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Ikeuchi H, Matsuno Y, Kusumoto-Matsuo R, Kojima S, Ueno T, Ikegami M, Kitada R, Sumiyoshi-Okuma H, Kojima Y, Yonemori K, Yatabe Y, Takamochi K, Suzuki K, Yoshioka KI, Mano H, Kohsaka S. GLI1 confers resistance to PARP inhibitors by activating the DNA damage repair pathway. Oncogene 2024:10.1038/s41388-024-03105-1. [PMID: 39095584 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Identifying the mechanisms of action of anticancer drugs is an important step in the development of new drugs. In this study, we established a comprehensive screening platform consisting of 68 oncogenes (MANO panel), encompassing 243 genetic variants, to identify predictive markers for drug efficacy. Validation was performed using drugs that targeted EGFR, BRAF, and MAP2K1, which confirmed the utility of this functional screening panel. Screening of a BRCA2-knockout DLD1 cell line (DLD1-KO) revealed that cells expressing SMO and GLI1 were resistant to olaparib. Gene set enrichment analysis identified genes associated with DNA damage repair that were enriched in cells overexpressing SMO and GLI1. The expression of genes associated with homologous recombination repair (HR), such as the FANC family and BRCA1/2, was significantly upregulated by GLI1 expression, which is indicative of PARP inhibitor resistance. Although not all representative genes of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway were upregulated, NER activity was enhanced by GLI1. The GLI1 inhibitor was effective against DLD1-KO cells overexpressing GLI1 both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the combination therapy of olaparib and GLI1 inhibitor exhibited a synergistic effect on DLD1-KO, suggesting the possible clinical application of GLI1 inhibitor targeting cancer with defective DNA damage repair. This platform enables the identification of biomarkers associated with drug sensitivity, and is a useful tool for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ikeuchi
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuno
- Laboratory of Genome Stability Maintenance, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rika Kusumoto-Matsuo
- Laboratory of Genome Stability Maintenance, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Kojima
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Ueno
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masachika Ikegami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Kitada
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Kojima
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kan Yonemori
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takamochi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Genome Stability Maintenance, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mano
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kohsaka
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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2
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Wang J, Sadeghi CA, Le LV, Le Bouteiller M, Frock RL. ATM and 53BP1 regulate alternative end joining-mediated V(D)J recombination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn4682. [PMID: 39083600 PMCID: PMC11290492 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn4682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
G0-G1 phase alternative end joining (A-EJ) is a recently defined mutagenic pathway characterized by resected deletion and translocation joints that are predominantly direct and are distinguished from A-EJ in cycling cells that rely much more on microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). Using chemical and genetic approaches, we systematically evaluate potential A-EJ factors and DNA damage response (DDR) genes to support this mechanism by mapping the repair fates of RAG1/2-initiated double-strand breaks in the context of Igκ locus V-J recombination and chromosome translocation. Our findings highlight a polymerase theta-independent Parp1-XRCC1/LigIII axis as central A-EJ components, supported by 53BP1 in the context of an Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-activated DDR. Mechanistically, we demonstrate varied changes in short-range resection, MMEJ, and translocation, imposed by compromising specific DDR activities, which include polymerase alpha, Ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR), DNA2, and Mre11. This study advances our understanding of DNA damage repair within the 53BP1 regulatory domain and the RAG1/2 postcleavage complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Wang
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cheyenne A. Sadeghi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Long V. Le
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marie Le Bouteiller
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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3
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Fried W, Tyagi M, Minakhin L, Chandramouly G, Tredinnick T, Ramanjulu M, Auerbacher W, Calbert M, Rusanov T, Hoang T, Borisonnik N, Betsch R, Krais JJ, Wang Y, Vekariya UM, Gordon J, Morton G, Kent T, Skorski T, Johnson N, Childers W, Chen XS, Pomerantz RT. Discovery of a small-molecule inhibitor that traps Polθ on DNA and synergizes with PARP inhibitors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2862. [PMID: 38580648 PMCID: PMC10997755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) protein DNA Polymerase θ (Polθ) is synthetic lethal with homologous recombination (HR) factors and is therefore a promising drug target in BRCA1/2 mutant cancers. We discover an allosteric Polθ inhibitor (Polθi) class with 4-6 nM IC50 that selectively kills HR-deficient cells and acts synergistically with PARP inhibitors (PARPi) in multiple genetic backgrounds. X-ray crystallography and biochemistry reveal that Polθi selectively inhibits Polθ polymerase (Polθ-pol) in the closed conformation on B-form DNA/DNA via an induced fit mechanism. In contrast, Polθi fails to inhibit Polθ-pol catalytic activity on A-form DNA/RNA in which the enzyme binds in the open configuration. Remarkably, Polθi binding to the Polθ-pol:DNA/DNA closed complex traps the polymerase on DNA for more than forty minutes which elucidates the inhibitory mechanism of action. These data reveal a unique small-molecule DNA polymerase:DNA trapping mechanism that induces synthetic lethality in HR-deficient cells and potentiates the activity of PARPi.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Fried
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mrityunjay Tyagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Leonid Minakhin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Gurushankar Chandramouly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Taylor Tredinnick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Mercy Ramanjulu
- Recombination Therapeutics, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - William Auerbacher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Marissa Calbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timur Rusanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Betsch
- Nuclear Dynamics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - John J Krais
- Nuclear Dynamics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Yifan Wang
- Nuclear Dynamics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Umeshkumar M Vekariya
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Gordon
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George Morton
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neil Johnson
- Nuclear Dynamics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Wayne Childers
- Recombination Therapeutics, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Recombination Therapeutics, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Richard T Pomerantz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
- Recombination Therapeutics, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
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4
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Thomson G, Dickinson L, Jacob Y. Genomic consequences associated with Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:342-363. [PMID: 37831618 PMCID: PMC10841553 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Attenuated strains of the naturally occurring plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens can transfer virtually any DNA sequence of interest to model plants and crops. This has made Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT) one of the most commonly used tools in agricultural biotechnology. Understanding AMT, and its functional consequences, is of fundamental importance given that it sits at the intersection of many fundamental fields of study, including plant-microbe interactions, DNA repair/genome stability, and epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Despite extensive research and use of AMT over the last 40 years, the extent of genomic disruption associated with integrating exogenous DNA into plant genomes using this method remains underappreciated. However, new technologies like long-read sequencing make this disruption more apparent, complementing previous findings from multiple research groups that have tackled this question in the past. In this review, we cover progress on the molecular mechanisms involved in Agrobacterium-mediated DNA integration into plant genomes. We also discuss localized mutations at the site of insertion and describe the structure of these DNA insertions, which can range from single copy insertions to large concatemers, consisting of complex DNA originating from different sources. Finally, we discuss the prevalence of large-scale genomic rearrangements associated with the integration of DNA during AMT with examples. Understanding the intended and unintended effects of AMT on genome stability is critical to all plant researchers who use this methodology to generate new genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Thomson
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences; New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Lauren Dickinson
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences; New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Yannick Jacob
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences; New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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5
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Vogt A, He Y. Structure and mechanism in non-homologous end joining. DNA Repair (Amst) 2023; 130:103547. [PMID: 37556875 PMCID: PMC10528545 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) are a particularly challenging form of DNA damage to repair because the damaged DNA must not only undergo the chemical reactions responsible for returning it to its original state, but, additionally, the two free ends can become physically separated in the nucleus and must be bridged prior to repair. In nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), one of the major pathways of DSB repair, repair is carried out by a number of repair factors capable of binding to and directly joining DNA ends. It has been unclear how these processes are carried out at a molecular level, owing in part to the lack of structural evidence describing the coordination of the NHEJ factors with each other and a DNA substrate. Advances in cryo-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM), allowing for the structural characterization of large protein complexes that would be intractable using other techniques, have led to the visualization several key steps of the NHEJ process, which support a model of sequential assembly of repair factors at the DSB, followed by end-bridging mediated by protein-protein complexes and transition to full synapsis. Here we examine the structural evidence for these models, devoting particular attention to recent work identifying a new NHEJ intermediate state and incorporating new NHEJ factors into the general mechanism. We also discuss the evolving understanding of end-bridging mechanisms in NHEJ and DNA-PKcs's role in mediating DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Vogt
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
| | - Yuan He
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
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6
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Watanabe G, Lieber MR. The flexible and iterative steps within the NHEJ pathway. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 180-181:105-119. [PMID: 37150451 PMCID: PMC10205690 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellular and biochemical studies of nonhomologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) have long established that nuclease and polymerase action are necessary for the repair of a very large fraction of naturally-arising double-strand breaks (DSBs). This conclusion is derived from NHEJ studies ranging from yeast to humans and all genetically-tractable model organisms. Biochemical models derived from recent real-time and structural studies have yet to incorporate physical space or timing for DNA end processing. In real-time single molecule FRET (smFRET) studies, we analyzed NHEJ synapsis of DNA ends in a defined biochemical system. We described a Flexible Synapsis (FS) state in which the DNA ends were in proximity via only Ku and XRCC4:DNA ligase 4 (X4L4), and in an orientation that would not yet permit ligation until base pairing between one or more nucleotides of microhomology (MH) occurred, thereby allowing an in-line Close Synapsis (CS) state. If no MH was achievable, then XLF was critical for ligation. Neither FS or CS required DNA-PKcs, unless Artemis activation was necessary to permit local resection and subsequent base pairing between the two DNA ends being joined. Here we conjecture on possible 3D configurations for this FS state, which would spatially accommodate the nuclease and polymerase processing steps in an iterative manner. The FS model permits repeated attempts at ligation of at least one strand at the DSB after each round of nuclease or polymerase action. In addition to activation of Artemis, other possible roles for DNA-PKcs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Watanabe
- Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry, Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, and Section of Molecular & Computational Biology (Department of Biological Sciences), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9176, USA
| | - Michael R Lieber
- Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry, Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, and Section of Molecular & Computational Biology (Department of Biological Sciences), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9176, USA.
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7
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Fleury H, MacEachern MK, Stiefel CM, Anand R, Sempeck C, Nebenfuehr B, Maurer-Alcalá K, Ball K, Proctor B, Belan O, Taylor E, Ortega R, Dodd B, Weatherly L, Dansoko D, Leung JW, Boulton SJ, Arnoult N. The APE2 nuclease is essential for DNA double-strand break repair by microhomology-mediated end joining. Mol Cell 2023; 83:1429-1445.e8. [PMID: 37044098 PMCID: PMC10164096 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) is an intrinsically mutagenic pathway of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair essential for proliferation of homologous recombination (HR)-deficient tumors. Although targeting MMEJ has emerged as a powerful strategy to eliminate HR-deficient (HRD) cancers, this is limited by an incomplete understanding of the mechanism and factors required for MMEJ repair. Here, we identify the APE2 nuclease as an MMEJ effector. We show that loss of APE2 inhibits MMEJ at deprotected telomeres and at intra-chromosomal DSBs and is epistatic with Pol Theta for MMEJ activity. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that APE2 possesses intrinsic flap-cleaving activity, that its MMEJ function in cells depends on its nuclease activity, and further identify an uncharacterized domain required for its recruitment to DSBs. We conclude that this previously unappreciated role of APE2 in MMEJ contributes to the addiction of HRD cells to APE2, which could be exploited in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Fleury
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Myles K MacEachern
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Clara M Stiefel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Roopesh Anand
- DSB Repair Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Colin Sempeck
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin Nebenfuehr
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kelper Maurer-Alcalá
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kerri Ball
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bruce Proctor
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ondrej Belan
- DSB Repair Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Erin Taylor
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Raquel Ortega
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin Dodd
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Laila Weatherly
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Djelika Dansoko
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Justin W Leung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Simon J Boulton
- DSB Repair Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Artios Pharma Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3FH, UK
| | - Nausica Arnoult
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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8
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Lieber MR. Pol X DNA polymerases contribute to NHEJ flexibility. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:5-8. [PMID: 36587186 PMCID: PMC9940989 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
New work on DNA polymerase λ highlights its remarkable flexibility. This fits with the generally adaptable nature of the DNA-repair process in which this enzyme is involved — nonhomologous end-joining — which allows this mechanism to handle diverse types of broken DNA ends in order to restore the duplex structure, albeit with a loss of information at the join.
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