challenges and high computational costs have limited the length-to-thickness ratio of these devices, leaving a largely unexplored regime in nano-engineering. We present nanomechanical resonators that extend centimeters in length yet retain nanometer thickness. We explore this expanded design space using an optimization approach which judiciously employs fast millimeter-scale simulations to steer the more computationally intensive centimeter-scale design optimization. By employing delicate nanofabrication techniques, our approach ensures high-yield realization, experimentally confirming room-temperature quality factors close to theoretical predictions. The synergy between nanofabrication, design optimization guided by machine learning, and precision engineering opens a solid-state path to room-temperature quality factors approaching 10 billion at kilohertz mechanical frequencies - comparable to the performance of leading cryogenic resonators and levitated nanospheres, even under significantly less stringent temperature and vacuum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cupertino
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dongil Shin
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Guo
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G Steeneken
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel A Bessa
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope St., Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Richard A Norte
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands.
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8
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Bærentsen C, Fedorov SA, Østfeldt C, Balabas MV, Zeuthen E, Polzik ES. Squeezed light from an oscillator measured at the rate of oscillation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4146. [PMID: 38755123 PMCID: PMC11099115 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47906-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Sufficiently fast continuous measurements of the position of an oscillator approach measurements projective on position eigenstates. We evidence the transition into the projective regime for a spin oscillator within an ensemble of 2 × 1010 room-temperature atoms by observing correlations between the quadratures of the meter light field. These correlations squeeze the fluctuations of one light quadrature below the vacuum level. When the measurement is slower than the oscillation, we generate 11 . 5 - 1.5 + 2.5 dB and detect 8 . 5 - 0.1 + 0.1 dB of squeezing in a tunable band that is a fraction of the resonance frequency. When the measurement is as fast as the oscillation, we detect 4.7 dB of squeezing that spans more than one decade of frequencies below the resonance. Our results demonstrate a new regime of continuous quantum measurements on material oscillators, and set a new benchmark for the performance of a linear quantum sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey A Fedorov
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Emil Zeuthen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eugene S Polzik
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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9
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Dyte HE, Gillard G, Manna S, Covre da Silva SF, Rastelli A, Chekhovich EA. Is Wave Function Collapse Necessary? Explaining Quantum Nondemolition Measurement of a Spin Qubit within Linear Evolution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:160804. [PMID: 38701456 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.160804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The measurement problem dates back to the dawn of quantum mechanics. Here, we measure a quantum dot electron spin qubit through off-resonant coupling with a highly redundant ancilla, consisting of thousands of nuclear spins. Large redundancy allows for single-shot measurement with high fidelity ≈99.85%. Repeated measurements enable heralded initialization of the qubit and backaction-free detection of electron spin quantum jumps, attributed to burstlike fluctuations in a thermally populated phonon bath. Based on these results we argue that the measurement, linking quantum states to classical observables, can be made without any "wave function collapse" in agreement with the Quantum Darwinism concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry E Dyte
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - George Gillard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Santanu Manna
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Saimon F Covre da Silva
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Evgeny A Chekhovich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
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10
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Xu X, Zhang Y, Tang J, Chen P, Zeng L, Xia Z, Xing W, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Song H, Guo G, Deng G. Optomechanical Microwave-to-Optical Photon Transducer Chips: Empowering the Quantum Internet Revolution. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:485. [PMID: 38675296 PMCID: PMC11052314 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The first quantum revolution has brought us the classical Internet and information technology. Today, as technology advances rapidly, the second quantum revolution quietly arrives, with a crucial moment for quantum technology to establish large-scale quantum networks. However, solid-state quantum bits (such as superconducting and semiconductor qubits) typically operate in the microwave frequency range, making it challenging to transmit signals over long distances. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop quantum transducer chips capable of converting microwaves into optical photons in the communication band, since the thermal noise of optical photons at room temperature is negligible, rendering them an ideal information carrier for large-scale spatial communication. Such devices are important for connecting different physical platforms and efficiently transmitting quantum information. This paper focuses on the fast-developing field of optomechanical quantum transducers, which has flourished over the past decade, yielding numerous advanced achievements. We categorize transducers based on various mechanical resonators and discuss their principles of operation and their achievements. Based on existing research on optomechanical transducers, we compare the parameters of several mechanical resonators and analyze their advantages and limitations, as well as provide prospects for the future development of quantum transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Xu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jindao Tang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Peiqin Chen
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Liping Zeng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ziwei Xia
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wenbo Xing
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Physics and Photonic Quantum Information, Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - You Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Haizhi Song
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Guangcan Guo
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guangwei Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Physics and Photonic Quantum Information, Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Institute of Electronics and Information Industry Technology of Kash, Kash 844000, China
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11
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Kristensen MB, Kralj N, Langman EC, Schliesser A. Long-lived and Efficient Optomechanical Memory for Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:100802. [PMID: 38518344 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate a memory for light based on optomechanically induced transparency. We achieve a long storage time by leveraging the ultralow dissipation of a soft-clamped mechanical membrane resonator, which oscillates at MHz frequencies. At room temperature, we demonstrate a lifetime T_{1}≈23 ms and a retrieval efficiency η≈40% for classical coherent pulses. We anticipate the storage of quantum light to be possible at moderate cryogenic conditions (T≈10 K). Such systems could find applications in emerging quantum networks, where they can serve as long-lived optical quantum memories by storing optical information in a phononic mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Bjerregaard Kristensen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark and Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nenad Kralj
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark and Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric C Langman
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark and Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert Schliesser
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark and Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Neuhaus L, Croquette M, Metzdorff R, Chua S, Jacquet PE, Journeaux A, Heidmann A, Briant T, Jacqmin T, Cohadon PF, Deléglise S. Python Red Pitaya Lockbox (PyRPL): An open source software package for digital feedback control in quantum optics experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:033003. [PMID: 38451147 DOI: 10.1063/5.0178481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
We present the Python Red Pitaya Lockbox (PyRPL), an open source software package that allows the implementation of automatic digital feedback controllers for quantum optics experiments on commercially available, affordable Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) boards. Our software implements the digital generation of various types of error signals, from an analog input through the application of loop filters of high complexity and real-time gain adjustment for multiple analog output signals, including different algorithms for resonance search, lock acquisition sequences, and in-loop gain optimization. Furthermore, all necessary diagnostic instruments, such as an oscilloscope, a network analyzer, and a spectrum analyzer, are integrated into our software. Apart from providing a quickly scalable, automatic feedback controller, the lock performance that can be achieved by using PyRPL with imperfect equipment, such as piezoelectric transducers and noisy amplifiers, is better than the one achievable with standard analog controllers due to the higher complexity of implementable filters and possibilities of nonlinear operations in the FPGA. This drastically reduces the cost of added complexity when introducing additional feedback loops to an experiment. The open-source character also distinguishes PyRPL from commercial solutions, as it allows users to customize functionalities at various levels, ranging from the easy integration of PyRPL-based feedback controllers into existing setups to the modification of the FPGA functionality. A community of developers provides fast and efficient implementation and testing of software modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Neuhaus
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, ENS-Université PSL, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Michaël Croquette
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, ENS-Université PSL, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Rémi Metzdorff
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, ENS-Université PSL, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sheon Chua
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, ENS-Université PSL, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Edouard Jacquet
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, ENS-Université PSL, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Journeaux
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, ENS-Université PSL, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Heidmann
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, ENS-Université PSL, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Tristan Briant
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, ENS-Université PSL, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Jacqmin
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, ENS-Université PSL, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-François Cohadon
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, ENS-Université PSL, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Samuel Deléglise
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, ENS-Université PSL, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
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13
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Berritta F, Rasmussen T, Krzywda JA, van der Heijden J, Fedele F, Fallahi S, Gardner GC, Manfra MJ, van Nieuwenburg E, Danon J, Chatterjee A, Kuemmeth F. Real-time two-axis control of a spin qubit. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1676. [PMID: 38395978 PMCID: PMC10891052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Optimal control of qubits requires the ability to adapt continuously to their ever-changing environment. We demonstrate a real-time control protocol for a two-electron singlet-triplet qubit with two fluctuating Hamiltonian parameters. Our approach leverages single-shot readout classification and dynamic waveform generation, allowing full Hamiltonian estimation to dynamically stabilize and optimize the qubit performance. Powered by a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), the quantum control electronics estimates the Overhauser field gradient between the two electrons in real time, enabling controlled Overhauser-driven spin rotations and thus bypassing the need for micromagnets or nuclear polarization protocols. It also estimates the exchange interaction between the two electrons and adjusts their detuning, resulting in extended coherence of Hadamard rotations when correcting for fluctuations of both qubit axes. Our study highlights the role of feedback in enhancing the performance and stability of quantum devices affected by quasistatic noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Berritta
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Torbjørn Rasmussen
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan A Krzywda
- Lorentz Institute and Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Federico Fedele
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saeed Fallahi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Gardner
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael J Manfra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Evert van Nieuwenburg
- Lorentz Institute and Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Danon
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anasua Chatterjee
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ferdinand Kuemmeth
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- QDevil, Quantum Machines, 2750, Ballerup, Denmark.
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14
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Huang G, Beccari A, Engelsen NJ, Kippenberg TJ. Room-temperature quantum optomechanics using an ultralow noise cavity. Nature 2024; 626:512-516. [PMID: 38356070 PMCID: PMC10866701 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
At room temperature, mechanical motion driven by the quantum backaction of light has been observed only in pioneering experiments in which an optical restoring force controls the oscillator stiffness1,2. For solid-state mechanical resonators in which oscillations are controlled by the material rigidity, the observation of these effects has been hindered by low mechanical quality factors, optical cavity frequency fluctuations3, thermal intermodulation noise4,5 and photothermal instabilities. Here we overcome these challenges with a phononic-engineered membrane-in-the-middle system. By using phononic-crystal-patterned cavity mirrors, we reduce the cavity frequency noise by more than 700-fold. In this ultralow noise cavity, we insert a membrane resonator with high thermal conductance and a quality factor (Q) of 180 million, engineered using recently developed soft-clamping techniques6,7. These advances enable the operation of the system within a factor of 2.5 of the Heisenberg limit for displacement sensing8, leading to the squeezing of the probe laser by 1.09(1) dB below the vacuum fluctuations. Moreover, the long thermal decoherence time of the membrane oscillator (30 vibrational periods) enables us to prepare conditional displaced thermal states of motion with an occupation of 0.97(2) phonons using a multimode Kalman filter. Our work extends the quantum control of solid-state macroscopic oscillators to room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhao Huang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Beccari
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nils J Engelsen
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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15
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Liu ZQ, Liu L, Meng ZZ, Tan L, Liu WM. Simultaneously enhanced magnomechanical cooling and entanglement assisted by an auxiliary microwave cavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:722-741. [PMID: 38175094 DOI: 10.1364/oe.504580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We propose a mechanism to simultaneously enhance quantum cooling and entanglement via coupling an auxiliary microwave cavity to a magnomechanical cavity. The auxiliary cavity acts as a dissipative cold reservoir that can efficiently cool multiple localized modes in the primary system via beam-splitter interactions, which enables us to obtain strong quantum cooling and entanglement. We analyze the stability of the system and determine the optimal parameter regime for cooling and entanglement under the auxiliary-microwave-cavity-assisted (AMCA) scheme. The maximum cooling enhancement rate of the magnon mode can reach 98.53%, which clearly reveals that the magnomechanical cooling is significantly improved in the presence of the AMCA. More importantly, the dual-mode entanglement of the system can also be significantly enhanced by AMCA in the full parameter region, where the initial magnon-phonon entanglement can be maximally enhanced by a factor of about 11. Another important result of the AMCA is that it also increases the robustness of the entanglement against temperature. Our approach provides a promising platform for the experimental realization of entanglement and quantum information processing based on cavity magnomechanics.
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16
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Kim HS, Khan AA, Park JY, Lee S, Ahn YH. Mechanical Control of Polaritonic States in Lead Halide Perovskite Phonons Strongly Coupled in THz Microcavity. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10318-10327. [PMID: 37943739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the generation and control of polaritonic states in perovskite phonon polaritons, which are strongly coupled in the middle of a flexible Fabry-Perot cavity. We fabricated flexible perovskite films on a microporous substrate coated with graphene oxide, which led to a virtually free-standing film incorporated into the microcavity. Rabi splitting was observed when the cavity resonance was in tune with that of the phonons. The Rabi splitting energy increased as the film thickness increased, reaching 1.9 meV, which is 2.4-fold higher than the criterion for the strong coupling regime. We obtained dispersion curves for various perovskite film thicknesses exhibiting two polariton branches; clear beats between the two polaritonic branches were observed in the time domain. Flexible cavity devices with perovskite phonons enable macroscopic control over the polaritonic energy states through bending processes, which add an additional degree of freedom in the manipulation of polaritonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Kim
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - A A Khan
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - J-Y Park
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - S Lee
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Y H Ahn
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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17
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Guo J, Chang J, Yao X, Gröblacher S. Active-feedback quantum control of an integrated low-frequency mechanical resonator. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4721. [PMID: 37543684 PMCID: PMC10404274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preparing a massive mechanical resonator in a state with quantum limited motional energy provides a promising platform for studying fundamental physics with macroscopic systems and allows to realize a variety of applications, including precise sensing. While several demonstrations of such ground-state cooled systems have been achieved, in particular in sideband-resolved cavity optomechanics, for many systems overcoming the heating from the thermal bath remains a major challenge. In contrast, optomechanical systems in the sideband-unresolved limit are much easier to realize due to the relaxed requirements on their optical properties, and the possibility to use a feedback control schemes to reduce the motional energy. The achievable thermal occupation is ultimately limited by the correlation between the measurement precision and the back-action from the measurement. Here, we demonstrate measurement-based feedback cooling on a fully integrated optomechanical device fabricated using a pick-and-place method, operating in the deep sideband-unresolved limit. With the large optomechanical interaction and a low thermal decoherence rate, we achieve a minimal average phonon occupation of 0.76 when pre-cooled with liquid helium and 3.5 with liquid nitrogen. Significant sideband asymmetry for both bath temperatures verifies the quantum character of the mechanical motion. Our method and device are ideally suited for sensing applications directly operating at the quantum limit, greatly simplifying the operation of an optomechanical system in this regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkun Guo
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jin Chang
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Xiong Yao
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Simon Gröblacher
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands.
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18
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Clarke J, Neveu P, Khosla KE, Verhagen E, Vanner MR. Cavity Quantum Optomechanical Nonlinearities and Position Measurement beyond the Breakdown of the Linearized Approximation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:053601. [PMID: 37595248 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.053601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Several optomechanics experiments are now entering the highly sought nonlinear regime where optomechanical interactions are large even for low light levels. Within this regime, new quantum phenomena and improved performance may be achieved; however, a corresponding theoretical formalism of cavity quantum optomechanics that captures the nonlinearities of both the radiation-pressure interaction and the cavity response is needed to unlock these capabilities. Here, we develop such a nonlinear cavity quantum optomechanical framework, which we then utilize to propose how position measurement can be performed beyond the breakdown of the linearized approximation. Our proposal utilizes optical general-dyne detection, ranging from single to dual homodyne, to obtain mechanical position information imprinted onto both the optical amplitude and phase quadratures and enables both pulsed and continuous modes of operation. These cavity optomechanical nonlinearities are now being confronted in a growing number of experiments, and our framework will allow a range of advances to be made in, e.g., quantum metrology, explorations of the standard quantum limit, and quantum measurement and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Clarke
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - P Neveu
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K E Khosla
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - E Verhagen
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M R Vanner
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
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19
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Guerrero RD, Reyes A. Optimizing Quantum Control Pulses with Gaussian Process Priors: The Spectral Way. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6123-6134. [PMID: 37462537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the Gaussian Process Prior Optimization for Pulse Shaping (GPPOPS) methodology, a novel approach to pulse shaping engineering. Its main objective is to efficiently identify laser pulse shapes that can achieve a desired task encoded in a cost function while being experimentally implementable. The AlH+ molecule was utilized as a test case to find pulse shapes that maximized vibronic transitions. The results demonstrate that optimal pulses can be readily implemented using current laser technology and that their control capabilities can withstand noise. The study emphasizes the benefits of constructing a surrogate approach to the control landscape during the optimization process. This approach is expected to be versatile, efficient and readily implementable in the laboratory. Its demonstrated robustness to noise sets it apart from other numerical pulse shaping engineering methods. By reducing the required experimental labor, this method has the potential to facilitate breakthroughs in quantum engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Darío Guerrero
- Quantum and Computational Chemistry Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia
| | - Andrés Reyes
- Quantum and Computational Chemistry Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia
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20
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Navarathna A, Bennett JS, Bowen WP. Continuous Optical-to-Mechanical Quantum State Transfer in the Unresolved Sideband Regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:263603. [PMID: 37450795 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.263603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical-to-mechanical quantum state transfer is an important capability for future quantum networks, quantum communication, and distributed quantum sensing. However, existing continuous state transfer protocols operate in the resolved sideband regime, necessitating a high-quality optical cavity and a high mechanical resonance frequency. Here, we propose a continuous protocol that operates in the unresolved sideband regime. The protocol is based on feedback cooling, can be implemented with current technology, and is able to transfer non-Gaussian quantum states with high fidelity. Our protocol significantly expands the kinds of optomechanical devices for which continuous optical-to-mechanical state transfer is possible, paving the way toward quantum technological applications and the preparation of macroscopic superpositions to test the fundamentals of quantum science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Navarathna
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James S Bennett
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Warwick P Bowen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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21
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Enzian G, Wang Z, Simonsen A, Mathiassen J, Vibel T, Tsaturyan Y, Tagantsev A, Schliesser A, Polzik ES. Phononically shielded photonic-crystal mirror membranes for cavity quantum optomechanics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:13040-13052. [PMID: 37157450 DOI: 10.1364/oe.484369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a highly reflective, sub-wavelength-thick membrane resonator featuring high mechanical quality factor and discuss its applicability for cavity optomechanics. The 88.5 nm thin stoichiometric silicon-nitride membrane, designed and fabricated to combine 2D-photonic and phononic crystal patterns, reaches reflectivities up to 99.89 % and a mechanical quality factor of 2.9 × 107 at room temperature. We construct a Fabry-Perot-type optical cavity, with the membrane forming one terminating mirror. The optical beam shape in cavity transmission shows a stark deviation from a simple Gaussian mode-shape, consistent with theoretical predictions. We demonstrate optomechanical sideband cooling to mK-mode temperatures, starting from room temperature. At higher intracavity powers we observe an optomechanically induced optical bistability. The demonstrated device has potential to reach high cooperativities at low light levels desirable, for example, for optomechanical sensing and squeezing applications or fundamental studies in cavity quantum optomechanics; and meets the requirements for cooling to the quantum ground state of mechanical motion from room temperature.
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22
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Enhancement of magnon-photon-phonon entanglement in a cavity magnomechanics with coherent feedback loop. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3833. [PMID: 36882480 PMCID: PMC9992364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a coherent feedback loop scheme to enhance the magnon-photon-phonon entanglement in cavity magnomechanics. We provide a proof that the steady state and dynamical state of the system form a genuine tripartite entanglement state. To quantify the entanglement in the bipartite subsystem and the genuine tripartite entanglement, we use the logarithmic negativity and the minimum residual contangle, respectively, in both the steady and dynamical regimes. We demonstrate the feasibility of our proposal by implementing it with experimentally realizable parameters to achieve the tripartite entanglement. We also show that the entanglement can be significantly improved with coherent feedback by appropriately tuning the reflective parameter of the beam splitter and that it is resistant to environmental thermalization. Our findings pave the way for enhancing entanglement in magnon-photon-phonon systems and may have potential applications in quantum information.
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23
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Zoepfl D, Juan ML, Diaz-Naufal N, Schneider CMF, Deeg LF, Sharafiev A, Metelmann A, Kirchmair G. Kerr Enhanced Backaction Cooling in Magnetomechanics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:033601. [PMID: 36763378 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.033601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanics is a prime example of light matter interaction, where photons directly couple to phonons, allowing the precise control and measurement of the state of a mechanical object. This makes it a very appealing platform for testing fundamental physics or for sensing applications. Usually, such mechanical oscillators are in highly excited thermal states and require cooling to the mechanical ground state for quantum applications, which is often accomplished by using optomechanical backaction. However, while massive mechanical oscillators are desirable for many tasks, their frequency usually decreases below the cavity linewidth, significantly limiting the methods that can be used to efficiently cool. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach relying on an intrinsically nonlinear cavity to backaction-cool a low frequency mechanical oscillator. We experimentally demonstrate outperforming an identical, but linear, system by more than 1 order of magnitude. Furthermore, our theory predicts that with this approach we can also surpass the standard cooling limit of a linear system. By exploiting a nonlinear cavity, our approach enables efficient cooling of a wider range of optomechanical systems, opening new opportunities for fundamental tests and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zoepfl
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M L Juan
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - N Diaz-Naufal
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - C M F Schneider
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L F Deeg
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Sharafiev
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Metelmann
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Theory of Condensed Matter, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - G Kirchmair
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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24
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Vijayan J, Zhang Z, Piotrowski J, Windey D, van der Laan F, Frimmer M, Novotny L. Scalable all-optical cold damping of levitated nanoparticles. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:49-54. [PMID: 36411375 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Motional control of levitated nanoparticles relies on either autonomous feedback via a cavity or measurement-based feedback via external forces. Recent demonstrations of the measurement-based ground-state cooling of a single nanoparticle employ linear velocity feedback, also called cold damping, and require the use of electrostatic forces on charged particles via external electrodes. Here we introduce an all-optical cold damping scheme based on the spatial modulation of trap position, which has the advantage of being scalable to multiple particles. The scheme relies on programmable optical tweezers to provide full independent control over the trap frequency and position of each tweezer. We show that the technique cools the centre-of-mass motion of particles along one axis down to 17 mK at a pressure of 2 × 10-6 mbar and demonstrate its scalability by simultaneously cooling the motion of two particles. Our work paves the way towards studying quantum interactions between particles; achieving three-dimensional quantum control of particle motion without cavity-based cooling, electrodes or charged particles; and probing multipartite entanglement in levitated optomechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Li X, Lekavicius I, Wang H. Diamond Nanomechanical Resonators Protected by a Phononic Band Gap. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:10163-10166. [PMID: 36515668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of diamond cantilevers attached to a phononic square lattice. We show that the robust protection of mechanical modes by phononic band gaps leads to a three-orders-of-magnitude increase in mechanical Q-factors, with the Q-factors exceeding 106 at frequencies as high as 100 MHz. Temperature-dependent studies indicate that the Q-factors obtained at a few Kelvin are still limited by the materials loss. The high-Q diamond nanomechanical resonators provide a promising hybrid quantum system for spin-mechanics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Li
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Ignas Lekavicius
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Hailin Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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26
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Chakraborty S, Das A, Chruściński D. Strongly coupled quantum Otto cycle with single qubit bath. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:064133. [PMID: 36671160 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.064133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We discuss a model of a closed quantum evolution of two qubits where the joint Hamiltonian is so chosen such that one of the qubits acts as a bath and thermalizes the other qubit which is acting as the system. The corresponding exact master equation for the system is derived. Interestingly, for a specific choice of parameters the master equation takes the Gorini-Kossakowski-Lindblad-Sudarshan (GKLS) form, with constant coefficients representing pumping and damping of a single qubit system. Based on this model we construct an Otto cycle connected to a single qubit bath and study its thermodynamic properties. Our analysis goes beyond the conventional weak coupling scenario and illustrates the effects of finite baths, including non-Markovianity. We find closed form expressions for efficiency (coefficient of performance), power (cooling power) for the heat engine regime (refrigerator regime), and for different modifications of the joint Hamiltonian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnik Chakraborty
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziądzka 5/7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Arpan Das
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziądzka 5/7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chruściński
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziądzka 5/7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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27
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Wu Z, Yi Z, Gu W, Sun L, Ficek Z. Enhancement of Optomechanical Squeezing of Light Using the Optical Coherent Feedback. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1741. [PMID: 36554146 PMCID: PMC9777923 DOI: 10.3390/e24121741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A coherent feedback scheme is used to enhance the degree of squeezing of the output field in a cavity optomechanical system. In the feedback loop, a beam splitter (BS) plays the roles of both a feedback controller and an input-output port. To realize effective enhancement, the output quadrature should take the same form as the input quadrature, and the system should operate at the deamplification situation in the meantime. This can be realized by choosing an appropriate frequency-dependent phase angle for the generalized quadrature. Additionally, both the transmissivity of the BS and the phase factor induced by time delays in the loop affect optical squeezing. For the fixed frequency, the optimal values of transmissivity and phase factor can be used to achieve the enhanced optical squeezing. The effect of optical losses on squeezing is also discussed. Optical squeezing is degraded by the introduced vacuum noise owing to the inefficient transmission in the loop. We show that the enhancement of squeezing is achievable with the parameters of the current experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Wu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Zhen Yi
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Wenju Gu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Lihui Sun
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Zbigniew Ficek
- Quantum Optics and Engineering Division, Institute of Physics, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 4a, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
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28
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Gisler T, Helal M, Sabonis D, Grob U, Héritier M, Degen CL, Ghadimi AH, Eichler A. Soft-Clamped Silicon Nitride String Resonators at Millikelvin Temperatures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:104301. [PMID: 36112443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that soft-clamped silicon nitride strings with a large aspect ratio can be operated at mK temperatures. The quality factors (Q) of two measured devices show consistent dependency on the cryostat temperature, with soft-clamped mechanical modes reaching Q>10^{9} at roughly 46 mK. For low optical readout power, Q is found to saturate, indicating good thermalization between the sample and the stage it is mounted on. Our best device exhibits a calculated force sensitivity of 9.6 zN/sqrt[Hz] and a thermal decoherence time of 0.38 s, which bode well for future applications such as nanomechanical force sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gisler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Helal
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Deividas Sabonis
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Grob
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Héritier
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Amir H Ghadimi
- Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA (CSEM), 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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29
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Culhane O, Mitchison MT, Goold J. Extractable work in quantum electromechanics. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:L032104. [PMID: 36266914 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.l032104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments have demonstrated the generation of coherent mechanical oscillations in a suspended carbon nanotube, which are driven by an electric current through the device above a certain voltage threshold, in close analogy with a lasing transition. We investigate this phenomenon from the perspective of work extraction, by modeling a nanoelectromechanical device as a quantum flywheel or battery that converts electrical power into stored mechanical energy. We introduce a microscopic model that qualitatively matches the experimental finding, and we compute the Wigner function of the quantum vibrational mode in its nonequilibrium steady state. We characterize the threshold for self-sustained oscillations using two approaches to quantifying work deposition in nonequilibrium quantum thermodynamics: the ergotropy and the nonequilibrium free energy. We find that ergotropy serves as an order parameter for the phonon lasing transition. The framework we employ to describe work extraction is general and widely transferable to other mesoscopic quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín Culhane
- Department of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mark T Mitchison
- Department of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John Goold
- Department of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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30
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Kiselev A, Achouri K, Martin OJF. Electromagnetic forces in the time domain. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:32215-32229. [PMID: 36242288 DOI: 10.1364/oe.461086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We look beyond the standard time-average approach and investigate optical forces in the time domain. The formalism is developed for both the Abraham and Minkowski momenta, which appear to converge in the time domain. We unveil an extremely rich - and by far unexplored - physics associated with the dynamics of the optical forces, which can even attain negative values over short time intervals or produce low frequency dynamics that can excite mechanical oscillations in macroscopic objects under polychromatic illumination. The magnitude of this beating force is tightly linked to the average one. Implications of this work for transient optomechanics are discussed.
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31
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Carlon Zambon N, Denis Z, De Oliveira R, Ravets S, Ciuti C, Favero I, Bloch J. Enhanced Cavity Optomechanics with Quantum-Well Exciton Polaritons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:093603. [PMID: 36083685 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.093603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor microresonators embedding quantum wells can host tightly confined and mutually interacting excitonic, optical, and mechanical modes at once. We theoretically investigate the case where the system operates in the strong exciton-photon coupling regime, while the optical and excitonic resonances are parametrically modulated by the interaction with a mechanical mode. Owing to the large exciton-phonon coupling at play in semiconductors, we predict an enhancement of polariton-phonon interactions by 2 orders of magnitude with respect to mere optomechanical coupling: a near-unity single-polariton quantum cooperativity is within reach for current semiconductor resonator platforms. We further analyze how polariton nonlinearities affect dynamical backaction, modifying the capability to cool or amplify the mechanical motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Carlon Zambon
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Z Denis
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - R De Oliveira
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - S Ravets
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - C Ciuti
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - I Favero
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - J Bloch
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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32
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Junker J, Wilken D, Johny N, Steinmeyer D, Heurs M. Frequency-Dependent Squeezing from a Detuned Squeezer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:033602. [PMID: 35905360 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.033602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Frequency-dependent squeezing is a promising technique to overcome the standard quantum limit in optomechanical force measurements, e.g., gravitational wave detectors. For the first time, we show that frequency-dependent squeezing can be produced by detuning an optical parametric oscillator from resonance. Its frequency-dependent Wigner function is reconstructed quantum tomographically and exhibits a rotation by 39°, along which the noise is reduced by up to 5.5 dB. Our setup is suitable for realizing effective negative-mass oscillators required for coherent quantum noise cancellation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Junker
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), and Institute for Gravitational Physics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dennis Wilken
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), and Institute for Gravitational Physics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nived Johny
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), and Institute for Gravitational Physics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Steinmeyer
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), and Institute for Gravitational Physics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michèle Heurs
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), and Institute for Gravitational Physics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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33
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Asjad M, Li J, Zhu SY, You J. Magnon squeezing enhanced ground-state cooling in cavity magnomechanics. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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34
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Barbhuiya SA, Yeasmin S, Bhattacherjee AB. Spectral response of vibrational polaritons in an optomechanical cavity. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:024301. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0093680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrational strong coupling provides a convenient way to modify the energy of molecular vibrations and to explore controlling chemical reactivity. In this work, we theoretically report the various vibrational anharmonicities that modulate the dynamics of optomechanically coupled W(CO)6-cavity. The optomechanical free-space cavity consists of movable photonic crystal (PhC) membrane, which creates the photonic bound states to interact with the molecular vibration. This coupled system is used for realizing strong optomechanical dispersive or dissipative type coupling, which provides a platform to explore the new regimes of the optomechanical interaction. The addition of different strong coupling and mechanical (nuclear) anharmonicities to the optical cavity establishes the modified splitting dynamics in the absorption spectrum and shows that the ground-state bleach of coupled W(CO)6- cavity has a broad, multisigned spectral response. This work points out the possibility of systematic and predictive modification of the multimode spectroscopy of optomechanical W(CO)6-cavity polariton system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabur Ahmed Barbhuiya
- Department of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Hyderabad Campus, India
| | - Sajia Yeasmin
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Hyderabad Campus, India
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35
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Bereyhi MJ, Beccari A, Groth R, Fedorov SA, Arabmoheghi A, Kippenberg TJ, Engelsen NJ. Hierarchical tensile structures with ultralow mechanical dissipation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3097. [PMID: 35654776 PMCID: PMC9163184 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural hierarchy is found in myriad biological systems and has improved man-made structures ranging from the Eiffel tower to optical cavities. In mechanical resonators whose rigidity is provided by static tension, structural hierarchy can reduce the dissipation of the fundamental mode to ultralow levels due to an unconventional form of soft clamping. Here, we apply hierarchical design to silicon nitride nanomechanical resonators and realize binary tree-shaped resonators with room temperature quality factors as high as 7.8 × 108 at 107 kHz frequency (1.1 × 109 at T = 6 K). The resonators’ thermal-noise-limited force sensitivities reach 740 zN/Hz1/2 at room temperature and 90 zN/Hz1/2 at 6 K, surpassing state-of-the-art cantilevers currently used for force microscopy. Moreover, we demonstrate hierarchically structured, ultralow dissipation membranes suitable for interferometric position measurements in Fabry-Pérot cavities. Hierarchical nanomechanical resonators open new avenues in force sensing, signal transduction and quantum optomechanics, where low dissipation is paramount and operation with the fundamental mode is often advantageous. Low dissipation of fundamental mode is a determinant factor in nanomechanical resonator design. Here the authors realize soft clamping for the fundamental mode in a nanomechanical tensile structure achieving low loss, low mass, and low resonance frequency that render it a perfect force sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bereyhi
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Beccari
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Groth
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S A Fedorov
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Arabmoheghi
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - N J Engelsen
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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36
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Meng C, Brawley GA, Khademi S, Bridge EM, Bennett JS, Bowen WP. Measurement-based preparation of multimode mechanical states. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm7585. [PMID: 35622924 PMCID: PMC9140969 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators are a key tool for future quantum technologies, such as quantum force sensors and interfaces, and for studies of macroscopic quantum physics. The ability to prepare room temperature nonclassical states is a major outstanding challenge. It has been suggested that this could be achieved using a fast continuous measurement to break the usual symmetry between position and momentum. Here, we demonstrate this symmetry breaking and use it to prepare a thermally squeezed mechanical state. Our experiments take advantage of collective measurements on multiple mechanical modes, which we show can increase the measurement speed and improve state preparation. Theoretically, we show that this result extends to the quantum regime, relaxing the requirements to generate nonclassical states. We predict that multimode conditioning can enable room temperature quantum squeezing with existing technology. Our work paves the way toward room temperature quantum nanomechanical devices and toward their application in quantum technology and fundamental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Meng
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - George A. Brawley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Terra15 Technologies Pty Ltd., Level 9/256 Adelaide Terrace, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Soroush Khademi
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M. Bridge
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James S. Bennett
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Warwick P. Bowen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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37
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Improving the Stochastic Feedback Cooling of a Mechanical Oscillator Using a Degenerate Parametric Amplifier. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9040264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cooling of a macroscopic mechanical resonator to extremely low temperatures is a necessary condition to observe a variety of macroscopic quantum phenomena. Here, we study the stochastic feedback cooling of a mechanical resonator in an optomechanical system with a degenerate optical parametric amplifier (OPA). In the bad-cavity limit, we find that the OPA can enhance the cooling of the movable mirror in the stochastic feedback cooling scheme. The movable mirror can be cooled from 132 mK to 0.033 mK, which is lower than that without the OPA by a factor of about 5.
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38
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Manikandan SK, Elouard C, Murch KW, Auffèves A, Jordan AN. Efficiently fueling a quantum engine with incompatible measurements. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:044137. [PMID: 35590558 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.044137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We propose a quantum harmonic oscillator measurement engine fueled by simultaneous quantum measurements of the noncommuting position and momentum quadratures of the quantum oscillator. The engine extracts work by moving the harmonic trap suddenly, conditioned on the measurement outcomes. We present two protocols for work extraction, respectively based on single-shot and time-continuous quantum measurements. In the single-shot limit, the oscillator is measured in a coherent state basis; the measurement adds an average of one quantum of energy to the oscillator, which is then extracted in the feedback step. In the time-continuous limit, continuous weak quantum measurements of both position and momentum of the quantum oscillator result in a coherent state, whose coordinates diffuse in time. We relate the extractable work to the noise added by quadrature measurements, and present exact results for the work distribution at arbitrary finite time. Both protocols can achieve unit work conversion efficiency in principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenath K Manikandan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cyril Elouard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- QUANTIC laboratory, INRIA Paris, 2 Rue Simone Iff, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Kater W Murch
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Alexia Auffèves
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Andrew N Jordan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Institute for Quantum Studies, Chapman University, Orange, California, 92866, USA
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39
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Baraillon J, Taurel B, Labeye P, Duraffourg L. A lensed fiber Bragg grating-based membrane-in-the-middle optomechanical cavity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4937. [PMID: 35322110 PMCID: PMC8943148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Optomechanical systems benefit from the coupling between an optical field and mechanical vibrations. Fiber-based devices are well suited to easily exploit this interaction. We report an alternative approach of a silicon nitride membrane-in-the-middle of a high quality factor ([Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]) Fabry-Perot, formed by a grating inscribed within a fiber core as an input mirror in front of a dielectric back mirror. The Pound-Drever-Hall technique used to stabilize the laser frequency on the optical resonance frequency allows us to reduce the low frequency noise down to [Formula: see text]. We present a detailed methodology for the characterization of the optical and optomechanical properties of this stabilized system, using various membrane geometries, with corresponding resonance frequencies in the range of several hundred of [Formula: see text]. The excellent long-term stability is illustrated by continuous measurements of the thermomechanical noise spectrum over several days, with the laser source maintained at optical resonance. This major result makes this system an ideal candidate for optomechanical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Baraillon
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, LETI, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Boris Taurel
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, LETI, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Labeye
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, LETI, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Duraffourg
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, LETI, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38054, Grenoble, France.
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40
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Seis Y, Capelle T, Langman E, Saarinen S, Planz E, Schliesser A. Ground state cooling of an ultracoherent electromechanical system. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1507. [PMID: 35314677 PMCID: PMC8938490 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavity electromechanics relies on parametric coupling between microwave and mechanical modes to manipulate the mechanical quantum state, and provide a coherent interface between different parts of hybrid quantum systems. High coherence of the mechanical mode is of key importance in such applications, in order to protect the quantum states it hosts from thermal decoherence. Here, we introduce an electromechanical system based around a soft-clamped mechanical resonator with an extremely high Q-factor (>109) held at very low (30 mK) temperatures. This ultracoherent mechanical resonator is capacitively coupled to a microwave mode, strong enough to enable ground-state-cooling of the mechanics ([Formula: see text]). This paves the way towards exploiting the extremely long coherence times (tcoh > 100 ms) offered by such systems for quantum information processing and state conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Seis
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thibault Capelle
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric Langman
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sampo Saarinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric Planz
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert Schliesser
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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41
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Afek G, Carney D, Moore DC. Coherent Scattering of Low Mass Dark Matter from Optically Trapped Sensors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:101301. [PMID: 35333080 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a search for low mass dark matter particles through momentum recoils caused by their scattering from trapped, nanometer-scale objects. Our projections show that even with a modest array of femtogram-mass sensors, parameter space beyond the reach of existing experiments can be explored. The case of smaller, attogram-mass sensors is also analyzed-where dark matter can coherently scatter from the entire sensor-enabling a large enhancement in the scattering cross-section relative to interactions with single nuclei. Large arrays of such sensors have the potential to investigate new parameter space down to dark matter masses as low as 10 keV. If recoils from dark matter are detected by such sensors, their inherent directional sensitivity would allow an unambiguous identification of a dark matter signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Afek
- Wright Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Daniel Carney
- Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David C Moore
- Wright Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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42
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Hälg D, Gisler T, Langman EC, Misra S, Zilberberg O, Schliesser A, Degen CL, Eichler A. Strong Parametric Coupling between Two Ultracoherent Membrane Modes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:094301. [PMID: 35302833 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.094301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate parametric coupling between two modes of a silicon nitride membrane. We achieve the coupling by applying an oscillating voltage to a sharp metal tip that approaches the membrane surface to within a few 100 nm. When the voltage oscillation frequency is equal to the mode frequency difference, the modes exchange energy periodically and faster than their free energy decay rate. This flexible method can potentially be useful for rapid state control and transfer between modes, and is an important step toward parametric spin sensing experiments with membrane resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hälg
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gisler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric C Langman
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shobhna Misra
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oded Zilberberg
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Albert Schliesser
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian L Degen
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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43
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Rademacher M, Konopik M, Debiossac M, Grass D, Lutz E, Kiesel N. Nonequilibrium Control of Thermal and Mechanical Changes in a Levitated System. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:070601. [PMID: 35244419 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.070601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluctuation theorems are fundamental extensions of the second law of thermodynamics for small nonequilibrium systems. While work and heat are equally important forms of energy exchange, fluctuation relations have not been experimentally assessed for the generic situation of simultaneous mechanical and thermal changes. Thermal driving is indeed generally slow and more difficult to realize than mechanical driving. Here, we use feedback cooling techniques to implement fast and controlled temperature variations of an underdamped levitated microparticle that are 1 order of magnitude faster than the equilibration time. Combining mechanical and thermal control, we verify the validity of a fluctuation theorem that accounts for both contributions, well beyond the range of linear response theory. Our results allow the investigation of general far-from-equilibrium processes in microscopic systems that involve fast mechanical and thermal changes at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rademacher
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Konopik
- Institute for Theoretical Physics I, University of Stuttgart, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maxime Debiossac
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Grass
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eric Lutz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics I, University of Stuttgart, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nikolai Kiesel
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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44
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Jiang X, Liang T, Wang J, Pan Y, Yang B. Effects of long-short axis skeleton on excited-state properties of ultraviolet hot exciton molecules: luminescence mechanism and molecular design. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22309-22318. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02824g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Wise design strategies for efficient ultraviolet (UV) hot exciton molecules are highly desired. In this work, inspired by the long-short axis skeleton strategy, theoretical perspective for the substituent effect of...
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45
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Fedoseev V, Fisicaro M, van der Meer H, Löffler W, Bouwmeester D. Realignment-free cryogenic macroscopic optical cavity coupled to an optical fiber. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:013103. [PMID: 35104947 DOI: 10.1063/5.0070406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a cryogenic setup where an optical Fabry-Perot resonator is coupled to a single-mode optical fiber with coupling efficiency above 90% at mK temperatures without realignment during cooling down. The setup is prealigned at room temperature to compensate for the thermal contraction and change of the refractive index of the optical components during cooling down. The high coupling efficiency is achieved by keeping the setup rotation-symmetric around the optical axis. The majority of the setup components are made of Invar (FeNi36), which minimizes the thermal contraction. High coupling efficiency is essential in quantum optomechanical experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Fedoseev
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden University, 2333 Leiden, CA, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Fisicaro
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden University, 2333 Leiden, CA, The Netherlands
| | - Harmen van der Meer
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden University, 2333 Leiden, CA, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Löffler
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden University, 2333 Leiden, CA, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Bouwmeester
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden University, 2333 Leiden, CA, The Netherlands
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46
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Shin D, Cupertino A, de Jong MHJ, Steeneken PG, Bessa MA, Norte RA. Spiderweb Nanomechanical Resonators via Bayesian Optimization: Inspired by Nature and Guided by Machine Learning. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106248. [PMID: 34695265 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
From ultrasensitive detectors of fundamental forces to quantum networks and sensors, mechanical resonators are enabling next-generation technologies to operate in room-temperature environments. Currently, silicon nitride nanoresonators stand as a leading microchip platform in these advances by allowing for mechanical resonators whose motion is remarkably isolated from ambient thermal noise. However, to date, human intuition has remained the driving force behind design processes. Here, inspired by nature and guided by machine learning, a spiderweb nanomechanical resonator is developed that exhibits vibration modes, which are isolated from ambient thermal environments via a novel "torsional soft-clamping" mechanism discovered by the data-driven optimization algorithm. This bioinspired resonator is then fabricated, experimentally confirming a new paradigm in mechanics with quality factors above 1 billion in room-temperature environments. In contrast to other state-of-the-art resonators, this milestone is achieved with a compact design that does not require sub-micrometer lithographic features or complex phononic bandgaps, making it significantly easier and cheaper to manufacture at large scales. These results demonstrate the ability of machine learning to work in tandem with human intuition to augment creative possibilities and uncover new strategies in computing and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongil Shin
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Cupertino
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs H J de Jong
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G Steeneken
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel A Bessa
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Norte
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
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47
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Wei Y, Wang X, Xiong B, Zhao C, Liu J, Shan C. Improving few-photon optomechanical effects with coherent feedback. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:35299-35313. [PMID: 34808967 DOI: 10.1364/oe.440382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Few-photon effects such as photon blockade and tunneling have potential applications in modern quantum technology. To enhance the few-photon effects in an optomechanical system, we introduce a coherent feedback loop to cavity mode theoretically. By studying the second-order correlation function, we show that the photon blockade effect can be improved with feedback. Under appropriate parameters, the photon blockade effect exists even when cavity decay rate is larger than the single-photon optomechanical coupling coefficient, which may reduce the difficulty of realizing single-photon source in experiments. Through further study of the third-order correlation function, we show that the tunneling effect can also be enhanced by feedback. In addition, we discuss the application of feedback on Schrödinger-cat state generation in an optomechanical system. The result shows that the fidelity of cat state generation can be improved in the presence of feedback loop.
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48
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Reaching silicon-based NEMS performances with 3D printed nanomechanical resonators. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6080. [PMID: 34667168 PMCID: PMC8526607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extreme miniaturization in NEMS resonators offers the possibility to reach an unprecedented resolution in high-performance mass sensing. These very low limits of detection are related to the combination of two factors: a small resonator mass and a high quality factor. The main drawback of NEMS is represented by the highly complex, multi-steps, and expensive fabrication processes. Several alternatives fabrication processes have been exploited, but they are still limited to MEMS range and very low-quality factor. Here we report the fabrication of rigid NEMS resonators with high-quality factors by a 3D printing approach. After a thermal step, we reach complex geometry printed devices composed of ceramic structures with high Young’s modulus and low damping showing performances in line with silicon-based NEMS resonators ones. We demonstrate the possibility of rapid fabrication of NEMS devices that present an effective alternative to semiconducting resonators as highly sensitive mass and force sensors. NEMS devices, nano-electro-mechanical systems, by virtue of their minute size, offer ultra-high sensitivity, though at the expense of manufacturing complexity. Here, Stassi et al succeed in manufacturing high quality factor NEMS devices using high resolution 3D printing.
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49
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Zhao Y. Sports Enterprise Marketing and Financial Risk Management Based on Decision Tree and Data Mining. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:7632110. [PMID: 34691380 PMCID: PMC8536418 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7632110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
With the development of modern economy, traditional sports industry enterprises have also been further developed in the financial business. How to ensure information security and financial risk management is the problem faced by sports companies. Risk assessment is the use of mathematical models to calculate the risk factors established in the previous step to predict possible risks. In response to the above problems, we developed a sports enterprise marketing and financial risk management model based on decision trees and data mining. First, we have established a relevant evaluation index system and data samples through in-depth understanding of the actual marketing and financial problems of sports companies. Second, we use the decision tree algorithm to mine and explore related data samples and conduct risk assessment through related indicators. By using the model to calculate the probability of occurrence of the risk, analyze the degree of damage. Finally, the algorithm of this paper is analyzed and discussed through simulation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- School of Philosophy and Public Management, Henan University, Zhengzhou 475001, China
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50
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Høj D, Wang F, Gao W, Hoff UB, Sigmund O, Andersen UL. Ultra-coherent nanomechanical resonators based on inverse design. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5766. [PMID: 34599186 PMCID: PMC8486777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered micro- and nanomechanical resonators with ultra-low dissipation constitute a promising platform for various quantum technologies and foundational research. Traditionally, the improvement of the resonator's performance through nanomechanical structural engineering has been driven by human intuition and insight. Such an approach is inefficient and leaves aside a plethora of unexplored mechanical designs that potentially achieve better performance. Here, we use a computer-aided inverse design approach known as topology optimization to structurally design mechanical resonators with optimized performance of the fundamental mechanical mode. Using the outcomes of this approach, we fabricate and characterize ultra-coherent nanomechanical resonators with, to the best of our knowledge, record-high Q ⋅ f products for their fundamental mode (where Q is the quality factor and f is the frequency). The proposed approach - which can also be used to improve phononic crystals and coupled-mode resonators - opens up a new paradigm for designing ultra-coherent micro- and nanomechanical resonators, enabling e.g. novel experiments in fundamental physics and extreme sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Høj
- Center for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Fengwen Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Niels Koppels Allé, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Wenjun Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Niels Koppels Allé, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ulrich Busk Hoff
- Center for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ole Sigmund
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Niels Koppels Allé, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Lund Andersen
- Center for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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