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Chen T, Zhou N, Liang Q, Li Q, Li B, Chu Y, Zhang D, Chen Z, Tsao JR, Feng X, Hu K. Biochanin A: Disrupting the inflammatory vicious cycle for dry eye disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 977:176583. [PMID: 38679123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex disorder driven by several factors like reduced tear production, increased evaporation, or poor tear quality. Oxidative stress plays a key role by exacerbating the inflammatory cycle. Previous studies explored antioxidants for DED treatment due to the link between oxidative damage and inflammation. Biochanin A (BCA) is a bioisoflavone from red clover with potent anti-inflammatory effects. This study investigated BCA's therapeutic potential for DED. Human corneal epithelial cells were cultured under hyperosmotic conditions to mimic DED. BCA treatment increased cell viability and decreased apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine expression. A DED mouse model was developed using female C57BL/6 mice in a controlled low-humidity environment combined with scopolamine injections. Mice received eye drops containing phosphate-buffered saline, low-dose BCA, or high-dose BCA. The effectiveness was evaluated by measuring tear volume, fluorescein staining, eye-closing ratio, corneal sensitivity and PAS staining. The levels of inflammatory components in corneas and conjunctiva were measured to assess DED severity. Maturation of antigen-presenting cells in cervical lymph nodes was analyzed by flow cytometry. BCA eye drops effectively reduced inflammation associated with DED in mice. BCA also decreased oxidative stress levels by reducing reactive oxygen species and enhancing the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). These findings demonstrate that BCA ameliorates oxidative stress and ocular surface inflammation, indicating potential as a DED treatment by relieving oxidative damage and mitigating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taige Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 Qingchun East Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Boda Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiran Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zeying Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Ruei Tsao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuebing Feng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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Fujii H, Saeki K, Hoshi S, Kadoya Y, Oshika T, Yokomizo T. Robust and Objective Evaluation of Superficial Punctate Keratopathy in a Murine Dry Eye Model. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2024; 4:100414. [PMID: 38146528 PMCID: PMC10749271 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To establish a robust and objective method to evaluate (SPK) superficial punctate keratopathy in a murine dry eye model by developing a reliable photographic system. Design Experimental study. Subjects A murine dry eye model was generated by exorbital lacrimal gland excision. Sham-operated mice were used as healthy controls. For the sham operation, an incision was made without touching the gland. Methods A photographic system was constructed, consisting of an LED lamp and a digital camera fitted with a zoom lens and sharp cut filter. SPK was detected by applying fluorescein solution. To validate the system, SPK was compared between dry eye mice and healthy control mice, and diquafosol (DIQUAS ophthalmic solution 3%; Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) or cyclosporine (PAPILOCK Mini ophthalmic solution 0.1%; Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) was used to dry eye mice. Main Outcome Measures SPK was evaluated using the parameters of fluorescence score and fluorescein-stained area. Results The photographs clearly indicated SPK in dry eye mice. A fluorescence score of 0 to 9 could be easily assessed, and the fluorescein-stained area was quantifiable. The fluorescein-stained area correlated with fluorescence score (correlation coefficient: 0.98), with good interobserver reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.999). The fluorescein-stained area increased significantly in dry eye mice compared with that of healthy controls (P < 0.0001). Both types of therapeutic eye drops decreased the fluorescein-stained area relative to saline-treated mice (P < 0.05 in diquafosol vs. saline; P < 0.01 in cyclosporine vs. saline). Conclusions This newly developed system is a robust alternative for quantitative evaluation of SPK in a murine dry eye model. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuko Saeki
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sujin Hoshi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuri Kadoya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Oshika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Kaur S, Sohnen P, Swamynathan S, Du Y, Espana EM, Swamynathan SK. Molecular nature of ocular surface barrier function, diseases that affect it, and its relevance for ocular drug delivery. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:3-13. [PMID: 37543173 PMCID: PMC10837323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The structural and functional integrity of the ocular surface, a continuous epithelial structure comprised of the cornea, the conjunctiva, and the ductal surface of the lacrimal as well as meibomian glands, is crucial for proper vision. The ocular surface barrier function (OSBF), sum of the different types of protective mechanisms that exist at the ocular surface, is essential to protect the rest of the eye from vision-threatening physical, chemical, and biological insults. OSBF helps maintain the immune privileged nature of the cornea and the aqueous humor by preventing entry of infectious agents, allergens, and noxious chemicals. Disruption of OSBF exposes the dense nerve endings of the cornea to these stimuli, resulting in discomfort and pain. This review summarizes the status of our knowledge related to the molecular nature of OSBF, describes the effect of different ocular surface disorders on OSBF, and examines the relevance of this knowledge for ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinder Kaur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA
| | - Peri Sohnen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA
| | - Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA
| | - Yiqin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA
| | - Edgar M Espana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA
| | - Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA.
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Sang Y, Tsuji K, Nakanoh H, Fukushima K, Kitamura S, Wada J. Role of Semaphorin 3A in Kidney Development and Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3038. [PMID: 37835781 PMCID: PMC10572269 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13193038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney diseases are worldwide public health problems affecting millions of people. However, there are still limited therapeutic options against kidney diseases. Semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A) is a secreted and membrane-associated protein, which regulates diverse functions, including immune regulation, cell survival, migration and angiogenesis, thus involving in the several pathogeneses of diseases, including eyes and neurons, as well as kidneys. SEMA3A is expressed in podocytes and tubular cells in the normal adult kidney, and recent evidence has revealed that excess SEMA3A expression and the subsequent signaling pathway aggravate kidney injury in a variety of kidney diseases, including nephrotic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease. In addition, several reports have demonstrated that the inhibition of SEMA3A ameliorated kidney injury via a reduction in cell apoptosis, fibrosis and inflammation; thus, SEMA3A may be a potential therapeutic target for kidney diseases. In this review article, we summarized the current knowledge regarding the role of SEMA3A in kidney pathophysiology and their potential use in kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Sang
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Y.S.)
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Kenji Tsuji
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Y.S.)
| | - Hiroyuki Nakanoh
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Y.S.)
| | - Kazuhiko Fukushima
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Y.S.)
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shinji Kitamura
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Y.S.)
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Y.S.)
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5
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Hung YH, Hou YC, Hsu SH, Wang LY, Tsai YL, Shan YS, Su YY, Hung WC, Chen LT. Pancreatic cancer cell-derived semaphorin 3A promotes neuron recruitment to accelerate tumor growth and dissemination. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:3417-3432. [PMID: 37693128 PMCID: PMC10492129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineural invasion and neurogenesis are frequently observed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and they are associated with a poor prognosis. Axon guidance factor semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A) is upregulated in PDAC. However, it remains unclear whether cancer-derived SEMA3A influences nerve innervation and pancreatic tumorigenesis. In silico analyses were performed using PROGgene and NetworkAnalyst to clarify the importance of SEMA3A and its receptors, plexin A1 (PLXNA1) and neuropilin 2 (NRP2), in pancreatic cancer. In vitro assays, including migration, neurite outgrowth, and 3D recruitment, were performed to study the effects of SEMA3A on neuronal behaviors. Additionally, an orthotopic animal study using C57BL/6 mice was performed to validate the in vitro findings. Expression of SEMA3A and its receptors predicted worse prognosis for PDAC. Cancer-derived SEMA3A promoted neural migration, neurite outgrowth, and neural recruitment. Furthermore, SEMA3A-induced effects depended on PLXNA1, NRP2, and MAPK activation. Trametinib, an approved MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, counteracted SEMA3A-enhanced neuronal activity in vitro. Inhibition of SEMA3A by shRNA in pancreatic cancer cells resulted in decreased neural recruitment, tumor growth, and dissemination in vivo. Our results suggested that cancer-secreted SEMA3A plays an important role in promoting neo-neurogenesis and progression of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research InstitutesTainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chin Hou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Han Hsu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research InstitutesTainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yun Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Li Tsai
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research InstitutesTainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 704, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University HospitalTainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yeh Su
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research InstitutesTainan 704, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University HospitalTainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research InstitutesTainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research InstitutesTainan 704, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University HospitalTainan 704, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Vereertbrugghen A, Pizzano M, Sabbione F, Keitelman IA, Shiromizu CM, Aguilar DV, Fuentes F, de Paiva CS, Giordano M, Trevani A, Galletti JG. An ocular Th1 immune response promotes corneal nerve damage independently of the development of corneal epitheliopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:120. [PMID: 37217914 PMCID: PMC10201717 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper sight is not possible without a smooth, transparent cornea, which is highly exposed to environmental threats. The abundant corneal nerves are interspersed with epithelial cells in the anterior corneal surface and are instrumental to corneal integrity and immunoregulation. Conversely, corneal neuropathy is commonly observed in some immune-mediated corneal disorders but not in others, and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here we hypothesized that the type of adaptive immune response may influence the development of corneal neuropathy. To test this, we first immunized OT-II mice with different adjuvants that favor T helper (Th)1 or Th2 responses. Both Th1-skewed mice (measured by interferon-γ production) and Th2-skewed (measured by interleukin-4 production) developed comparable ocular surface inflammation and conjunctival CD4+ T cell recruitment but no appreciable corneal epithelial changes upon repeated local antigenic challenge. Th1-skewed mice showed decreased corneal mechanical sensitivity and altered corneal nerve morphology (signs of corneal neuropathy) upon antigenic challenge. However, Th2-skewed mice also developed milder corneal neuropathy immediately after immunization and independently of ocular challenge, suggestive of adjuvant-induced neurotoxicity. All these findings were confirmed in wild-type mice. To circumvent unwanted neurotoxicity, CD4+ T cells from immunized mice were adoptively transferred to T cell-deficient mice. In this setup, only Th1-transferred mice developed corneal neuropathy upon antigenic challenge. To further delineate the contribution of each profile, CD4+ T cells were polarized in vitro to either Th1, Th2, or Th17 cells and transferred to T cell-deficient mice. Upon local antigenic challenge, all groups had commensurate conjunctival CD4+ T cell recruitment and macroscopic ocular inflammation. However, none of the groups developed corneal epithelial changes and only Th1-transferred mice showed signs of corneal neuropathy. Altogether, the data show that corneal nerves, as opposed to corneal epithelial cells, are sensitive to immune-driven damage mediated by Th1 CD4+ T cells in the absence of other pathogenic factors. These findings have potential therapeutic implications for ocular surface disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Vereertbrugghen
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET/National Academy of Medicine of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuela Pizzano
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET/National Academy of Medicine of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Sabbione
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET/National Academy of Medicine of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene Angelica Keitelman
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET/National Academy of Medicine of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Maiumi Shiromizu
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET/National Academy of Medicine of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Douglas Vera Aguilar
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET/National Academy of Medicine of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Fuentes
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET/National Academy of Medicine of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mirta Giordano
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET/National Academy of Medicine of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Trevani
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET/National Academy of Medicine of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jeremías G Galletti
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine (CONICET/National Academy of Medicine of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Recent Advancements in Molecular Therapeutics for Corneal Scar Treatment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203310. [PMID: 36291182 PMCID: PMC9600986 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of corneal wound healing is complex and induces scar formation. Corneal scarring is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. The fibrotic healing of a major ocular wound disrupts the highly organized fibrillar collagen arrangement of the corneal stroma, rendering it opaque. The process of regaining this organized extracellular matrix (ECM) arrangement of the stromal layer to restore corneal transparency is complicated. The surface retention capacity of ocular drugs is poor, and there is a large gap between suitable corneal donors and clinical requirements. Therefore, a more efficient way of treating corneal scarring is needed. The eight major classes of interventions targeted as therapeutic tools for healing scarred corneas include those based on exosomes, targeted gene therapy, microRNAs, recombinant viral vectors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, bioactive molecules, growth factors, and nanotechnology. This review highlights the recent advancements in molecular therapeutics to restore a cornea without scarring. It also provides a scope to overcome the limitations of present studies and perform robust clinical research using these strategies.
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Transient Receptor Potential Channels: Important Players in Ocular Pain and Dry Eye Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091859. [PMID: 36145607 PMCID: PMC9506338 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder in which the eyes respond to minor stimuli with abnormal sensations, such as dryness, blurring, foreign body sensation, discomfort, irritation, and pain. Corneal pain, as one of DED’s main symptoms, has gained recognition due to its increasing prevalence, morbidity, and the resulting social burden. The cornea is the most innervated tissue in the body, and the maintenance of corneal integrity relies on a rich density of nociceptors, such as polymodal nociceptor neurons, cold thermoreceptor neurons, and mechano-nociceptor neurons. Their sensory responses to different stimulating forces are linked to the specific expression of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. TRP channels are a group of unique ion channels that play important roles as cellular sensors for various stimuli. These channels are nonselective cation channels with variable Ca2+ selectivity. TRP homologs are a superfamily of 28 different members that are subdivided into 7 different subfamilies based on differences in sequence homology. Many of these subtypes are expressed in the eye on both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, where they affect various stress-induced regulatory responses essential for normal vision maintenance. This article reviews the current knowledge about the expression, function, and regulation of TRPs in ocular surface tissues. We also describe their implication in DED and ocular pain. These findings contribute to evidence suggesting that drug-targeting TRP channels may be of therapeutic benefit in the clinical setting of ocular pain.
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Neuroimmune crosstalk in the cornea: The role of immune cells in corneal nerve maintenance during homeostasis and inflammation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101105. [PMID: 35868985 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the cornea, resident immune cells are in close proximity to sensory nerves, consistent with their important roles in the maintenance of nerves in both homeostasis and inflammation. Using in vivo confocal microscopy in humans, and ex vivo immunostaining and fluorescent reporter mice to visualize corneal sensory nerves and immune cells, remarkable progress has been made to advance our understanding of the physical and functional interactions between corneal nerves and immune cells. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent studies relating to corneal immune cells and sensory nerves, and their interactions in health and disease. In particular, we consider how disrupted corneal nerve axons can induce immune cell activity, including in dendritic cells, macrophages and other infiltrating cells, directly and/or indirectly by releasing neuropeptides such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. We summarize growing evidence that the role of corneal intraepithelial immune cells is likely different in corneal wound healing versus other inflammatory-dominated conditions. The role of different types of macrophages is also discussed, including how stromal macrophages with anti-inflammatory phenotypes communicate with corneal nerves to provide neuroprotection, while macrophages with pro-inflammatory phenotypes, along with other infiltrating cells including neutrophils and CD4+ T cells, can be inhibitory to corneal re-innervation. Finally, this review considers the bidirectional interactions between corneal immune cells and corneal nerves, and how leveraging this interaction could represent a potential therapeutic approach for corneal neuropathy.
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10
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Corneal nerves and their role in dry eye pathophysiology. Exp Eye Res 2022; 222:109191. [PMID: 35850173 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the cornea is densely innervated, its nerves are integral not only to its structure but also to its pathophysiology. Corneal integrity depends on a protective tear film that is maintained by corneal sensation and the reflex arcs that control tearing and blinking. Furthermore, corneal nerves promote epithelial growth and local immunoregulation. Thus, corneal nerves constitute pillars of ocular surface homeostasis. Conversely, the abnormal tear film in dry eye favors corneal epithelial and nerve damage. The ensuing corneal nerve dysfunction contributes to dry eye progression, ocular pain and discomfort, and other neuropathic symptoms. Recent evidence from clinical studies and animal models highlight the significant but often overlooked neural dimension of dry eye pathophysiology. Herein, we review the anatomy and physiology of corneal nerves before exploring their role in the mechanisms of dry eye disease.
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Nakamura S, Nishinaka A, Hidaka Y, Shimazawa M, Thomas L, Bakker RA, Hara H. Efficacy of an Anti-Semaphorin 3A Neutralizing Antibody in a Male Experimental Retinal Vein Occlusion Mouse Model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:14. [PMID: 35822950 PMCID: PMC9288153 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.8.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a promising therapeutic target for macular edema in age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGFs) are the current standard of care for many retinal diseases. This study investigated the Sema3A neutralizing antibody BI-X and/or anti-VEGF therapy (aflibercept) in an RVO mouse model. Treatment efficacy was examined and grouped by timing subsequent to the RVO mouse model induction: efficacy against the onset of intraretinal edema 1 day postinduction and protective effects at 7 days postinduction. Methods We examined the changes in expression of Sema3A in the retina of an RVO mouse model. In addition, changes in expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and semaphorin-related proteins (neuropilin-1 and plexin A1) in the retina upon treatment were analyzed by Western blotting. The effects of BI-X and/or aflibercept were evaluated using measures of retinal edema, blood flow, and thinning of the inner nuclear layer. Results Induction of vein occlusion in the RVO mouse model significantly increased Sema3A expression in the retina, particularly in the inner nuclear layer. BI-X was effective as a monotherapy and in combination with anti-VEGF therapy, demonstrating a beneficial effect on intraretinal edema and retinal blood flow. Moreover, in the RVO mouse model, BI-X monotherapy normalized the changes in expression of TNF-α and semaphorin-related proteins. Conclusions These findings support targeting Sema3A to treat intraretinal edema and retinal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Anri Nishinaka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yae Hidaka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Leo Thomas
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach and der Riß, Germany
| | - Remko A Bakker
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach and der Riß, Germany
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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12
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Sullivan C, Lee J, Bushey W, Demers D, Dinsdale S, Lowe K, Olmeda J, Meng ID. Evidence for a phenotypic switch in corneal afferents after lacrimal gland excision. Exp Eye Res 2022; 218:109005. [PMID: 35240196 PMCID: PMC9993327 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye is a common cause of ocular pain. The aim of this study was to investigate corneal innervation, ongoing pain, and alterations in corneal afferent phenotypes in a mouse model of severe aqueous tear deficiency. Chronic dry eye was produced by ipsilateral excision of the extra- and intraorbital lacrimal glands in male and female mice. Tearing was measured using a phenol thread and corneal epithelial damage assessed using fluorescein. Changes in corneal ongoing ocular pain was evaluated by measuring palpebral opening ratio. Corneal axons were visualized using Nav1.8-Cre;tdTomato reporter mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed to characterize somal expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), the capsaicin sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), and activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3) in tracer labeled corneal neurons following lacrimal gland excision (LGE). LGE decreased tearing, created severe epithelial damage, and decreased palpebral opening, indicative of chronic ocular irritation, over the 28-day observation period. Corneal axon terminals exhibited an acute decrease in density after LGE, followed by a regenerative process over the course of 28 days that was greater in male animals. Corneal neurons expressing CGRP, TRPV1, and ATF3 increased following injury, corresponding to axonal injury and regeneration processes observed during the same period. CGRP and TRPV1 expression was notably increased in IB4-positive cells following LGE. These results indicate that dry eye-induced damage to corneal afferents can result in alterations in IB4-positive neurons that may enhance neuroprotective mechanisms to create resiliency after chronic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Sullivan
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA; Graduate Studies in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Jun Lee
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA; Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - William Bushey
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Danielle Demers
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Samantha Dinsdale
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Katy Lowe
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Jessica Olmeda
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Ian D Meng
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA; Graduate Studies in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA.
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13
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McClellan S, Pitchaikannu A, Wright R, Bessert D, Iulianelli M, Hazlett LD, Xu S. Prophylactic Knockdown of the miR-183/96/182 Cluster Ameliorates Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:14. [PMID: 34919120 PMCID: PMC8684302 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.15.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previously, we demonstrated that miR-183/96/182 cluster (miR-183C) knockout mice exhibit decreased severity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA)-induced keratitis. This study tests the hypothesis that prophylactic knockdown of miR-183C ameliorates PA keratitis indicative of a therapeutic potential. Methods Eight-week-old miR-183C wild-type and C57BL/6J inbred mice were used. Locked nucleic acid-modified anti-miR-183C or negative control oligoribonucleotides with scrambled sequences (NC ORNs) were injected subconjunctivally 1 day before and then topically applied once daily for 5 days post-infection (dpi) (strain 19660). Corneal disease was graded at 1, 3, and 5 dpi. Corneas were harvested for RT-PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence (IF), myeloperoxidase and plate count assays, and flow cytometry. Corneal nerve density was evaluated in flatmounted corneas by IF staining with anti-β-III tubulin antibody. Results Anti-miR-183C downregulated miR-183C in the cornea. It resulted in an increase in IL-1β at 1 dpi, which was decreased at 5 dpi; fewer polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) at 5 dpi; lower viable bacterial plate count at both 1 and 5 dpi; increased percentages of MHCII+ macrophages (Mϕ) and dendritic cells (DCs), consistent with enhanced activation/maturation; and decreased severity of PA keratitis. Anti-miR-183C treatment in the cornea of naïve mice resulted in a transient reduction of corneal nerve density, which was fully recovered one week after the last anti-miR application. miR-183C targets repulsive axon-guidance receptor molecule Neuropilin 1, which may mediate the effect of anti-miR-183C on corneal nerve regression. Conclusions Prophylactic miR-183C knockdown is protective against PA keratitis through its regulation of innate immunity, corneal innervation, and neuroimmune interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon McClellan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Ahalya Pitchaikannu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Robert Wright
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Denise Bessert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Mason Iulianelli
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Public Health, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Linda D Hazlett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Shunbin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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14
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Mecum NE, Russell R, Lee J, Sullivan C, Meng ID. Optogenetic Inhibition of Nav1.8 Expressing Corneal Afferents Reduces Persistent Dry Eye Pain. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:15. [PMID: 34787642 PMCID: PMC8606841 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.14.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the present study was to investigate the contribution of Nav1.8 expressing corneal afferent neurons to the presence of ongoing pain in lacrimal gland excision (LGE)-induced dry eye. Methods The proton pump archaerhodopsin-3/eGFP (ArchT/eGFP) was conditionally expressed in corneal afferents using Nav1.8-cre mice. Dry eye was produced by unilateral LGE. Real time place preference was assessed using a three-chamber apparatus. A neutral, unlit center chamber was flanked by one illuminated with a control light and one illuminated with an ArchT activating light. For real-time preference, animals were placed in the neutral chamber and tracked over five 10-minute sessions, with the lights turned on during the second and fourth sessions. In other studies, movement was tracked over three 10-minute sessions (the lights turned on only during the second session), with animals tested once per day over the course of 4 days. A local anesthetic was used to examine the role of ongoing corneal afferent activity in producing place preference. Results The corneal afferent nerves and trigeminal ganglion cell bodies showed a robust eGFP signal in Nav1.8-cre;ArchT/eGFP mice. After LGE, Nav1.8-cre;ArchT/eGFP mice demonstrated a preference for the ArchT activating light paired chamber. Preference was prevented with pre-application to the cornea of a local anesthetic. Nav1.8-cre;ArchT/eGFP mice with sham surgery and LGE wild-type control mice did not develop preference. Conclusions Results indicate LGE-induced persistent, ongoing pain, driven by Nav1.8 expressing corneal afferents. Inhibition of these neurons represents a potential strategy for treating ongoing dry eye-induced pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal E Mecum
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, United States.,Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States
| | - Rachel Russell
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, United States
| | - Jun Lee
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, United States.,Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cara Sullivan
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, United States.,Graduate Studies in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States
| | - Ian D Meng
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, United States.,Graduate Studies in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, United States
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15
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Ivakhnitskaia E, Chin MR, Siegel D, Guaiquil VH. Vinaxanthone inhibits Semaphorin3A induced axonal growth cone collapse in embryonic neurons but fails to block its growth promoting effects on adult neurons. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13019. [PMID: 34155284 PMCID: PMC8217491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92375-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin3A is considered a classical repellent molecule for developing neurons and a potent inhibitor of regeneration after nervous system trauma. Vinaxanthone and other Sema3A inhibitors are currently being tested as possible therapeutics to promote nervous system regeneration from injury. Our previous study on Sema3A demonstrated a switch in Sema3A's function toward induction of nerve regeneration in adult murine corneas and in culture of adult peripheral neurons. The aim of the current study is to determine the direct effects of Vinaxanthone on the Sema3A induced adult neuronal growth. We first demonstrate that Vinaxanthone maintains its anti-Sema3A activity in embryonic dorsal root ganglia neurons by inhibiting Sema3A-induced growth cone collapse. However, at concentrations approximating its IC50 Vinaxanthone treatment does not significantly inhibit neurite formation of adult peripheral neurons induced by Sema3A treatment. Furthermore, Vinaxanthone has off target effects when used at concentrations above its IC50, and inhibits neurite growth of adult neurons treated with either Sema3A or NGF. Our results suggest that Vinaxanthone's pro-regenerative effects seen in multiple in vivo models of neuronal injury in adult animals need further investigation due to the pleiotropic effect of Sema3A on various non-neuronal cell types and the possible effect of Vinaxanthone on other neuroregenerative signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evguenia Ivakhnitskaia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew R Chin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Victor H Guaiquil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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16
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Capsazepine decreases corneal pain syndrome in severe dry eye disease. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:111. [PMID: 33975636 PMCID: PMC8114509 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface accompanied by neurosensory abnormalities. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) blockade to alleviate ocular pain, neuroinflammation, and anxiety-like behavior associated with severe DED. Methods Chronic DED was induced by unilateral excision of the Harderian and extraorbital lacrimal glands of adult male mice. Investigations were conducted at 21 days after surgery. The mRNA levels of TRPV1, transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1), and acid-sensing ion channels 1 and 3 (ASIC1 and ASIC3) in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) were evaluated by RNAscope in situ hybridization. Multi-unit extracellular recording of ciliary nerve fiber activity was used to monitor spontaneous and stimulated (cold, heat, and acid) corneal nerve responsiveness in ex vivo eye preparations. DED mice received topical instillations of the TRPV1 antagonist (capsazepine) twice a day for 2 weeks from d7 to d21 after surgery. The expression of genes involved in neuropathic and inflammatory pain was evaluated in the TG using a global genomic approach. Chemical and mechanical corneal nociception and spontaneous ocular pain were monitored. Finally, anxiety-like behaviors were assessed by elevated plus maze and black and white box tests. Results First, in situ hybridization showed DED to trigger upregulation of TRPV1, TRPA1, ASIC1, and ASIC3 mRNA in the ophthalmic branch of the TG. DED also induced overexpression of genes involved in neuropathic and inflammatory pain in the TG. Repeated instillations of capsazepine reduced corneal polymodal responsiveness to heat, cold, and acidic stimulation in ex vivo eye preparations. Consistent with these findings, chronic capsazepine instillation inhibited the upregulation of genes involved in neuropathic and inflammatory pain in the TG of DED animals and reduced the sensation of ocular pain, as well as anxiety-like behaviors associated with severe DED. Conclusion These data provide novel insights on the effectiveness of TRPV1 antagonist instillation in alleviating abnormal corneal neurosensory symptoms induced by severe DED, opening an avenue for the repositioning of this molecule as a potential analgesic treatment for patients suffering from chronic DED.
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17
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Guerrero-Moreno A, Baudouin C, Melik Parsadaniantz S, Réaux-Le Goazigo A. Morphological and Functional Changes of Corneal Nerves and Their Contribution to Peripheral and Central Sensory Abnormalities. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:610342. [PMID: 33362474 PMCID: PMC7758484 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.610342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is the most densely innervated and sensitive tissue in the body. The cornea is exclusively innervated by C- and A-delta fibers, including mechano-nociceptors that are triggered by noxious mechanical stimulation, polymodal nociceptors that are excited by mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimuli, and cold thermoreceptors that are activated by cooling. Noxious stimulations activate corneal nociceptors whose cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and project central axons to the trigeminal brainstem sensory complex. Ocular pain, in particular, that driven by corneal nerves, is considered to be a core symptom of inflammatory and traumatic disorders of the ocular surface. Ocular surface injury affecting corneal nerves and leading to inflammatory responses can occur under multiple pathological conditions, such as chemical burn, persistent dry eye, and corneal neuropathic pain as well as after some ophthalmological surgical interventions such as photorefractive surgery. This review depicts the morphological and functional changes of corneal nerve terminals following corneal damage and dry eye disease (DED), both ocular surface conditions leading to sensory abnormalities. In addition, the recent fundamental and clinical findings of the importance of peripheral and central neuroimmune interactions in the development of corneal hypersensitivity are discussed. Next, the cellular and molecular changes of corneal neurons in the TG and central structures that are driven by corneal nerve abnormalities are presented. A better understanding of the corneal nerve abnormalities as well as neuroimmune interactions may contribute to the identification of a novel therapeutic targets for alleviating corneal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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18
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Ortiz G, Chao C, Jamali A, Seyed-Razavi Y, Kenyon B, Harris DL, Zoukhri D, Hamrah P. Effect of Dry Eye Disease on the Kinetics of Lacrimal Gland Dendritic Cells as Visualized by Intravital Multi-Photon Microscopy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1713. [PMID: 32903439 PMCID: PMC7434984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lacrimal gland (LG) is the main source of the tear film aqueous layer and its dysfunction results in dry eye disease (DED), a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the ocular surface. The desiccating stress (DS) murine model that mimics human DED, results in LG dysfunction, immune cell infiltration, and consequently insufficient tear production. To date, the immune cell kinetics in DED are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to develop a murine model of intravital multi-photon microscopy (IV-MPM) for the LG, and to investigate the migratory kinetics and 3D morphological properties of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), the professional antigen presenting cells of the ocular surface, in DED. Mice were placed in a controlled environmental chamber with low humidity and increased airflow rate for 2 and 4 weeks to induce DED, while control naïve transgenic mice were housed under standard conditions. DED mice had significantly decreased tear secretion and increased fluorescein staining (p < 0.01) compared to naïve controls. Histological analysis of the LG exhibited infiltrating mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells (p < 0.05), as well as increased LG swelling (p < 0.001) in DED mice compared to controls. Immunofluorescence staining revealed increased density of cDCs in DED mice (p < 0.001). IV-MPM of the LG demonstrated increased density of cDCs in the LGs of DED mice, compared with controls (p < 0.001). cDCs were more spherical in DED at both time points compared to controls (p < 0.001); however, differences in surface area were found at 2 weeks in DED compared with naïve controls (p < 0.001). Similarly, 3D cell volume was significantly lower at 2 weeks in DED vs. the naïve controls (p < 0.001). 3D instantaneous velocity and mean track speed were significantly higher in DED compared to naïve mice (p < 0.001). Finally, the meandering index, an index for directionality, was significant increased at 4 weeks after DED compared with controls and 2 weeks of DED (p < 0.001). Our IV-MPM study sheds light into the 3D morphological alterations and cDC kinetics in the LG during DED. While in naïve LGs, cDCs exhibit a more dendritic morphology and are less motile, they became more spherical with enhanced motility during DED. This study shows that IV-MPM represents a robust tool to study immune cell trafficking and kinetics in the LG, which might elucidate cellular alterations in immunological diseases, such as DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ortiz
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cecilia Chao
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arsia Jamali
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yashar Seyed-Razavi
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brendan Kenyon
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deshea L Harris
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Comprehensive Care, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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The role of semaphorins in small vessels of the eye and brain. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105044. [PMID: 32590102 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small vessel diseases, such as ischemic retinopathy and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), are increasingly recognized in patients with diabetes, dementia and cerebrovascular disease. The mechanisms of small vessel diseases are poorly understood, but the latest studies suggest a role for semaphorins. Initially identified as axon guidance cues, semaphorins are mainly studied in neuronal morphogenesis, neural circuit assembly, and synapse assembly and refinement. In recent years, semaphorins have been found to play important roles in regulating vascular growth and development and in many pathophysiological processes, including atherosclerosis, angiogenesis after stroke and retinopathy. Growing evidence indicates that semaphorins affect the occurrence, perfusion and regression of both the macrovasculature and microvasculature by regulating the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, barrier function and inflammatory response of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and pericytes. In this review, we concentrate on the regulatory effects of semaphorins on the cell components of the vessel wall and their potential roles in microvascular diseases, especially in the retina and cerebral small vessel. Finally, we discuss potential molecular approaches in targeting semaphorins as therapies for microvascular disorders in the eye and brain.
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20
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The Effects of Rebamipide 2% Ophthalmic Solution Application on Murine Subbasal Corneal Nerves After Environmental Dry Eye Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164031. [PMID: 31426602 PMCID: PMC6719011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rebamipide ophthalmic solution is a mucin secretagogue which is an important therapeutic agent in the treatment of dry eye. It has been noted that dry eye in office workers is associated with a decrease in secretory mucin. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 2% rebamipide ophthalmic solution in mice subjected to environmental dry eye stress (EDES), which mimics the conditions of office workers. Thirty eyes from thirty BALB/c mice (eight-week-old males) were divided into three treatment groups: artificial tear (vehicle), 2% rebamipide ophthalmic solution, and 0.1% hyaluronic acid (HA) ophthalmic solution. After four days of pretreatment, mice were exposed to EDES for three days. The corneal subbasal nerve and inflammatory cells were then examined using in vivo confocal microscopy. Following EDES exposure, the lissamine green staining score was significantly lower and corneal sensitivity was more preserved in the 2% rebamipide group than in the HA group. In addition, the subbasal nerve fiber density was significantly higher and the DC density was significantly lower in the 2% rebamipide group than in the HA group. Overall, the topical rebamipide ophthalmic solution showed more favorable therapeutic effects when compared to the HA ophthalmic solution in a mouse model of EDES, likely owing to its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.
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21
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Simsek C, Kojima T, Nagata T, Dogru M, Tsubota K. Changes in Murine Subbasal Corneal Nerves After Scopolamine-Induced Dry Eye Stress Exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:615-623. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cem Simsek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taeko Nagata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Murat Dogru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Stepp MA, Pal-Ghosh S, Tadvalkar G, Williams A, Pflugfelder SC, de Paiva CS. Reduced intraepithelial corneal nerve density and sensitivity accompany desiccating stress and aging in C57BL/6 mice. Exp Eye Res 2018; 169:91-98. [PMID: 29407221 PMCID: PMC5949876 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dry Eye disease causes discomfort and pain in millions of patients. Using a mouse acute desiccating stress (DS) model we show that DS induces a reduction in intraepithelial corneal nerve (ICN) density, corneal sensitivity, and apical extension of the intraepithelial nerve terminals (INTs) that branch from the subbasal nerves (SBNs). Topical application of 0.02% Mitomycin C (MMC) or vehicle alone has no impact on the overall loss of axon density due to acute DS. Chronic dry eye, which develops progressively as C57BL/6 mice age, is accompanied by significant loss of the ICNs and corneal sensitivity between 2 and 24 months of age. QPCR studies show that mRNAs for several proteins that regulate axon growth and extension are reduced in corneal epithelial cells by 24 months of age but those that regulate phagocytosis and autophagy are not altered. Taken together, these data demonstrate that dry eye disease is accompanied by alterations in intraepithelial sensory nerve morphology and function and by reduced expression in corneal epithelial cells of mRNAs encoding genes mediating axon extension. Précis: Acute and chronic mouse models of dry eye disease are used to evaluate the pathologic effects of dry eye on the intraepithelial corneal nerves (ICNs) and corneal epithelial cells. Data show reduced numbers of sensory nerves and alterations in nerve morphology, sensitivity, corneal epithelial cell proliferation, and expression of mRNAs for proteins mediating axon extension accompany the pathology induced by dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Gauri Tadvalkar
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Alexa Williams
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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