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Bodet D, Petrov V, Petrushkevich S, Jornet JM. Sub-terahertz near field channel measurements and analysis with beamforming and Bessel beams. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19675. [PMID: 39181955 PMCID: PMC11344820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Sub-terahertz communications (100-300 GHz) are explored today as a candidate technology to enable extremely high-rate, low-latency data services and high-resolution sensing in beyond-fifth-generation (beyond-5G) wireless networks. However, these sub-terahertz wireless systems will often have to operate in the near field, where the signal propagation does not follow canonical far-field models, including the commonly used free space path loss equation. Instead, the signal propagation in the near field follows more complex patterns that are not well-captured with analytical far-field models standardized for 5G research. Moreover, state-of-the-art beamforming solutions exploited heavily in fourth-generation (4G) and 5G networks are notably less efficient in the near field. In this article, the near-field sub-terahertz channel is accurately measured and analyzed. In addition to state-of-the-art beamforming, the article also analyzes the sub-terahertz channel measurements when using near-field-specific Bessel beams that demonstrate fewer power fluctuations in the near field in addition to higher focusing gain. Novel distance-centric and angle-centric dependencies reported in this article may serve as a reference when developing next-generation channel models for sixth-generation (6G) and beyond-6G near-field sub-terahertz wireless systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duschia Bodet
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Vitaly Petrov
- Division of Communications Systems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergey Petrushkevich
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Josep M Jornet
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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2
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Yue Z, Li J, Li J, Zheng C, Liu J, Zou D, Xu H, Yang F, Li H, Wu L, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yao J. All-dielectric terahertz metasurfaces with dual-functional polarization manipulation for orthogonal polarization states. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:2739-2746. [PMID: 36655736 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06550a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All-dielectric metasurfaces have led to a surge of activities in the field of polarization converters due to their extremely significant potential in the manipulation of terahertz waves. Herein, a versatile all-dielectric metasurface platform that can realize dual-functional polarization manipulation for the orthogonal states of polarization in the terahertz frequency range is proposed. Furthermore, such metasurface platform exhibits the properties of a full-waveplate for one circularly polarized light, and a quarter-waveplate for the orthogonal circularly polarized light. For experimental demonstrations of strategy verification, several representative metasurfaces consisting of subwavelength-scaled all-silicon elliptical cylinders were designed, fabricated, and characterized to demonstrate the capability of dual-functional polarization manipulation, including bifunctional waveplate, near-field imaging, and focusing. The metasurface platform demonstrated here may provide an alternative perspective for the development of compact, versatile polarization terahertz devices, and the design concept can be extended to other frequency ranges as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yue
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Information Materials and Device Applications Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial, Universities Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Chenglong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Metamaterials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Die Zou
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Hang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Liang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yating Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Metamaterials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Jianquan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Jani R, Das SC, Zahura F, Islam H, Al-Quaderi GD, Mahdy MRC. Plasmonic octamer objects: reversal of near-field optical binding force without the aid of backgrounds. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:10124-10131. [PMID: 34807119 DOI: 10.1364/ao.435982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the near-field optical binding force has gained a lot of interest in the field of optical manipulation. The reversal of the near-field binding force, a new, to the best of our knowledge, kind of optical manipulation, has so far been investigated mostly between dimers and in a very few cases among tetramers by utilizing the help of suitable substrates or backgrounds. Until now, no known way to control the near-field optical binding force among octamer configurations has been found, to our knowledge. In this paper, we propose a plasmonic (silver) octamer configuration where we demonstrate the control and reversal (attraction and repulsion) of the near-field optical binding force of octamers by illuminating the system with a TM polarized Bessel beam. The control of the binding force and its reversal is explained based on the polarization and gradient forces created by the Bessel beam. As the aid of a background or substrate is not required, our proposed simplified approach has the potential to open up novel ways of manipulating multiple particles. Our investigation also implicitly suggests that for future research on controlling the reversal of the near-field optical binding force of multiple particles, Bessel beams can be the appropriate choice instead of plane waves.
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Yue Z, Liu J, Li J, Li J, Zheng C, Wang G, Chen M, Xu H, Wang Q, Xing X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yao J. Multifunctional terahertz metasurfaces for polarization transformation and wavefront manipulation. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:14490-14496. [PMID: 34473815 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03388c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conventionally, the realization of polarization transformation and wavefront manipulation in metasurfaces relies on the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase together with the dynamic phase. However, the reported polarization transformation and wavefront manipulation were limited to spin-dependent wavefront manipulation for circular polarization (CP). To obtain more abundant functions, we propose a novel technology that relies on the dynamic phase with a spatial interleaving unit arrangement. With the functions of a quarter wave plate, the metasurfaces we designed can achieve multiple wavefront manipulations which are not only for the spin polarization transformation but also for the linear polarization transformation. Specifically, we design a bifocal metasurface, which can focus on one circularly polarized component as a point and spin-opposite component as a vortex under the linearly polarized (LP) incidence. With the further adjustment of the unit arrangement, the left-hand circularly polarized (LCP) and right-hand circularly polarized (RCP) components under the LP incidence can be refocused on the same point and then composited, resulting in a new LP exit wave. Furthermore, we prove theoretically that the desired x-LP component and y-LP component under the arbitrary CP incidence can also be manipulated independently. We believe that the versatility of this method will provide a novel platform for the development of terahertz integrated photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yue
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Metamaterials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Jitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Chenglong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Guocui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Metamaterials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mingyang Chen
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Xiaohua Xing
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yating Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Metamaterials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Jianquan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Kulya M, Semenova V, Gorodetsky A, Bespalov VG, Petrov NV. Spatio-temporal and spatiospectral metrology of terahertz broadband uniformly topologically charged vortex beams. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:A90-A100. [PMID: 30873965 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.000a90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive characterization of the diffraction properties of terahertz (THz) pulsed broadband vortex beams consisting of several electromagnetic field oscillations requires state-of-the-art techniques for studying the evolution of a wavefront as it propagates. For this purpose, we have applied the capabilities offered by THz pulse time domain holography. Accurate metrological study of pulsed single-period THz field propagation allowed us to reveal the spatio-temporal and spatiospectral couplings in broadband uniformly topologically charged vortex beams. Here, we reveal dynamics of such beam propagation in a free space as well as in the experiment with edge diffraction with 50% blocking of the beam focal waist. In this study, we compare the dynamics of freely propagating and edge-diffracted THz vortex. Despite the fact that in the amplitude representation one can observe the emergence of strong asymmetry, analysis of the spectral trajectory of the singular point at some distance from the obstacle and the visualization of phase distribution for individual spectral components testify to the conservation of transverse energy circulation. Similar to the edge diffraction of monochromatic optical vortices, it can be interpreted as self-reconstruction of vortex properties. The given term has not previously been used for the case of pulsed broadband THz beams, to the best of our knowledge.
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Jia M, Wang Z, Li H, Wang X, Luo W, Sun S, Zhang Y, He Q, Zhou L. Efficient manipulations of circularly polarized terahertz waves with transmissive metasurfaces. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:16. [PMID: 30701074 PMCID: PMC6351568 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The unrestricted control of circularly polarized (CP) terahertz (THz) waves is important in science and applications, but conventional THz devices suffer from issues of bulky size and low efficiency. Although Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) metasurfaces have shown strong capabilities to control CP waves, transmission-mode PB devices realized in the THz regime are less efficient, limiting their applications in practice. Here, based on Jones matrix analysis, we design a tri-layer structure (thickness of ~λ/5) and experimentally demonstrate that the structure can serve as a highly efficient transmissive meta-atom (relative efficiency of ~90%) to build PB metadevices for manipulating CP THz waves. Two ultrathin THz metadevices are fabricated and experimentally characterized with a z-scan THz imaging system. The first device can realize a photonic spin Hall effect with an experimentally demonstrated relative efficiency of ~90%, whereas the second device can generate a high-quality background-free CP Bessel beam with measured longitudinal and transverse field patterns that exhibit the nondiffracting characteristics of a Bessel beam. All the experimental results are in excellent agreement with full-wave simulations. Our results pave the way to freely manipulate CP THz beams, laying a solid basis for future applications such as biomolecular control and THz signal transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Heting Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metamaterials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Capital Normal University, 100048 Beijing, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metamaterials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Capital Normal University, 100048 Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Shulin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photonics and Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metamaterials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Capital Normal University, 100048 Beijing, China
| | - Qiong He
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, 210093 Nanjing, China
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Yang J, Shen Y, Meng H, Dou W, Hu S. Shaping Bessel beams using source-integrated folded reflectarray. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5222-5225. [PMID: 30382972 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This Letter proposes a highly integrated reflection-type approach to generate non-diffracting Bessel beams using a source-integrated folded reflectarray antenna (FRA). The FRA not only transforms spherical waves radiated by the feeding source to conical waves but also directly produces Bessel beams by specifying the phase distribution of reflectarray elements. To validate this approach, a millimeter-wave zero-order Bessel beam generator and a conventional collimated beam structure are analyzed, designed, fabricated, and measured. Good agreement among theoretical analysis, full-wave simulation, and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed FRA successfully generates non-diffracting Bessel beams and, moreover, the reflectarray elements are fully integrated with the feeding source in the same low-cost single-layered printed circuit board.
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Li H, Wang X, Wang S, Sun W, Ye J, Han P, Feng S, Yu Y, Zhang Y. Vector measurement and performance tuning of a terahertz bottle beam. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13177. [PMID: 30181544 PMCID: PMC6123434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A terahertz (THz) bottle beam is realized by adopting the combination of a Teflon axicon and a silicon lens. By using a THz imaging system with a focal-plane array, the vector characteristics of the THz bottle beam are coherently measured and detailedly analyzed, including the transverse (Ex) and longitudinal (Ez) components. The experimental phenomena vividly reveal the distribution characteristics and the formation origin of the THz optical barrier. A vectorial diffraction integral algorithm of a focusing optical system are utilized to exactly simulate the measured results. Besides, the features of the THz bottle beam are effectively tuned by varying the parameters of the Teflon axicon and the silicon lens. This work gives a full view to understand the evolution characteristics of the THz bottle beam and provide a solid experimental foundation for guiding the future applications of this type of THz beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heting Li
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Lab for Metamaterials and Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Lab for Metamaterials and Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Sen Wang
- College of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wenfeng Sun
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Lab for Metamaterials and Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jiasheng Ye
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Lab for Metamaterials and Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Peng Han
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Lab for Metamaterials and Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Shengfei Feng
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Lab for Metamaterials and Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yue Yu
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Lab for Metamaterials and Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
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