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da-Silva WC, Silva ÉBRD, Silva JARD, Martorano LG, Belo TS, Sousa CEL, Camargo-Júnior RNC, Andrade RL, Santos AGDS, Carvalho KCD, Lobato ADSM, Rodrigues TCGDC, Araújo CVD, Lima JSD, Neves KAL, Silva LKX, Lourenço-Júnior JDB. Nutritional Value of the Larvae of the Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) and the House Fly ( Musca domestica) as a Food Alternative for Farm Animals-A Systematic Review. INSECTS 2024; 15:619. [PMID: 39194823 DOI: 10.3390/insects15080619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Dietary alternatives using insect-based products as an alternative for farm animal nutrition have been the object of study due to the high nutritional value of these feeds and the costs related to both their production and consequently their commercialization. Thus, the use of flies, especially larvae, has a high content of proteins and lipids (fat), as well as minerals and essential nutrients for development and growth, directly impacting the production of these animals, whether meat or milk. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compile data from the literature on the nutritional value of adults and larvae of Black soldier (Hermetia illucens) and housefly (Musca domestica) as a dietary alternative for animal feed. The Prisma checklist was used. After reviewing the data found in the literature, following the systematic review, it was noted that studies emerge that larvae of black soldier flies and domestic flies of the order Diptera obtain essential sources in the nutrition of ruminants, in addition to obtaining rapid digestibility, thus adhering to reproduction with high nutritional content, due to incident levels of protein, lipids, and minerals in M. domestica and Lucilia sericata, making it a target for inclusion in the diet of farm animals. In addition, it is concluded that both species are studied for their sustainable potential as well as for offering greater economic and nutritional viability when compared to ingredients present in production animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welligton Conceição da-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Castanhal 68746-360, PA, Brazil
| | - Éder Bruno Rebelo da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Castanhal 68746-360, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tatiane Silva Belo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA), Santarem 68010-200, PA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Lima Sousa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA), Santarem 68010-200, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Rubens Lima Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA), Santarem 68010-200, PA, Brazil
| | - Ana Gizela de Souza Santos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA), Santarem 68010-200, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Adriny Dos Santos Miranda Lobato
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Castanhal 68746-360, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudio Vieira de Araújo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop 78550-728, MT, Brazil
| | - Jucelane Salvino de Lima
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests-IBEF, Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Santarem 68040-255, PA, Brazil
| | - Kedson Alessandri Lobo Neves
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests-IBEF, Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Santarem 68040-255, PA, Brazil
| | | | - José de Brito Lourenço-Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Castanhal 68746-360, PA, Brazil
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2
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Tepper K, Edwards O, Sunna A, Paulsen IT, Maselko M. Diverting organic waste from landfills via insect biomanufacturing using engineered black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens). Commun Biol 2024; 7:862. [PMID: 39048665 PMCID: PMC11269589 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A major roadblock towards the realisation of a circular economy are the lack of high-value products that can be generated from waste. Black soldier flies (BSF; Hermetia illucens) are gaining traction for their ability to rapidly consume large quantities of organic wastes. However, these are primarily used to produce a small variety of products, such as animal feed ingredients and fertiliser. Using synthetic biology, BSF could be developed into a novel sustainable biomanufacturing platform to valorise a broader variety of organic waste feedstocks into enhanced animal feeds, a large variety of high-value biomolecules including industrial enzymes and lipids, and improved fertiliser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Tepper
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- EntoZyme PTY LTD, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Anwar Sunna
- School of Natural Sciences, Mascquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, Mascquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maciej Maselko
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- EntoZyme PTY LTD, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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3
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Rivera DS, Beltrán V, Gutiérrez-Cortés I, Vargas C, Alfaro FD. Insights into the Gut Microbiome of the South American Leaf-Toed Gecko ( Phylodactylus gerropygus) Inhabiting the Core of the Atacama Desert. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1194. [PMID: 38930576 PMCID: PMC11205927 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Living in arid environments presents unique challenges to organisms, including limited food and water, extreme temperatures, and UV exposure. Reptiles, such as the South American leaf-toed gecko (Phyllodactylus gerrhopygus), have evolved remarkable adaptations to thrive in such harsh conditions. The gut microbiome plays a critical role in host adaptation and health, yet its composition remains poorly characterized in desert reptiles. This study aimed to characterize the composition and abundance of the gut microbiome in P. gerrhopygus inhabiting the hyperarid Atacama Desert, taking into account potential sex differences. Fecal samples from adult female and male geckos were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. No significant differences in bacterial alpha diversity were observed between the sexes. However, the phylum Bacteroidota was more abundant in females, while males had a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio. The core microbiome was dominated by the phyla Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria in both sexes. Analysis of bacterial composition revealed 481 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) shared by female and male geckos. In addition, 108 unique ASVs were exclusive to females, while 244 ASVs were unique to males. Although the overall bacterial composition did not differ significantly between the sexes, certain taxa exhibited higher relative abundances in each sex group. This study provides insight into the taxonomic structure of the gut microbiome in a desert-adapted reptile and highlights potential sex-specific differences. Understanding these microbial communities is critical for elucidating the mechanisms underlying host resilience in Earth's most arid environments, and for informing conservation efforts in the face of ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S. Rivera
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide, 5750, Santiago 8580745, Chile;
| | - Valentina Beltrán
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide, 5750, Santiago 8580745, Chile;
| | - Ignacio Gutiérrez-Cortés
- Extreme Ecosystem Microbiomics & Ecogenomics Lab., Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320165, Chile;
| | - Constanza Vargas
- Centro UC Desierto de Atacama, Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Fernando D. Alfaro
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide, 5750, Santiago 8580745, Chile;
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Segú H, Jalševac F, Lores M, Beltrán-Debón R, Terra X, Pinent M, Ardévol A, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Blay MT. Intestinal Taste Receptor Expression and Its Implications for Health: An Integrative Analysis in Female Rats after Chronic Insect Supplementation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13929-13942. [PMID: 38857423 PMCID: PMC11191688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Taste receptors are found in the gastrointestinal tract, where they are susceptible to dietary modulation, a key point that is crucial for diet-related responses. Insects are sustainable and good-quality protein sources. This study analyzed the impact of insect consumption on the modulation of taste receptor expression across various segments of the rat intestine under healthy or inflammatory conditions. Female Wistar rats were supplemented with Tenebrio molitor (T) or Alphitobius diaperinus (B), alongside a control group (C), over 21 days under healthy or LPS-induced inflammation. The present study reveals, for the first time, that insect consumption modulates taste receptor gene expression, mainly in the ascending colon. This modulation was not found under inflammation. Integrative analysis revealed colonic Tas1r1 as a key discriminator for insect consumption (C = 1.04 ± 0.32, T = 1.78 ± 0.72, B = 1.99 ± 0.82, p-value <0.05 and 0.01, respectively). Additionally, correlation analysis showed the interplay between intestinal taste receptors and metabolic and inflammatory responses. These findings underscore how insect consumption modulates taste receptors, influencing intestinal function and broader physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Segú
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Florijan Jalševac
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mònica Lores
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Raúl Beltrán-Debón
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ximena Terra
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pinent
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Ardévol
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Gallego
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Blay
- MoBioFood Research Group,
Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n°1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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5
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Colombino E, Gariglio M, Biasato I, Ferrocino I, Pozzo S, Fragola E, Battisti E, Zanet S, Ferroglio E, Capucchio MT, Schiavone A. Insect live larvae as a new nutritional model in duck: effects on gut health. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:31. [PMID: 38812012 PMCID: PMC11137933 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Hermetia illucens (Black soldier fly-BSF) and Tenebrio molitor (Yellow mealworm-YMW) live larvae as a new nutritional model on duck's gut health, considering gut histomorphometry, mucin composition, cytokines transcription levels, and microbiota. A total of 126, 3-days-old, females Muscovy ducks were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments (6 replicates/treatment, 7 birds/pen): (i) C: basal diet; (ii) BSF: C + BSF live larvae; (iii) YMW: C + YMW live larvae. BSF and YMW live larvae were administered on top of the basal diet, based on the 5% of the expected daily feed intake. The live weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were evaluated for the whole experimental period. On day 52, 12 ducks/treatment (2 birds/replicate) were slaughtered and samples of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, spleen, liver, thymus and bursa of Fabricius were collected for histomorphometry. Mucin composition was evaluated in the small intestine through histochemical staining while jejunal MUC-2 and cytokines transcription levels were evaluated by rt-qPCR. Cecal microbiota was also analyzed by means of 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Birds' growth performance and histomorphometry were not influenced by diet, with a proximo-distal decreasing gradient from duodenum to ileum (p < 0.001), respecting the physiological gut development. Mucin staining intensity and MUC-2 gene expression did not vary among dietary treatments, even though mucin intensity increased from duodenum to ileum, according to normal gut mucus physiology (p < 0.001). Regarding local immune response, IL-6 was higher in YMW group when compared to the other groups (p = 0.009). Insect live larvae did not affect cecal microbiota diversity, but BSF and YMW groups showed a higher presence of Helicobacter, Elusimicrobium, and Succinatimonas and a lower abundance of Coriobacteriaceae and Phascolarctobacterium compared to C birds (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The use of BSF and YMW live larvae as new nutritional model did not impair gut development and mucin composition of Muscovy ducks, but slightly improved the intestinal immune status and the microbiota composition by enhancing regulatory cytokine IL-6 and by increasing minor Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) involved in short-chain fatty acids production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, TO, Italy
| | - Marta Gariglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, TO, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, TO, Italy
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, TO, Italy
| | - Sara Pozzo
- National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (CNR-IBBA), Milano, 20133, MI, Italy
| | - Emma Fragola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, TO, Italy
| | - Elena Battisti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, TO, Italy
| | - Stefania Zanet
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, TO, Italy
| | - Ezio Ferroglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, TO, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, TO, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute of Science of Food Production, Grugliasco, 10095, TO, Italy
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, TO, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute of Science of Food Production, Grugliasco, 10095, TO, Italy
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6
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Beller S, Grundmann SM, Pies K, Most E, Schuchardt S, Seel W, Simon MC, Eder K, Ringseis R. Effect of replacing soybean meal with Hermetia illucens meal on cecal microbiota, liver transcriptome, and plasma metabolome of broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103635. [PMID: 38520936 PMCID: PMC10973670 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of a number of studies investigating the effect of insect meal on the growth performance of broilers, knowledge about the metabolic effects of insect meal in broilers is still scarce. Thus, the present study investigated the effect of partial replacement of soybean meal with Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae meal on the liver transcriptome, the plasma metabolome, and the cecal microbiota in broilers. For the study, 72 male one-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were divided into three groups and fed 3 different diets with either 0% (HI0), 7.5% (HI7.5), or 15% (HI15) defatted HI meal for 35 d. Each group consisted of 6 cages (replicates) with 4 broilers/cage. While body weight (BW) gain, feed intake, and feed:gain ratio did not differ between groups, breast muscle weight, carcass yield, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of 5 amino acids were higher in group HI15 than in group HI0 (P < 0.05). Indicators of α-diversity (Chao1 and Observed) in the cecal digesta were higher in groups HI15 and HI7.5 than in group HI0 (P < 0.05). The abundance of 5 families and 18 genera, all of which belonged to the Firmicutes phylum, in the cecal digesta differed among groups (P < 0.05). Concentrations of butyric acid, valeric acid, and isobutyric acid in the cecal digesta were lower in group HI15 than in the other 2 groups (P < 0.05), whereas those of total and other short-chain fatty acids were not different between groups. Liver transcriptomics revealed a total of 70 and 61 differentially expressed transcripts between groups HI15 vs. HI0 and between groups HI7.5 vs. HI0, respectively, (P < 0.05). Targeted metabolomics identified 138 metabolites, most of which were triglyceride species, being different between the 3 groups (FDR < 0.05). According to this study, dietary inclusion of HI larvae meal has no detrimental impact but increases breast muscle weight and carcass weight in broilers suggesting that HI larvae meal can be recommended as a sustainable alternative protein source for broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Beller
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah M Grundmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Klara Pies
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Erika Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven Schuchardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, 30625 Germany
| | - Waldemar Seel
- Nutrition and Microbiota, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Nutrition and Microbiota, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, 35390 Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, 35390 Germany.
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7
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Agbohessou PS, Mandiki R, Mes W, Blanquer A, Gérardy M, Garigliany MM, Lambert J, Cambier P, Tokpon N, Lalèyè PA, Kestemont P. Effect of fatty acid-enriched black soldier fly larvae meal combined with chitinase on the metabolic processes of Nile tilapia. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1326-1341. [PMID: 38163983 PMCID: PMC10950454 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523003008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine to what extent the addition of chitinase to black soldier fly (BSF) larval meal enriched or not with long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) could improve growth, protein digestion processes and gut microbial composition in Nile tilapia. Two different types of BSF meal were produced, in which larvae were reared on substrates formulated with vegetable culture substrate (VGS) or marine fish offal substrate (FOS). The BSF raised on VGS was enriched in α-linolenic acid (ALA), while that raised on FOS was enriched in ALA + EPA + DHA. Six BSF-based diets, enriched or not with chitinase, were formulated and compared with a control diet based on fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO). Two doses (D) of chitinase from Aspergillus niger (2 g and 5 g/kg feed) were added to the BSF larval diets (VGD0 and FOD0) to obtain four additional diets: VGD2, VGD5, FOD2 and FOD5. After 53 d of feeding, results showed that the BSF/FOS-based diets induced feed utilisation, protein efficiency and digestibility, as well as growth comparable to the FMFO control diet, but better than the BSF/VGS-based diets. The supplementation of chitinase to BSF/FOS increased in fish intestine the relative abundance of beneficial microbiota such as those of the Bacillaceae family. The results showed that LC-PUFA-enriched BSF meal associated with chitinase could be used as an effective alternative to fishmeal in order to improve protein digestion processes, beneficial microbiota and ultimately fish growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamphile S. Agbohessou
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Aquaculture (LHA), Faculty of Agronomics Sciences (FSA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Robert Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Wouter Mes
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Ecological Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Aude Blanquer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mazarine Gérardy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mutien-Marie Garigliany
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Lambert
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Pierre Cambier
- Unit of Research in Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Nicole Tokpon
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Aquaculture (LHA), Faculty of Agronomics Sciences (FSA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Philippe A. Lalèyè
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Aquaculture (LHA), Faculty of Agronomics Sciences (FSA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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8
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Vasilopoulos S, Giannenas I, Mellidou I, Stylianaki I, Antonopoulou E, Tzora A, Skoufos I, Athanassiou CG, Papadopoulos E, Fortomaris P. Diet replacement with whole insect larvae affects intestinal morphology and microbiota of broiler chickens. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6836. [PMID: 38514719 PMCID: PMC10957974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Insect-based diets are gaining interest as potential ingredients in improving poultry gut health. This study assessed the dietary treatment with whole dried Tenebrio molitor larvae (TM) on broiler chickens' gut microbiota and morphology. 120 Ross-308 broilers received treated diets with 5% (TM5) and 10% (TM10) replacement ratio in a 35-day trial. Intestinal histomorphometry was assessed, as well as claudin-3 expression pattern and ileal and caecal digesta for microbial community diversity. Null hypothesis was tested with two-way ANOVA considering the intestinal segment and diet as main factors. The TM5 group presented higher villi in the duodenum and ileum compared to the other two (P < 0.001), while treated groups showed shallower crypts in the duodenum (P < 0.001) and deeper in the jejunum and ileum than the control (P < 0.001). Treatments increased the caecal Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and led to significant changes at the genus level. While Lactobacilli survived in the caecum, a significant reduction was evident in the ileum of both groups, mainly owed to L. aviarius. Staphylococci and Methanobrevibacter significantly increased in the ileum of the TM5 group. Results suggest that dietary supplementation with whole dried TM larvae has no adverse effect on the intestinal epithelium formation and positively affects bacterial population richness and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Vasilopoulos
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloníki, Greece.
| | - Ilias Giannenas
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Ifigeneia Mellidou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, 57001, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Stylianaki
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Efthimia Antonopoulou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Athina Tzora
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100, Arta, Greece
| | - Ioannis Skoufos
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Nutrition and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100, Arta, Greece
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446, N. Ionia, Volos, Greece
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Fortomaris
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloníki, Greece
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9
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Huang C, Hernandez CE, Wall H, Tahamtani FM, Ivarsson E, Sun L. Live black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae in feed for laying hens: effects on hen gut microbiota and behavior. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103429. [PMID: 38244264 PMCID: PMC10831256 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of including live black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae in the diet of laying hens on gut microbiota, and the association between microbiota and fearfulness. A total of 40 Bovans White laying hens were individually housed and fed 1 of 4 dietary treatments that provided 0, 10, 20%, or ad libitum daily dietary portions of live BSF larvae for 12 wk. Cecum microbiota was collected at the end of the experiment and sequenced. Behavioral fear responses to novel objects and open field tests on the same hens were compared against results from gut microbiota analyses. The results showed that the bacteria genera Enterococcus, Parabacteroides, and Ruminococcus torques group were positively associated with increased dietary portion of live larvae, while Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Subdoligranulum, and Butyricicoccus were negatively associated with larvae in the diet. Inclusion of larvae did not affect fear behavior, but the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae CHKCI001 and Erysipelatoclostridium was associated with fear-related behaviors. Further studies are needed to determine whether the change in gut microbiota affects fearfulness in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxuan Huang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala 75007, Sweden; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Carlos E Hernandez
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Helena Wall
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | | | - Emma Ivarsson
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala 75007, Sweden.
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10
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Lau CHF, Capitani S, Tien YC, Verellen LA, Kithama M, Kang H, Kiarie EG, Topp E, Diarra MS, Fruci M. Dynamic effects of black soldier fly larvae meal on the cecal bacterial microbiota and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistant determinants in broiler chickens. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:6. [PMID: 38360706 PMCID: PMC10868003 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We had earlier described the growth-promoting and -depressive effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with low (12.5% and 25%) and high (50% and 100%) inclusion levels of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM), respectively, in Ross x Ross 708 broiler chicken diets. Herein, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we investigated the effects of replacing SBM with increasing inclusion levels (0-100%) of BSFLM in broiler diets on the cecal bacterial community composition at each growth phase compared to broilers fed a basal corn-SBM diet with or without the in-feed antibiotic, bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD). We also evaluated the impact of low (12.5% and 25%) inclusion levels of BSFLM (LIL-BSFLM) on the prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in litter and cecal samples from 35-day-old birds. RESULTS Compared to a conventional SBM-based broiler chicken diet, high (50 to100%) inclusion levels of BSFLM (HIL-BSFLM) significantly altered the cecal bacterial composition and structure, whereas LIL-BSFLM had a minimal effect. Differential abundance analysis further revealed that the ceca of birds fed 100% BSFLM consistently harbored a ~ 3 log-fold higher abundance of Romboutsia and a ~ 2 log-fold lower abundance of Shuttleworthia relative to those fed a BMD-supplemented control diet at all growth phases. Transient changes in the abundance of several potentially significant bacterial genera, primarily belonging to the class Clostridia, were also observed for birds fed HIL-BSFLM. At the finisher phase, Enterococci bacteria were enriched in the ceca of chickens raised without antibiotic, regardless of the level of dietary BSFLM. Additionally, bacitracin (bcrR) and macrolide (ermB) resistance genes were found to be less abundant in the ceca of chickens fed antibiotic-free diets, including either a corn-SBM or LIL-BSFLM diet. CONCLUSIONS Chickens fed a HIL-BSFLM presented with an imbalanced gut bacterial microbiota profile, which may be linked to the previously reported growth-depressing effects of a BSFLM diet. In contrast, LIL-BSFLM had a minimal effect on the composition of the cecal bacterial microbiota and did not enrich for selected ARGs. Thus, substitution of SBM with low levels of BSFLM in broiler diets could be a promising alternative to the antibiotic growth promoter, BMD, with the added-value of not enriching for bacitracin- and macrolide-associated ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Ho-Fung Lau
- Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Sabrina Capitani
- Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yuan-Ching Tien
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lou Ann Verellen
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Munene Kithama
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Hellen Kang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Edward Topp
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Agroécologie research unit, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Fruci
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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11
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Lestingi A. Alternative and Sustainable Protein Sources in Pig Diet: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:310. [PMID: 38275770 PMCID: PMC10812645 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for alternative protein sources to soybean meal (SBM) in animal feeding is a strategic objective to reduce production costs and contribute to sustainable animal production. Spirulina, due to the high protein content, has emerged as a potential cost-effective, sustainable, viable, and high-nutritional-value food resource for many animal species. Insect larvae (Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens) are also considered potential alternatives to SBM, given their high edible percentage of almost 100%, as well as a protein value higher than that of vegetable proteins. Rapeseed meal and grain legumes, such as fava beans, peas, lupins, and chickpea, can also be used as locally producible protein ingredients. This study reviews the nutritional value of these potential alternatives to SBM in pig diets, and their effects on animal performance, digestion, immune system, and the physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of meat, including processed pork products. The limits on their use in pig feeding are also reviewed to indicate gaps to be filled in future research on the supplementation level of these potential alternative protein sources in pig diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Lestingi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
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12
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Dalmoro YK, Franceschi CH, Stefanello C. A Systematic Review and Metanalysis on the Use of Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor in Diets for Poultry. Vet Sci 2023; 10:702. [PMID: 38133252 PMCID: PMC10747995 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect meal as a protein source has been considered a sustainable way to feed animals. H. illucens and T. molitor larvae meal are considered high-protein sources for poultry, also presenting considerable amounts of fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. However, other potential components in insect meal and insect oil have been more extensively studied in recent years. Chitin, lauric acid, and antimicrobial peptides can present antimicrobial and prebiotic functions, indicating that low levels of their inclusion in insect meal can beneficially affect broilers' health and immune responses. This systematic review was developed to study the impact of insect products on the health parameters of broilers, and a metanalysis was conducted to evaluate the effects on performance. A database was obtained based on a selection of manuscripts from January 2016 to January 2023, following the mentioned parameters. Both H. illucens and T. molitor meal or oil products had positive effects on poultry health status, especially on the ileal and cecal microbiota population, immune responses, and antimicrobial properties. The average daily gain was greater in broilers fed T. molitor meal compared to H. illucens meal (p = 0.002). The results suggest that low levels of insect meal are suitable for broilers, without resulting in negative effects on body weight gain and the feed conversion ratio, while the insect oil can totally replace soybean oil without negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Katagiri Dalmoro
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Carolina H. Franceschi
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil;
| | - Catarina Stefanello
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil;
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13
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Buthgamuwa I, Fenelon JC, Roser A, Meer H, Johnston SD, Dungan AM. Gut microbiota in the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus Aculeatus) shows stability across gestation. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1392. [PMID: 38129978 PMCID: PMC10721944 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Indigenous gut microbial communities (microbiota) play critical roles in health and may be especially important for the mother and fetus during pregnancy. Monotremes, such as the short-beaked echidna, have evolved to lay and incubate an egg, which hatches in their pouch where the young feeds. Since both feces and eggs pass through the cloaca, the fecal microbiota of female echidnas provides an opportunity for vertical transmission of microbes to their offspring. Here, we characterize the gut/fecal microbiome of female short-beaked echidnas and gain a better understanding of the changes that may occur in their microbiome as they go through pregnancy. Fecal samples from four female and five male echidnas were obtained from the Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary in Queensland and sequenced to evaluate bacterial community structure. We identified 25 core bacteria, most of which were present in male and female samples. Genera such as Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Escherichia-Shigella, and Lactobacillus were consistently abundant, regardless of sex or gestation stage, accounting for 58.00% and 56.14% of reads in male and female samples, respectively. The echidna microbiome remained stable across the different gestation stages, though there was a significant difference in microbiota composition between male and female echidnas. This study is the first to describe the microbiome composition of short-beaked echidnas across reproductive phases and allows the opportunity for this novel information to be used as a metric of health to aid in the detection of diseases triggered by microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isini Buthgamuwa
- School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jane C. Fenelon
- School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Colossal Laboratories and BiosciencesDallasTexasUSA
| | - Alice Roser
- Currumbin Wildlife SanctuaryCurrumbinQueenslandAustralia
| | - Haley Meer
- Currumbin Wildlife SanctuaryCurrumbinQueenslandAustralia
| | - Stephen D. Johnston
- School of EnvironmentThe University of QueenslandGattonQueenslandAustralia
- School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of QueenslandGattonQueenslandAustralia
| | - Ashley M. Dungan
- School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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14
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Stefanetti V, Mancinelli AC, Pascucci L, Menchetti L, Castellini C, Mugnai C, Fiorilla E, Miniscalco B, Chiattelli D, Franciosini MP, Proietti PC. Effect of rearing systems on immune status, stress parameters, intestinal morphology, and mortality in conventional and local chicken breeds. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103110. [PMID: 37852051 PMCID: PMC10591014 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of poultry meat used to be sourced from intensively housed birds. However, consumer preference has since demanded poultry producers develop more sustainable farming systems. Although free-range farming is considered beneficial for animal welfare, it is not as easy to standardize as an intensive system, which makes the choice of bird genotype appear crucial for alternative systems. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of conventional and free-range rearing systems on the immune status, stress parameters, intestinal morphology and mortality in commercial hybrids (Ross 308) and local poultry strains, Bionda Piemontese (BP), Robusta Maculata (RM), BP x Sasso (BPxS), and RM x Sasso (RMxS). RNA was extracted from the jejunum and spleen to assess the mRNA expression of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). The heterophil:lymphocyte (H/L) ratio and intestinal histomorphometric evaluation were also calculated. We found that compared to the conventional system, the rearing system significantly affected the jejunum expression of IL-10, iNOS, IL-2, and IL-6, where these genes were upregulated in free-range system. A significant interaction between the rearing system and the genotype was also shown. More specifically, local breeds showed a significantly higher expression (P < 0.001) of IL-6 in the free-range system compared to the same genotypes in the conventional system. Moreover, IL-6 is constantly upregulated in local breeds within the free-range system compared to Ross hybrids. We also found significantly increased H/L and mortality rates in the latter, compared to the local breeds in the free-range reared system. The jejunum morphology also demonstrated a significantly higher villus height in BP and BPxS compared to the Ross hybrids. Overall, the results of our study confirm that the intense selection for growth in broiler chickens may have reduced their ability to react to the environmental stimuli related to free-range systems, resulting in a lower adaptability to a free-range environment, thus making them inappropriate for any farming system other than the conventional one. On the contrary, local chicken breeds are able to adapt and survive in the free-range system of rearing, and represent a genetic resource especially when adaptability to free-range conditions is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Cartoni Mancinelli
- Department of Agricultural, Environment and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Pascucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Menchetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Environment and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mugnai
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Fiorilla
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Miniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Diletta Chiattelli
- Department of Agricultural, Environment and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy
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15
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Kawasaki K, Zhao J, Takao N, Sato M, Ban T, Tamamaki K, Kagami M, Yano K. Sustenance Trial to Analyze the Effects of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal on the Reproductive Efficiency of Sows and the Hematological Properties of Suckling and Weaning Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3410. [PMID: 37958165 PMCID: PMC10647472 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The escalating demand for meat, driven by global population growth, necessitates sustainable solutions for animal feed production. This study investigated the effects of substituting conventional protein resources in sow and piglet dietary regimens with black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) meal on reproductive efficiency, blood profile, piglet growth, and intestinal tissue morphology. The results indicate that substituting animal-derived and soy proteins with BSF meal does not compromise sow reproductive performance. Although no notable disparities were observed in piglet growth, the feed conversion ratio from the 28- to 35-day age marks were lower in the BSF-fed groups. This suggests that the animal protein-BSF substitution rate may require optimization, potentially involving chitin removal from BSF meal to enhance digestibility. Minor variations in the hematological composition and properties in piglets, with elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the high BSF group at the 28-day mark, were potentially attributable to the unique fatty acid composition of BSF meal. Moreover, this study potentiates future exploration into the efficacy of complete animal protein substitution with BSF meals on piglet nutrition and physiology, particularly in fattening pigs. The practical implementation of BSF meals in animal feed production holds promise for enhancing the sustainability of the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyonori Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (J.Z.)
| | - Junliang Zhao
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (J.Z.)
| | - Natsu Takao
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (J.Z.)
| | - Masaki Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (J.Z.)
| | - Takuma Ban
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (J.Z.)
| | - Kaoru Tamamaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (J.Z.)
| | - Masanori Kagami
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe 2393, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; (J.Z.)
| | - Kiminobu Yano
- University Farm, Kagawa University, Showa 300-2, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2304, Japan
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16
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Uehara A, Maekawa M, Nakagawa K. Enhanced intestinal barrier function as the mechanism of antibiotic growth promoters in feed additives. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1381-1392. [PMID: 37704399 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) are a cost-effective tool for improving livestock productivity. However, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria have emerged, and the search for alternatives to AGPs has consequently intensified. To identify these alternatives without the risk of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, it is important to determine the mechanism of action of AGPs and, subsequently, search for compounds with similar properties. We investigated the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities and intestinal barrier function of several AGPs using epithelial and immune cells. At the minimum administered dose of antibiotics, which effectively function as a growth promoter, the mechanism of action is to enhance the intestinal barrier function, but not the antimicrobial activity as determined using Dunnett's test (n = 3, P < .05). Inflammatory response was dependent on the combination of antibiotics (100 µmol/L) and immune cells. The results suggest that future studies should screen for nonantibiotic compounds that ameliorate intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Uehara
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Mayumi Maekawa
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakagawa
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
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17
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Marcolla CS, Ju T, Lantz HL, Willing BP. Investigating the cecal microbiota of broilers raised in extensive and intensive production systems. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0235223. [PMID: 37754552 PMCID: PMC10581045 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02352-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensive broiler production practices are structured to prevent the introduction and spread of pathogens; however, they can potentially minimize the exposure of broilers to beneficial commensal bacteria. In this study, we used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to characterize the cecal microbiota of 35-day-old broilers from 22 independent commercial farms rearing broilers under intensive (IPS) or extensive production systems (EPS). We aimed to determine which bacteria are normal inhabitants of the broiler ceca and which bacteria might be missing from broilers in IPS. In addition, we generated a collection of 410 bacterial isolates, including 87 different species, to be used as a resource to further explore the effects of selected isolates on bird physiology and to elucidate the role of individual species within the cecal microbial community. Our results indicated significant differences in the microbiota of broilers between systems: the microbiota of broilers from EPS was dominated by Bacteroidetes {55.2% ± 8.9 [mean ± standard deviation (SD)]}, whereas Firmicutes dominated the microbiota of broilers from IPS (61.7% ± 14.4, mean ± SD). Bacterial taxa found to be core in the EPS microbiota, including Olsenella, Alistipes, Bacteroides, Barnesiella, Parabacteroides, Megamonas, and Parasutterella, were shown to be infrequent or absent from the IPS microbiota, and the EPS microbiota presented higher phylogenetic diversity and greater predicted functional potential than that of broilers in IPS. The bacteria shown to be depleted in broilers from IPS should be further investigated for their effects on bird physiology and potential application as next-generation probiotics. IMPORTANCE Production practices in intensive farming systems significantly reduce the introduction and spread of pathogens; however, they may potentially minimize the exposure of animals to beneficial commensal microorganisms. In this study, we identified core bacteria from the cecal microbiota of broilers raised in extensive production systems that are missing or reduced in birds from intensive systems, including Olsenella, Alistipes, Bacteroides, Barnesiella, Parabacteroides, Megamonas, and Parasutterella. Furthermore, the cecal microbiota of broilers from extensive systems showed higher diversity and greater functional potential than that of broilers from intensive systems. In addition, a collection of bacterial isolates containing 87 different species was generated from the current study, and this important resource can be used to further explore the role of selected commensal bacteria on the microbial community and bird physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S. Marcolla
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Tingting Ju
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Hannah L. Lantz
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Benjamin P. Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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18
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de Souza Vilela J, Kheravii SK, Sharma Bajagai Y, Kolakshyapati M, Zimazile Sibanda T, Wu SB, Andrew NR, Ruhnke I. Inclusion of up to 20% Black Soldier Fly larvae meal in broiler chicken diet has a minor effect on caecal microbiota. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15857. [PMID: 37744229 PMCID: PMC10516104 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Black Soldier Fly larvae (BSFL) are a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds in broiler diets. Some components of the BSFL may serve as a prebiotic or may impact the intestinal microbiota of the broilers by other modes of action, which in turn can affect the health and performance of broilers. Here, we investigate the impact of up to 20% BSFL in broiler diets on the diversity and composition of the broiler's microbiota. Methods Four hundred broilers were fed five iso-nutritious experimental diets with increasing levels of BSFL meal reaching 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% in the finisher diets. Eight caecal content samples coming from each of the eight replicates per treatment were collected at two time points (day 21 and day 42) for DNA extraction and sequencing of the V3-V4 regions using Illumina MiSeq 2 × 300 bp pair-end sequencing with 341f and 805r primers. Analysis of variance and Spearman's correlation were performed, while QIIME2, DADA2, and Calypso were used for data analysis. Results When broilers were 21 days of age, the abundance of two groups of sequence variants representing Enterococcus and unclassified Christensenellaceae was significantly lower (p-value = 0.048 and p-value = 0.025, respectively) in the 20% BSFL group compared to the 0% BSFL group. There was no relevant alteration in the microbiota diversity at that stage. On day 42, the Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated that the sequence variants representing the genus Coprococcus showed a negative relationship with the BSFL inclusion levels (p-value = 0.043). The sequence variants representing the genus Roseburia and Dehalobacterium demonstrated a positive relationship with the BSFL dietary inclusion (p-value = 0.0069 and p-value = 0.0034, respectively). There was a reduction in the dissimilarity index (ANOSIM) caused by the 20% BSFL dietary inclusion. Conclusion The addition of up to 20% BSFL in broiler diets did not affect the overall caeca microbiota diversity or composition at day 21. On day 42, there was a reduction in the beta diversity caused by the 20% BSFL dietary inclusion. The abundance of the bacterial group Roseburia was increased by the BSFL dietary inclusion, and it may be beneficial to broiler immunity and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica de Souza Vilela
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarbast K. Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Yadav Sharma Bajagai
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Manisha Kolakshyapati
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Nigel R. Andrew
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Isabelle Ruhnke
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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19
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Liu S, Wang J, Li L, Duan Y, Zhang X, Wang T, Zang J, Piao X, Ma Y, Li D. Endogenous chitinase might lead to differences in growth performance and intestinal health of piglets fed different levels of black soldier fly larva meal. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 14:411-424. [PMID: 37649680 PMCID: PMC10462805 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of black soldier fly (BSF) replacing soybean meal (SBM) in diets on the performance and health condition of piglets. A total of 180 weaned piglets were allocated into 5 treatments: BSF0 (corn-soybean meal basal diet), BSF25 (BSF replacing 25% SBM), BSF50 (BSF replacing 50% SBM), BSF75 (BSF replacing 75% SBM) and BSF100 (BSF replacing 100% SBM). During the whole period, in comparison with BSF0, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake increased in the BSF25 and BSF50 groups, whereas ADG decreased in the BSF75 and BSF100 groups (P < 0.05). The result of quadratic fitting curve showed that piglets exhibited the highest ADG when BSF replaced around 20% SBM. Compared with BSF0, organic matter and dry matter digestibility improved in the BSF25 group, whereas ether extract digestibility decreased in the BSF100 group (P < 0.05). In comparison with BSF0, piglets from the BSF25 group showed a higher duodenal ratio of villus height to crypt depth, increased jejunal sucrase activity, serum neuropeptide Y and ghrelin levels, elevated ileal immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG and IgM contents and a lower leptin level, and piglets from the BSF100 group exhibited an increased relative weight of kidney (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the expression level of tight junction proteins and chitin-degrading enzyme. Additionally, compared with BSF0, the abundance of short chain fatty acid producing bacteria such as Ruminococcaceae, Faecalibacterium and Butyricicoccus increased, and potential pathogenic bacteria decreased in piglets from the BSF25 group, whereas piglets from the BSF100 group had a greater abundance of harmful bacteria. In conclusion, BSF replacing 25% SBM in diets could improve digestive parameters, immune function and intestinal microbiota, and thus improved growth performance of piglets. However, BSF replacing 100% SBM showed an adverse effect on piglet performance, and the reason might be related to the limited amount of chitin-degrading enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Longxian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yonggai Duan
- Bennong Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450045, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Bennong Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450045, China
| | - Tenghao Wang
- Zhejiang Qinglian Food Co., Ltd, Jiaxing, 314399, China
| | - Jianjun Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongxi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
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20
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Attia YA, Bovera F, Asiry KA, Alqurashi S, Alrefaei MS. Fish and Black Soldier Fly Meals as Partial Replacements for Soybean Meal Can Affect Sustainability of Productive Performance, Blood Constituents, Gut Microbiota, and Nutrient Excretion of Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2759. [PMID: 37685023 PMCID: PMC10486501 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One hundred and twenty, one-day-old male broiler chicks were used to investigate the effects of supplementation with different dietary protein sources on their performance and immune systems. Chicks were randomly divided into four equal experimental groups (six replicates, each of five chicks). The first group served as a control and was fed a standard corn-soybean meal diet. The second, third, and fourth groups were fed diets in which the soybean meal (SBM) was partly replaced by fish meal (FM), black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), and black soldier fly prepupae (BSFP), respectively. Throughout 1-14 and 15-42 days of age, FM, BSFL, and BSFP were added at 3 and 5%, respectively. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the FM group was the best among the tested groups. Feeding BSFP decreased final body weight (BW), BW gain, feed intake, and impaired the FCR compared to the other treatments for the entire experimental period. The BSFP group had significantly lower cecal Salmonella counts compared to the control group and lower total bacterial counts compared to the other groups except for BSFL. BSFL can be fed to broiler chickens at 3% during the starter period and 5% during the grower-finisher periods without negative influences on growth performance, red blood cell characteristics, blood lipid profiles, and nutrient excretion, while BSFP can improve the chickens' gut ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A. Attia
- Sustainable Agriculture Production Research Group, Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.A.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Sustainable Agriculture Production Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Khalid A. Asiry
- Sustainable Agriculture Production Research Group, Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.A.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Shatha Alqurashi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Majed S. Alrefaei
- Sustainable Agriculture Production Research Group, Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.A.); (M.S.A.)
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21
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Nawab S, Bao Q, Ji LH, Luo Q, Fu X, Fan S, Deng Z, Ma W. The Pathogenicity of Fusobacterium nucleatum Modulated by Dietary Fibers-A Possible Missing Link between the Dietary Composition and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2004. [PMID: 37630564 PMCID: PMC10458976 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary composition has been approved to be strongly associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the most serious malignancies worldwide, through regulating the gut microbiota structure, thereby influencing the homeostasis of colonic epithelial cells by producing carcinogens, i.e., ammonia or antitumor metabolites, like butyrate. Though butyrate-producing Fusobacterium nucleatum has been considered a potential tumor driver associated with chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis in CRC, it was more frequently identified in the gut microbiota of healthy individuals rather than CRC tumor tissues. First, within the concentration range tested, the fermentation broth of F. nucleatum exhibited no significant effects on Caco-2 and NCM460 cells viability except for a notable up-regulation of the expression of TLR4 (30.70%, p < 0.0001) and Myc (47.67%, p = 0.021) and genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines including IL1B (197.57%, p < 0.0001), IL6 (1704.51%, p < 0.0001), and IL8 (897.05%, p < 0.0001) in Caco-2 cells exclusively. Although no marked effects of polydextrose or fibersol-2 on the growth of F. nucleatum, Caco-2 and NCM460 cells were observed, once culture media supplemented with polydextrose or fibersol-2, the corresponding fermentation broths of F. nucleatum significantly inhibited the growth of Caco-2 cells up to 48.90% (p = 0.0003, 72 h, 10%) and 52.96% (p = 0.0002, 72 h, 10%), respectively in a dose-dependent manner. These two kinds of fibers considerably promoted butyrate production of F. nucleatum up to 205.67% (p < 0.0001, 6% polydextrose at 24 h) and 153.46% (p = 0.0002, 6% fibersol-2 at 12 h), which explained why and how the fermentation broths of F. nucleatum cultured with fibers suppressing the growth of Caco-2 cells. Above findings indicated that dietary fiber determined F. nucleatum to be a carcinogenic or antitumor bacterium, and F. nucleatum played an important role in the association between the dietary composition, primarily the content of dietary fibers, and the risk of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Nawab
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qelger Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lin-Hua Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Qian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuxuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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22
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Biasato I, Gasco L, Schiavone A, Capucchio MT, Ferrocino I. Gut microbiota changes in insect-fed monogastric species: state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Anim Front 2023; 13:72-80. [PMID: 37583797 PMCID: PMC10425147 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Italy
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Italy
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), 10095, Italy
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23
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Rosés C, Garcia-Ibañez P, Agudelo A, Viadel B, Tomás-Cobos L, Gallego E, Carvajal M, Milagro FI, Barceló A. Effects of Glucosinolate-Enriched Red Radish ( Raphanus sativus) on In Vitro Models of Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolic Syndrome-Related Functionalities. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:23373-23388. [PMID: 37426251 PMCID: PMC10324062 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota profile is determined by diet composition, and therefore this interaction is crucial for promoting specific bacterial growth and enhancing the health status. Red radish (Raphanus sativusL.) contains several secondary plant metabolites that can exert a protective effect on human health. Recent studies have shown that radish leaves have a higher content of major nutrients, minerals, and fiber than roots, and they have garnered attention as a healthy food or supplement. Therefore, the consumption of the whole plant should be considered, as its nutritional value may be of greater interest. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effects of glucosinolate (GSL)-enriched radish with elicitors on the intestinal microbiota and metabolic syndrome-related functionalities by using an in vitro dynamic gastrointestinal system and several cellular models developed to study the GSL impact on different health indicators such as blood pressure, cholesterol metabolism, insulin resistance, adipogenesis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The treatment with red radish had an influence on short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production, especially on acetic and propionic acid and many butyrate-producing bacteria, suggesting that consumption of the entire red radish plant (leaves and roots) could modify the human gut microbiota profile toward a healthier one. The evaluation of the metabolic syndrome-related functionalities showed a significant decrease in the gene expression of endothelin, interleukin IL-6, and cholesterol transporter-associated biomarkers (ABCA1 and ABCG5), suggesting an improvement of three risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. The results support the idea that the use of elicitors on red radish crops and its further consumption (the entire plant) may contribute to improving the general health status and gut microbiota profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Rosés
- Servei
de Genòmica, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola
del Vallés, Spain
| | - Paula Garcia-Ibañez
- Aquaporins
Group, Centro de Edafología y Biología
Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
- Phytochemistry
and Healthy Foods Lab, Department of Food Science Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada
del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo-25, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Agatha Agudelo
- Sakata
Seed Ibérica S.L., Pl, Poeta Vicente Gaos, 6 bajo, Valencia 46021, Spain
- Universidad
Politécnica de Valencia, UPV, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Blanca Viadel
- AINIA,
Technology Centre, C/
Benjamin Franklin 5-11, Parque Tecnológico de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valenca, Spain
| | - Lidia Tomás-Cobos
- AINIA,
Technology Centre, C/
Benjamin Franklin 5-11, Parque Tecnológico de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valenca, Spain
| | - Elisa Gallego
- AINIA,
Technology Centre, C/
Benjamin Franklin 5-11, Parque Tecnológico de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valenca, Spain
| | - Micaela Carvajal
- Aquaporins
Group, Centro de Edafología y Biología
Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
- Phytochemistry
and Healthy Foods Lab, Department of Food Science Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada
del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo-25, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fermín I. Milagro
- Center for
Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra
Institute for Health Research (IdISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología
de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de la Salud Carlos III, 289029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Barceló
- Servei
de Genòmica, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola
del Vallés, Spain
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24
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Yan Y, Zhang J, Chen X, Wang Z. Effects of Black Soldier Fly Larvae ( Hermetia illucens Larvae) Meal on the Production Performance and Cecal Microbiota of Hens. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050364. [PMID: 37235447 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HILM) as a feed supplement on production performance and cecal microflora were studied in 900 Hy-line Brown laying hens. Laying hens (60 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups. Each group had five replicates, and each replicate had 45 hens. The control group was fed with a corn-soybean-based diet, and the experimental groups were fed with 1% HILM, 2% HILM, or 3% HILM. Results were as follows: (1) With the increase in HILM level, the laying rate increased linearly (p ≤ 0.05), and the feed/egg and cracked-egg rate decreased linearly (p ≤ 0.05). (2) Community composition analysis showed that the dominant bacteria in each group were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, followed by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, which accounted for more than 97% of 16S rRNA gene sequence of the total cecal bacteria. (3) Alpha diversity analysis at the operational taxonomic unit classification level showed that the HILM-addition groups had higher community richness and community diversity than the control group. (4) Principal co-ordinates analysis showed that the cecum samples in each group were significantly separated (p ≤ 0.05). At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the HILM addition groups was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.001), and the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the HILM addition groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, dietary HILM supplementation had a significant effect on the production performance and cecal microflora of laying hens at the late laying period under the conditions of this experiment but had no adverse effect on the intestinal dominant flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Feed Resource Development and Healthy Livestock, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 271023, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Feed Resource Development and Healthy Livestock, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 271023, China
| | - Xiaochen Chen
- Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Feed Resource Development and Healthy Livestock, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 271023, China
| | - Zhanbin Wang
- Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Feed Resource Development and Healthy Livestock, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 271023, China
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25
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Luparelli AV, Miguéns-Gómez A, Ardévol A, Sforza S, Caligiani A, Pinent M. Inhibition of DPP-IV Activity and Stimulation of GLP-1 Release by Gastrointestinally Digested Black Soldier Fly Prepupae. Foods 2023; 12:foods12102027. [PMID: 37238845 DOI: 10.3390/foods12102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of an insect-based diet on human health and, in particular, the regulatory ability of digested insects' proteins on the glycaemic response in humans are topics that need to be investigated deeper. In this work, we performed an in vitro study on the modulatory activity of gastrointestinal digested black soldier fly (BSF) prepupae on the enterohormone GLP-1 and its natural inhibitor, DPP-IV. We verified whether actions intended to valorise the starting insect biomass, i.e., insect-optimised growth substrates and prior fermentation, can positively impact human health. Our results highlight that the digested BSF proteins from all the prepupae samples had a high stimulatory and inhibitory ability on the GLP-1 secretion and the DPP-IV enzyme in the human GLUTag cell line. Gastrointestinal digestion significantly improved the DPP-IV inhibitory capacity of the whole insect protein. Moreover, it was seen that optimised diets or fermentation processes preceding the digestion, in any case, did not positively affect the efficacy of the answer. BSF was already considered one of the edible insects more suitable for human consumption for its optimal nutritional profile. The BSF bioactivity here shown, after simulated digestion, on glycaemic control systems makes this species even more promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valentina Luparelli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 49/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alba Miguéns-Gómez
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Ardévol
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Stefano Sforza
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 49/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Augusta Caligiani
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 49/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Montserrat Pinent
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo n 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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26
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Tran NB, Lee H, Lee SJ. Extracts from the edible insects Gryllus bimaculatus and Oxya chinensis sinuosa as an effective postnatal therapy for improving autistic behavior through blood-brain barrier control and gut microbiota. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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27
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Jiang XR, Dai YY, Wang YR, Guo K, Du Y, Gao JF, Lin LH, Li P, Li H, Ji X, Qu YF. Dietary and Sexual Correlates of Gut Microbiota in the Japanese Gecko, Gekko japonicus (Schlegel, 1836). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081365. [PMID: 37106928 PMCID: PMC10134999 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors shape the structure and composition of gut microbiota in a host. The disorder of the gut microbiota may trigger various host diseases. Here, we collected fecal samples from wild-caught Japanese geckos (Gekko japonicus) and captive conspecifics fed with mealworms (mealworm-fed geckos) and fruit flies (fly-fed geckos), aiming to examine the dietary and sexual correlates of the gut microbiota. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology to determine the composition of the gut microbiota. The dominant phyla with a mean relative abundance higher than 10% were Verrucomicrobiota, Bacteroidota, and Firmicutes. Gut microbial community richness and diversity were higher in mealworm-fed geckos than in wild geckos. Neither community evenness nor beta diversity of gut microbiota differed among wild, mealworm-fed, and fly-fed geckos. The beta rather than alpha diversity of gut microbiota was sex dependent. Based on the relative abundance of gut bacteria and their gene functions, we concluded that gut microbiota contributed more significantly to the host's metabolic and immune functions. A higher diversity of gut microbiota in mealworm-fed geckos could result from higher chitin content in insects of the order Coleoptera. This study not only provides basic information about the gut microbiota of G. japonicus but also shows that gut microbiota correlates with dietary habits and sex in the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ru Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying-Yu Dai
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu-Rong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kun Guo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yu Du
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Herpetological Research, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gao
- Herpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Long-Hui Lin
- Herpetological Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yan-Fu Qu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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28
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Fruci M, Kithama M, Kiarie EG, Shao S, Liu H, Topp E, Diarra MS. Effects of partial or complete replacement of soybean meal with commercial black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) meal on growth performance, cecal short chain fatty acids, and excreta metabolome of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102463. [PMID: 36758368 PMCID: PMC9941379 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) is receiving great attention as a rich source of protein and antimicrobials for poultry. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of partially or completely replacing soybean meal (SBM) with commercial BSFLM on growth performance, tibia traits, cecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, and excreta metabolomes in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). A total of 480 day-old male Ross × Ross 708 chicks were assigned to 6 diets (8 replicates/diet): a basal corn-SBM diet with in-feed bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD), a corn-SBM diet without BMD (0% BSFLM), and four diets in which the SBM was substituted with 12.5, 25, 50, and 100% BSFLM. Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and cumulative feed conversion ratio (cFCR) were monitored on days 14, 28, and 35. Cecal SCFA levels were determined on days 14, 28, and 35. Tibia traits and excreta metabolomes were determined on day (d) 35. On d14, birds fed 12.5 and 25% BSFLM had a similar BW, FI, and cFCR as birds fed BMD (P > 0.05). On d 35, birds fed 12.5% BSFLM had a similar BW, FI and cFCR as birds fed BMD or 0% BSFLM (P > 0.05). For each phase, birds fed 100% BSFLM had a lower BW, FI and higher cFCR than birds fed BMD or 0% BSFLM (P < 0.05). On d 35, BW decreased linearly, quadratically, and cubically with increasing levels of BSFLM (P < 0.01). Overall (d 0-35), BSFLM linearly, quadratically, and cubically decreased FI and quadratically and cubically increased cFCR (P < 0.01). Quadratic responses were observed for tibia fresh weight (P = 0.049) and ash content (P = 0.022). BSFLM did not impact cecal SCFAs levels. The excreta metabolome of birds fed 100% BSFLM clustered independently from all other groups and exhibited greater levels of putatively identified methionine, lysine, valine, glutamine, histidine and lower levels of arginine as compared to all diets. Taken together, substitution of SBM with ≤25% of BSFLM in the starter phase may be used as an alternative to BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fruci
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Munene Kithama
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suqin Shao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huaizhi Liu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward Topp
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Bai C, Zhu J, Xiong G, Wang W, Wang J, Qiu L, Zhang Q, Liao T. Fortification of puffed biscuits with chitin and crayfish shell: Effect on physicochemical property and starch digestion. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1107488. [PMID: 36998908 PMCID: PMC10045987 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1107488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a polysaccharide and possesses numerous beneficial properties such as nontoxicity, biodegradability and biocompatibility, which draws much attention to its applications in food. Crayfish shell is a source of chitin alongside an antioxidants and a potential source of beneficial dietary fiber. In this study, chitin (CH) and crayfish shell (CS) with different concentrations were used to study their impact on pasting characteristics of flour mixture (wheat flour and glutinous rice flour) and influence on physicochemical and starch digestion property of puffed biscuit. The Rapid Visco-Analyzer results showed that the viscosity of powder mixture was decreased with the ratio of CH and CS increased. CH resulted in lowest peak viscosity and breakdown values of mixed powder. It was indicated that increasing amounts of CH and CS led to significantly reduced moisture content, expansion ratio but raised density of biscuits. CH and CS inhibited starch digestion and promoted a remarkable increase (P < 0.05) of resistant starch (RS) content. The hydrolysis kinetic analysis suggested a decelerating influence of CH on the hydrolysis content with lower values of equilibrium hydrolysis percentage (C∞) while CS on hydrolysis rate with lower kinetic constant (K). The estimated glycemic index (eGI) of the CH (15-20%) samples were below 55. These results are of great significance in delaying starch digestion and provided a better choice in design of fried puffed snacks for special crowd with chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Bai
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jiguo Zhu
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- School of Petrochemical Science, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangquan Xiong
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- School of Petrochemical Science, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juguang Wang
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Qiu
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Qingfang Zhang
- School of Petrochemical Science, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Liao
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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Effects of Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal with Defatted Hermetia illucens Meal in the Diet of Laying Hens on Performance, Dietary Egg Quality, and Serum Biochemical and Redox Indices. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030527. [PMID: 36766414 PMCID: PMC9913826 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out on 96 caged Bovans Brown laying hens at an initial age of 25 weeks, which were randomly assigned to four experimental groups of 12 replicates (cages) of two hens per cage. The control group hens received a diet containing 20% soybean meal (SBM), without Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HIM) content. The hens in the experimental groups received a diet containing defatted HIM at levels of 5, 10, and 15% (HIM 5%, HIM 10%, and HIM 15%, respectively), at the expense of a proportionally decreasing content of SBM. During the 12-week experiment, the laying performance, biochemical and redox blood indices, and liver condition were examined. The cholesterol level, fatty acid profile, and malondialdehyde content in egg yolks were also evaluated to determine the dietary quality of the eggs. The inclusion of HIM at any level in the diet did not affect the laying performance parameters (p > 0.05). Increased serum Ca and uric acid contents were observed. There was no effect on the redox indices in plasma. The number of hepatocytes was decreased in the HIM-fed groups. The level of cholesterol in yolks was reduced, and the fatty acid profile showed significant changes. Despite the high lauric acid content in the H. illucens meal, it was present in trace amounts in yolks. In the HIM-fed groups, the levels of saturated fatty acids increased significantly, whereas those of unsaturated fatty acids decreased in the yolks in the same groups.
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Feeding of Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal Attenuates Hepatic Lipid Synthesis and Fatty Liver Development in Obese Zucker Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020287. [PMID: 36678159 PMCID: PMC9861802 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that dietary insect meal from Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae attenuates the development of liver steatosis and hyperlipidemia in the obese Zucker rat. To test the hypothesis, a 4-week trial with male, obese Zucker rats (n = 30) and male, lean Zucker rats (n = 10) was performed. The obese rats were assigned to three obese groups (group O-C, group O-HI25, group O-HI50) of 10 rats each. The lean rats served as a lean control group (L-C). Group L-C and group O-C were fed a control diet with 20% casein as protein source, whereas 25% and 50% of the protein from casein was replaced with protein from HI larvae meal in the diets of group O-HI25 and O-HI50, respectively. The staining of liver sections with Oil red O revealed an excessive lipid accumulation in the liver of group O-C compared to group L-C, whereas liver lipid accumulation in group O-HI25 and O-HI50 was markedly reduced compared to group O-C. Hepatic concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, the sum of total fatty acids and hepatic mRNA levels of several genes associated with lipid synthesis and plasma concentration of cholesterol were markedly higher in group O-C than in group L-C, but lower in group O-HI50 than in group O-C (p < 0.05). In conclusion, partial replacement of casein by HI larvae meal attenuates liver steatosis and dyslipidemia in obese Zucker rats. This suggests that HI larvae meal serves as a functional food protecting from obesity-induced metabolic disorders.
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Zhou Y, Wang D, Zhou S, Duan H, Guo J, Yan W. Nutritional Composition, Health Benefits, and Application Value of Edible Insects: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:3961. [PMID: 36553703 PMCID: PMC9777846 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For thousands of years, edible insects have been used as food to alleviate hunger and improve malnutrition. Some insects have also been used as medicines because of their therapeutic properties. This is not only due to the high nutritional value of edible insects, but more importantly, the active substances from edible insects have a variety of biofunctional activities. In this paper, we described and summarized the nutritional composition of edible insects and discussed the biological functions of edible insects and their potential benefits for human health. A summary analysis of the findings for each active function confirms that edible insects have the potential to develop functional foods and medicines that are beneficial to humans. In addition, we analyzed the issues that need to be considered in the application of edible insects and the current status of edible insects in food and pharmaceutical applications. We concluded with a discussion of regulations related to edible insects and an outlook on future research and applications of edible insects. By analyzing the current state of research on edible insects, we aim to raise awareness of the use of edible insects to improve human health and thus promote their better use and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Zhou
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, No.18, Chaoyang District 3, Futou, Beijing 100023, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, 197 North Tucheng West Road, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Diandian Wang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, No.18, Chaoyang District 3, Futou, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Shiqi Zhou
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, No.18, Chaoyang District 3, Futou, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Hao Duan
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, No.18, Chaoyang District 3, Futou, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Jinhong Guo
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, No.18, Chaoyang District 3, Futou, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Wenjie Yan
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, No.18, Chaoyang District 3, Futou, Beijing 100023, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, 197 North Tucheng West Road, Beijing 100023, China
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Refael G, Riess HT, Levi CS, Magzal F, Tamir S, Koren O, Lesmes U. Responses of the human gut microbiota to physiologically digested insect powders or isolated chitin thereof. FUTURE FOODS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Addeo NF, Randazzo B, Olivotto I, Messina M, Tulli F, Vozzo S, Attia YA, Mahayri TM, Iannaccone F, Asiry KA, Moniello G, Bovera F. Low inclusion levels of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal in laying Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica, Gould, 1837) diet improve the intestinal morphometry, enzymatic activity and caecal short chain fatty acids profile. Res Vet Sci 2022; 149:51-59. [PMID: 35753189 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One hundred twenty, 12 weeks old laying Japanese quails (JQ) were equally divided into 4 groups (6 replicates of 5 birds/group). The control group (CON) fed a corn-soybean diet; TML1.4, TML2.8, and TML5.6 groups fed a diet where a Tenebrio molitor larvae meal (TML) was included at 1.4, 2.8, and 5.6%, respectively. The trial lasted 54 days. The villi height (VH) and the crypt depth (CD) linearly decreased from the control to the TML5.6 group (P < 0.01) in the duodenum, while an opposite trend was observed for the Ab+ mucous cells count (P < 0.01). The highest VH/CD ratio was found in the TML1.4 group (P < 0.01). In the jejunum a lower VH was observed in the TML1.4 compared to the CON group; the Ab+ mucous cells increased (P < 0.01) according to the increase of the TM inclusion in the diet, while the highest VH/CD ratio (P < 0.01) was recorded in the TML2.8 group. In the duodenum only the L-ANP has been affected by TML (P < 0.001), with a quadratic and linear effect. The L-ANP is affected by the dietary treatment in the jejunum (P < 0.05), where showed a quadratic effect with the highest value in TML2.8. The % of butyric acid is maximized (P < 0.05) with the TML1.4 diet and that of the isobutyrate and valeric acids increased (P < 0.01) from TML1.4 to TML5.6. The use of TML at 1.4% in laying quail diets can be considered as a way to improve the intestinal health of the birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola F Addeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Basilio Randazzo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Maria Messina
- Department of AgriFood, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, via Sondrio, 2, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Department of AgriFood, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, via Sondrio, 2, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Simone Vozzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Youssef A Attia
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O., Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tiziana M Mahayri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Francesco Iannaccone
- Department of Agro-Environmental and Territorial Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via G. Amendola, 165, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Khalid A Asiry
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O., Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Giuseppe Moniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
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Go YB, Lee JH, Lee BK, Oh HJ, Kim YJ, An JW, Chang SY, Song DC, Cho HA, Park HR, Chun JY, Cho JH. Effect of insect protein and protease on growth performance, blood profiles, fecal microflora and gas emission in growing pig. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:1063-1076. [PMID: 36812026 PMCID: PMC9890344 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of Hermetia illucens larvae (HIL) as protein and protease on growth performance, blood profiles, fecal microflora, and gas emission in growing pig. In experiment 1, the seventy-two crossbred growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with an initial body weight (BW) of 27.98 ± 2.95 kg were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments (3 pigs per pen and 6 replicates pen per treatments). The experimental design was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments evaluating two diets (Poultry offal diets and HIL diets) without or with supplementing protease. The poultry offal in basal diet has been replaced by HIL. In experiment 2, the four crossbred growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with an initial BW of 28.2 ± 0.1 kg were individually accepted in stainless steel metabolism cages. The dietary treatments included: 1) PO- (PO-; poultry offal diet), 2) PO+ (PO- + 0.05% protease), 3) HIL- (3% PO of PO- diet was replacement 3% HIL), 4) HIL+ (HIL- + 0.05% protease). In experiment 1, From weeks 0 to 2, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) were significantly increased in the PO diet group compared with the HIL group. From weeks 2 to 4, ADG and G:F were higher for protease group than for non-protease group. At weeks 2 and 4, the PO diet group had lower blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels than HIL diet group. In experiment 2, crude protein (CP) and nitrogen (N) retention were decreased by HIL diet at weeks 2 and 4. The fecal microflora and gas emission were not affected by HIL and protease. The HIL diet showed lower CP digestibility than PO diet and total essential amino acids digestibility tended to higher in PO diet than HIL diet. In summary, the present study revealed that replacement of the PO protein with the HIL protein and the additive of protease in growing pig diets during the overall experimental period had no negative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bin Go
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Poultry Science, University
of Georgia (UGA), Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Byong Kon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yong Ju Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jae Woo An
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Se Yeon Chang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dong Cheol Song
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hae Ryoung Park
- Korea Agriculture Technology Promotion
Agency, Iksan 54667, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Chun
- Department of Food Bioengineering, College
of Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243,
Korea,Corresponding author Ji Yeon Chun,
Department of Food Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Jeju National
University, Jeju 63243, Korea. Tel: +82-64-754-3615, E-mail:
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea,Corresponding author Jin Ho Cho,
Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea. Tel: +82-43-261-2544, E-mail:
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Borrelli L, Varriale L, Coretti L, Pace A, Russo TP, Santaniello A, Gavazzi L, Fioretti A, Dipineto L. Research Note: Cecal microbiota harbored by free-range chickens may influence the reduction of Helicobacter pullorum relative abundance. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102222. [PMID: 36502562 PMCID: PMC9763842 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pullorum is recognized as an emerging food-borne pathogen that may colonize the intestinal tract and the liver of avian species and humans causing several gastrointestinal and liver diseases. However, not all strains are reported to be capable of causing clinical disease, thus making poultry as reservoir for the zoonotic transmission of the infection through carcass contamination of broilers at slaughter. In poultry, the prevalence of this bacterium could be underestimated and the available data mainly refer to conventional rearing systems, whereas free-range and organic breedings have been poorly investigated. Therefore, this study was aimed to characterize the caecal microbiota community of free-range grown chickens and determine the presence and the relative abundance of H. pullorum by using NGS-based 16S rDNA sequencing. A total of 18 chickens reared for 56 d on a semi-extensive management system were euthanized at two time points: 9 birds at 28 d of age (before have access to outdoor; I = Indoor) and other 9 birds at 56 d of age (before slaughter; O = Outdoor). Cecal contents were collected for microbiota analyses. H. pullorum was detected in the cecum of 16/18 samples and its proportion in indoor was significantly higher than outdoor chickens (2.46 and 0.52%, respectively; P < 0.05), showing 78.8% of decrease with the outdoor access of the chickens. Therefore, it may be assumed that the potential for zoonotic infection is less likely. Moreover, H. pullorum was negatively correlated with 17 bacterial species as significantly more abundant in Outdoor microbial caecal communities. Among these, we highlighted the presence of Mucispirillium schaedleri and Oscillospira, already previously associated with a healthy gut and thus representing promising gut bacterial markers for host health. Our findings suggest that alternative production systems with outdoor access, may play a crucial role in the establishment of a healthy gut microbiota, which in turn might prevent colonization of harmful bacteria such as Helicobacter pullorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,Corresponding author:
| | - Lorena Varriale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorena Coretti
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Pace
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Tamara Pasqualina Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Santaniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Gavazzi
- Veterinary Practice of Poultry Sector, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Jaffar S, Ahmad S, Lu Y. Contribution of insect gut microbiota and their associated enzymes in insect physiology and biodegradation of pesticides. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:979383. [PMID: 36187965 PMCID: PMC9516005 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic pesticides are extensively and injudiciously applied to control agriculture and household pests worldwide. Due to their high use, their toxic residues have enormously increased in the agroecosystem in the past several years. They have caused many severe threats to non-target organisms, including humans. Therefore, the complete removal of toxic compounds is gaining wide attention to protect the ecosystem and the diversity of living organisms. Several methods, such as physical, chemical and biological, are applied to degrade compounds, but as compared to other methods, biological methods are considered more efficient, fast, eco-friendly and less expensive. In particular, employing microbial species and their purified enzymes makes the degradation of toxic pollutants more accessible and converts them into non-toxic products by several metabolic pathways. The digestive tract of insects is usually known as a superior organ that provides a nutrient-rich environment to hundreds of microbial species that perform a pivotal role in various physiological and ecological functions. There is a direct relationship between pesticides and insect pests: pesticides reduce the growth of insect species and alter the phyla located in the gut microbiome. In comparison, the insect gut microbiota tries to degrade toxic compounds by changing their toxicity, increasing the production and regulation of a diverse range of enzymes. These enzymes breakdown into their derivatives, and microbial species utilize them as a sole source of carbon, sulfur and energy. The resistance of pesticides (carbamates, pyrethroids, organophosphates, organochlorines, and neonicotinoids) in insect species is developed by metabolic mechanisms, regulation of enzymes and the expression of various microbial detoxifying genes in insect guts. This review summarizes the toxic effects of agrochemicals on humans, animals, birds and beneficial arthropods. It explores the preferential role of insect gut microbial species in the degradation process and the resistance mechanism of several pesticides in insect species. Additionally, various metabolic pathways have been systematically discussed to better understand the degradation of xenobiotics by insect gut microbial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Jaffar
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyue Lu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Song H, Yi S, Kim WH, Guk JH, Ha M, Kwak I, Han J, Yeon SC, Cho S. Environmental Perturbations during the Rehabilitation of Wild Migratory Birds Induce Gut Microbiome Alteration and Antibiotic Resistance Acquisition. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0116322. [PMID: 35730950 PMCID: PMC9430529 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01163-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild migratory birds are essential for sustaining healthy ecosystems, but the effects of a rehabilitation period on their gut microbiomes are still unclear. Here, we performed longitudinal sampling, 16S rRNA sequencing, and antibiotic resistance monitoring of the gut microbiome of six species of wild migratory birds protected as natural monuments in South Korea that are subject to short- or long-term rehabilitation periods. Overall, gut microbiome diversity was significantly decreased in the early stages of rehabilitation, and it did not recover to a level comparable to that of wild birds. Moreover, while the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria decreased, that of zoonotic pathogens increased, indicating rehabilitation-induced dysbiosis. The metabolic pathways involved in the degradation of aromatic pollutants were significantly downregulated, suggesting the depletion of pollutant-degrading microorganisms. Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli significantly increased during rehabilitation, particularly ciprofloxacin and tetracycline resistance, and seven of the rehabilitated wild birds acquired multidrug resistance. The diet and habitat changes experienced by wild migratory birds during rehabilitation may have induced the observed gut microbiome dysbiosis and acquisition of antibiotic resistance. These rehabilitation-induced alterations might affect the adaptability of wild birds to their natural environments and contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance after their release. IMPORTANCE Wild migratory birds are key for ecosystem health but highly sensitive to anthropogenic activities. Therefore, wild migratory birds often undergo rehabilitation to prevent species extinction or biodiversity monitoring. However, the impact of rehabilitation on the gut microbiome of wild migratory birds, which is closely associated with host fitness, remains unclear. For the migratory bird species considered natural monuments in South Korea evaluated here, such impacts could include rehabilitation-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis and acquisition of antibiotic resistance, with possible repercussions on the adaptability of wild birds and spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment after their release. Therefore, the dynamics of the gut microbiome and antibiotic resistance should be considered for implementing sustainable rehabilitation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyokeun Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Saehah Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo-Hyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Guk
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minjong Ha
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Seoul Wildlife Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Insik Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Seoul Wildlife Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Janghee Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Seoul Wildlife Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Chan Yeon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Seoul Wildlife Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Veterinary Integrated Medicine Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Varriale L, Coretti L, Dipineto L, Green BD, Pace A, Lembo F, Menna LF, Fioretti A, Borrelli L. An Outdoor Access Period Improves Chicken Cecal Microbiota and Potentially Increases Micronutrient Biosynthesis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:904522. [PMID: 35909674 PMCID: PMC9330014 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.904522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the gut microbiota of free-range and alternative poultry production systems provides information, which can be used to improve poultry welfare, performance, and environmental sustainability. Gut microbiota influence not only the health and metabolism of the host but also the presence of zoonotic agents contaminating food of animal origin. In this study, the composition and diversity of the cecal microbiota community of free-range grown chickens were characterized by 16S rDNA high-throughput Illumina sequencing. Significant differences were observed in the composition of chicken cecal microbiota at the time points of 28 days of age (Indoor group) and 56 days of age (Outdoor group), i.e., before and after the outdoor access period of chicken groups. The Outdoor group showed a richer and more complex microbial community, characterized by the onset of new phyla such as Deferribacterota and Synergistota, while the Indoor group showed an increase in Campylobacterota. At the species level, it is noteworthy that the occurrence of Mucispirillum schaedleri in Outdoor group is known to potentially stimulate mucus layer formation in the distal intestinal tract, thus being associated with a healthy gut. We also report a significant decrease in the Outdoor group of Helicobacter pullorum, highlighting that the lower abundance at the age of slaughter reduced the possibility to contaminate chickens' carcasses and, consequently, its zoonotic potential. As revealed by a mutual exclusion study in network analysis, H. pullorum was present only if Bacteroides barnesiae, an uncultured organism of the genus Synergistes, and Bacteroides gallinaceum were absent. Finally, microbiome predictive analysis revealed an increase of vitamins and micronutrient biosyntheses such as queuosine (Q) and its precursor pre Q0, in the Outdoor group, suggesting that the outdoor evolved microbiota of chickens do contribute to the vitamin pool of the gut and the biosynthesis of micronutrients involved in vital cell processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Varriale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Lorena Varriale
| | - Lorena Coretti
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- TaskForce on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Lorena Coretti
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- TaskForce on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Brian D. Green
- The Institute for Global Food Security, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Antonino Pace
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Lembo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- TaskForce on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Francesca Menna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- TaskForce on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Luca Borrelli
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Zheng Y, Wang Y, Luo D, Lin L, Lu X, Gao J, Xiao C, Zhao M. Effect of Bergamot and Laoxianghuang Polysaccharides on Gut Microbiota Derived from Patients with Hyperlipidemia: An Integrative Analysis of Microbiome and Metabolome during In Vitro Fermentation. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142039. [PMID: 35885282 PMCID: PMC9323038 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bergamot polysaccharide (BP) and Laoxianghuang polysaccharides (LPs, fermented bergamot) on the microbiome and metabolome during the in vitro fermentation of gut microbiota from patients with hyperlipidemia. Results indicated that both BP and LPs were able to increase the production of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. However, only LPs could decrease the content of isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid, which are detrimental to gut health. A 16S rRNA analysis showed that both BP and LPs could reduce the proportion of Fusobacterium, whereas they increased the Bacteroides content in hyperlipidemia. Untargeted UPLC-MS/MS metabolomic profiling found six bio-markers that were significantly changed after BP and LPs intervention, and four of the down-regulated metabolites were long-chain fatty acids associated with vascular diseases. These findings provide new evidence that BP and LPs have the potential to regulate imbalances in the gut microbiota in patients with hyperlipidemia and ameliorate its metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zheng
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China; (Y.Z.); (D.L.); (L.L.)
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321000, China;
| | - Donghui Luo
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China; (Y.Z.); (D.L.); (L.L.)
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China
| | - Lianzhu Lin
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China; (Y.Z.); (D.L.); (L.L.)
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xingyu Lu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (J.G.)
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (J.G.)
| | - Chuqiao Xiao
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China; (Y.Z.); (D.L.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.X.); (M.Z.)
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (C.X.); (M.Z.)
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41
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Ndotono EW, Khamis FM, Bargul JL, Tanga CM. Insights into the Gut Microbial Communities of Broiler Chicken Fed Black Soldier Fly Larvae- Desmodium-Based Meal as a Dietary Protein Source. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1351. [PMID: 35889070 PMCID: PMC9319420 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of insect-based diets to improve gastrointestinal function and gut health in poultry is gaining global attention as a promising feed additive. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal inclusion level of the full-fat black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and Desmodium intortum (DI) in broiler chicken diets and to evaluate their impact on the microbial community in the gut. The bacterial communities were characterized using Oxford nanopore sequencing of the full-length bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Four dietary treatments, T1 (25% DI + 75% BSFL), T2 (50% DI + 50% BSFL), T3 (75% DI + 25% BSFL) and T4 (100% fishmeal + 0% DI + BSFL), were fed to the broiler chickens for a period of 42 days. Out of the 395,034 classified reads analyzed, the most predominant phyla identified across all the four dietary treatments were Firmicutes (94%), Bacteroidetes (3%), and Proteobacteria (2%). The T1 diet showed the highest alpha diversity and richness according to the Chao1 and Shannon indices. Beta diversity assessment revealed a significant influence of diet on the abundance of the microbiome. There was an increase in beneficial lactic acid bacteria with increasing inclusion of BSFL in the diets. Our findings strongly support the inclusion of BSFL into poultry diet as a promising protein source to reshape the gut microbiota for improved gut health, immune response, and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evalyne W. Ndotono
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (E.W.N.); (J.L.B.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (E.W.N.); (J.L.B.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Joel L. Bargul
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (E.W.N.); (J.L.B.); (C.M.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Kiambu P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (E.W.N.); (J.L.B.); (C.M.T.)
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42
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Wu G, Li Z, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, Gong D, Geng T. Supplementing cholamine to diet lowers laying rate by promoting liver fat deposition and altering intestinal microflora in laying hens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102084. [PMID: 36055021 PMCID: PMC9449860 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of cholamine, a raw material for synthesis of some active lipids, are unknown in poultry. To address this, 180 52-wk-old Hyline laying hens were randomly divided into 3 groups (20 replicates per group with three hens per replicate). The control group and the treatment groups (treatment 1 and 2) were fed basal diet and the diet supplemented with 500 or 1,000 mg of cholamine per kilogram of the diet for 35 d, respectively. The data showed that supplementary cholamine significantly lowered egg production, daily feed intake, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, liver index, and the percentages of C15:0 and C20:0 in fatty acid composition of liver, significantly elevated hepatic triglyceride content, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (P < 0.05), and the percentage of C18:2n−6 and the ratio of n−6 to n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in liver fat (P < 0.10). Moreover, supplementary cholamine altered the relative abundance of some intestinal bacteria with a decrease in the alpha biodiversity (P < 0.10). Additionally, transcriptome analysis on the livers of the treatment vs. the control groups identified 1,151 up- and 914 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and pathway analysis revealed that the suppressed Notch signaling pathway and the enhanced Oxidative phosphorylation pathway were enriched with DEGs. Particularly, fat absorption, transport and oxidative phosphorylation-related DEGs (e.g., FABP1, APOA4, and PCK1) were significantly induced, but fatty acid synthesis, and lipid package and secretion-related DEGs (e.g., FASN, SCD, and MTTP) were not. In conclusion, supplementary cholamine may lower egg production by promoting hepatic lipid deposition and reducing abundances of beneficial intestinal bacteria and microfloral biodiversity in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenhui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Long Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daoqing Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tuoyu Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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43
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Biasato I, Chemello G, Oddon SB, Ferrocino I, Corvaglia M, Caimi C, Resconi A, Paul A, van Spankeren M, Capucchio M, Colombino E, Cocolin L, Gai F, Schiavone A, Gasco L. Hermetia illucens meal inclusion in low-fishmeal diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility coefficients, selected gut health traits, and health status indices. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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44
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Kohl KD, Dieppa-Colón E, Goyco-Blas J, Peralta-Martínez K, Scafidi L, Shah S, Zawacki E, Barts N, Ahn Y, Hedayati S, Secor SM, Rowe MP. Gut Microbial Ecology of Five Species of Sympatric Desert Rodents in Relation to Herbivorous and Insectivorous Feeding Strategies. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:237-251. [PMID: 35587374 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbial communities of mammals provide numerous benefits to their hosts. However, given the recent development of the microbiome field, we still lack a thorough understanding of the variety of ecological and evolutionary factors that structure these communities across species. Metabarcoding is a powerful technique that allows for multiple microbial ecology questions to be investigated simultaneously. Here, we employed DNA metabarcoding techniques, predictive metagenomics, and culture-dependent techniques to inventory the gut microbial communities of several species of rodent collected from the same environment that employ different natural feeding strategies [granivorous pocket mice (Chaetodipus penicillatus); granivorous kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami); herbivorous woodrats (Neotoma albigula); omnivorous cactus mice (Peromyscus eremicus), and insectivorous grasshopper mice (Onychomys torridus)]. Of particular interest were shifts in gut microbial communities in rodent species with herbivorous and insectivorous diets, given the high amounts of indigestible fibers and chitinous exoskeleton in these diets, respectively. We found that herbivorous woodrats harbored the greatest microbial diversity. Granivorous pocket mice and kangaroo rats had the highest abundances of the genus Ruminococcus and highest predicted abundances of genes related to the digestion of fiber, representing potential adaptations in these species to the fiber content of seeds and the limitations to digestion given their small body size. Insectivorous grasshopper mice exhibited the greatest inter-individual variation in the membership of their microbiomes, and also exhibited the highest predicted abundances of chitin-degrading genes. Culture-based approaches identified 178 microbial isolates (primarily Bacillus and Enterococcus) capable of degrading cellulose and chitin. We observed several instances of strain-level diversity in these metabolic capabilities across isolates, somewhat highlighting the limitations and hidden diversity underlying DNA metabarcoding techniques. However, these methods offer power in allowing the investigation of several questions concurrently, thus enhancing our understanding of gut microbial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Etan Dieppa-Colón
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison WI 53706
| | - José Goyco-Blas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | | | - Luke Scafidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Sarth Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Emma Zawacki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Nick Barts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Young Ahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Stefanie Hedayati
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Stephen M Secor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487
| | - Matthew P Rowe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK 73019
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Abstract
Globally, the utilization of alternative protein sources in livestock feed has been extensively deliberated and established to be the best novel approach. Extensive research indicated that insects provide good opportunities as a sustainable, high quality, and low-cost component of animal feed. The use of insects in animal diet sounds to be the prospective opportunity leading to sustainability of animal feeds and meet the intensifying worldwide plea for livestock products. The value of these protein sources has, however, increased due to limited production, competition between humans and animals. The use of insects for feeding farmed animals represents a promising alternative because of the nutritional properties of insects and the possible environmental benefits, given the sustainability of this type of farming. Yet little has been documented about the nutrient composition of various insect meals, the impact of insect meal in the animal feed industry, safety, and attitude and willingness of farmers to accept insect-based animal feed and food. Therefore, this chapter seeks to document the potential utilization of insect meal as livestock feed.
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46
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Lee JH, Kim TK, Cha JY, Jang HW, Yong HI, Choi YS. How to Develop Strategies to Use Insects as Animal Feed: Digestibility, Functionality, Safety, and Regulation. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:409-431. [PMID: 35709133 PMCID: PMC9184698 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Various insects have emerged as novel feed resources due to their economical,
eco-friendly, and nutritive characteristics. Fish, poultry, and pigs are
livestock that can feed on insects. The digestibility of insect-containing meals
were presented by the species, life stage, nutritional component, and processing
methods. Several studies have shown a reduced apparent digestibility coefficient
(ADC) when insects were supplied as a replacement for commercial meals related
to chitin. Although the expression of chitinase mRNA was present in several
livestock, indigestible components in insects, such as chitin or fiber, could be
a reason for the reduced ADC. However, various components can positively affect
livestock health. Although the bio-functional properties of these components
have been verified in vitro, they show positive health-promoting effects owing
to their functional expression when directly applied to animal diets. Changes in
the intestinal microbiota of animals, enhancement of immunity, and enhancement
of antibacterial activity were confirmed as positive effects that can be
obtained through insect diets. However, there are some issues with the safety of
insects as feed. To increase the utility of insects as feed, microbial hazards,
chemical hazards, and allergens should be regulated. The European Union, North
America, East Asia, Australia, and Nigeria have established regulations
regarding insect feed, which could enhance the utility of insects as novel feed
resources for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Cha
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hae Won Jang
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul
01133, Korea
| | - Hae In Yong
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Corresponding author: Hae In Yong, Division of
Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
Tel: +82-42-821-5775, E-mail:
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
- Corresponding author: Yun-Sang Choi, Research Group
of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea. Tel:
+82-63-219-9387, E-mail:
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Suitability of Hermetia illucens larvae meal and fat in broiler diets: effects on animal performance, apparent ileal digestibility, gut histology, and microbial metabolites. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:50. [PMID: 35527312 PMCID: PMC9082845 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The possibility of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with Hermetia illucens (HI) defatted larvae meal in broiler nutrition has frequently been suggested. For sustainability reasons, however, the larvae fat produced during defatting should also be used and could be particularly beneficial regarding gut health due to its fatty acid composition. To evaluate the suitability of HI larvae as protein and fat source, a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with two types of protein, i.e. SBM (S) or SBM and 15% of its crude protein replaced by HI larvae meal (L), and three levels of fat sources, namely 0 (0 L), 50% (50 L) or 100% HI larvae fat (100 L) at the expense of soybean oil was applied. Results In the starter phase, an interaction showed higher body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) if 50% or 100% HI larvae fat was fed with HI larvae meal. Moreover, BW, ADG and FCR improved when feeding HI larvae meal as protein source. Additionally, we observed an increased average daily feed intake in the grower, finisher, and overall phase in the L groups and an improved FCR in 0 L compared to 50 L groups during the overall period. Regarding apparent ileal digestibility, HI larvae meal feeding increased dry matter, organic matter, and fat digestibility. Feeding HI larvae meal as protein source decreased the concentrations of agmatine, spermidine, spermine and ammonia in the caecal digesta, whereas fat source affected agmatine with higher concentrations in 50 L compared to 0 L in the colonic digesta. In contrast, caecal ethanolamine concentrations increased in HI larvae meal groups compared to SBM. Caecal butyric acid concentrations decreased with HI larvae meal feeding. An interaction was found for the jejunal villus area, being higher in L + 100 L compared to S + 100 L. Furthermore, L groups had greater villus width. Conclusions A partial replacement of SBM with HI larvae meal and soybean oil with HI larvae fat in broiler diets without impairing animal performance or gut health seems possible. Feeding HI larvae meal affected broiler performance positively in the starter phase and improved apparent ileal digestibility.
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48
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Ali Q, Ma S, La S, Guo Z, Liu B, Gao Z, Farooq U, Wang Z, Zhu X, Cui Y, Li D, Shi Y. Microbial short-chain fatty acids: a bridge between dietary fibers and poultry gut health. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:1461-1478. [PMID: 35507857 PMCID: PMC9449382 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of poultry gut health is complex depending on the intricate balance among diet, the commensal microbiota, and the mucosa, including the gut epithelium and the superimposing mucus layer. Changes in microflora composition and abundance can confer beneficial or detrimental effects on fowl. Antibiotics have devastating impacts on altering the landscape of gut microbiota, which further leads to antibiotic resistance or spread the pathogenic populations. By eliciting the landscape of gut microbiota, strategies should be made to break down the regulatory signals of pathogenic bacteria. The optional strategy of conferring dietary fibers (DFs) can be used to counterbalance the gut microbiota. DFs are the non-starch carbohydrates indigestible by host endogenous enzymes but can be fermented by symbiotic microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This is one of the primary modes through which the gut microbiota interacts and communicate with the host. The majority of SCFAs are produced in the large intestine (particularly in the caecum), where they are taken up by the enterocytes or transported through portal vein circulation into the bloodstream. Recent shreds of evidence have elucidated that SCFAs affect the gut and modulate the tissues and organs either by activating G-protein-coupled receptors or affecting epigenetic modifications in the genome through inducing histone acetylase activities and inhibiting histone deacetylases. Thus, in this way, SCFAs vastly influence poultry health by promoting energy regulation, mucosal integrity, immune homeostasis, and immune maturation. In this review article, we will focus on DFs, which directly interact with gut microbes and lead to the production of SCFAs. Further, we will discuss the current molecular mechanisms of how SCFAs are generated, transported, and modulated the pro-and anti-inflammatory immune responses against pathogens and host physiology and gut health.
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Eissa ESH, Baghdady ES, Gaafar AY, El-Badawi AA, Bazina WK, Abd Al-Kareem OM, Abd El-Hamed NNB. Assessing the Influence of Dietary Pediococcus acidilactici Probiotic Supplementation in the Feed of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) (Linnaeus, 1758) on Farm Water Quality, Growth, Feed Utilization, Survival Rate, Body Composition, Blood Biochemical Parameters, and Intestinal Histology. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2022; 2022:1-11. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5841220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The probiotics are being used as ecofriendly and bioremediation tools for developing sustainability to aquaculture. The present study was conducted to explore the practical capability of using dietary lactic acid bacteria (Pediococcus acidilactici) probiotics and see how its dose variation affected the water quality, growth performance, survival rate, body composition, blood biochemical parameters, and intestinal histology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). A total of 120 fingerlings with an initial weight of
g were divided into four groups, each with three replicates. The feeding experiment lasted for 60 days. In addition to the control (without probiotics) (T0), fish were fed diets containing (T1) 2.0, (T2) 2.5, and (T3) 3.0 g of probiotics per kg of diet twice a day. When compared to the control, sea bass fed probiotic-supplemented diets had significantly higher growth parameters, fish body “crude lipid,” and villi height (
,
, and
). The P. acidilactici probiotic treatments improved survival rate, feed conversion ratio, body composition, and blood biochemical markers, but not statistically significant (
). Also, in regard to water quality, P. acidilactici drastically reduced ammonia and pH levels. In this experiment, fish fed with a dosage of 3.0 g of this commercial probiotic per kg of probiotics performed better. The study found that including probiotics in the diets of European sea bass improved growth, body composition, survival rate, blood biochemical markers, intestinal histology, and some water quality parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elsayed S. Baghdady
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fish & Fisheries Technology, Aswan University, Egypt
| | - Alkhateib Y. Gaafar
- Hydrobiology Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A. El-Badawi
- Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharkia, Egypt
- Biology Department, University College, Umm-Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa K. Bazina
- Fish Rearing and Aquaculture Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Egypt
| | - Omayma M. Abd Al-Kareem
- Department of Fish Health and Diseases, Faculty of Fish & Fisheries Technology, Aswan University, Egypt
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50
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Tao Y, Wang T, Huang C, Lai C, Ling Z, Zhou Y, Yong Q. Incomplete degradation products of galactomannan from Sesbania cannabina modulated the cecal microbial community of laying hens. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6550850. [PMID: 35304897 PMCID: PMC9030128 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactomannan and its degradation products have been gaining attention based on their possible means for improving the natural defense of the host through modulation of the bacterial population in the gut. Herein, incomplete degradation products of galactomannan (IDPG) was supplemented into the diet of aged laying hens to investigate the efficacy of IDPG on the gut microbiome. Four treatments with six replicates of twelve 68-wk-old laying hens (Hy-Line variety brown) each were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0%, 0.01%, 0.025%, and 0.05% IDPG for 8 wk. Results showed that the propionate concentration significantly increased in laying hens fed a diet supplemented with 0.025% or 0.05% IDPG relative to the control diet (P < 0.05). Moreover, the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that there was a notable elevation of microbiome species diversity due to the addition of IDPG, with a noted enrichment to phyla Bacteroidetes at the expense of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Metabolic prediction of the cecal microbiome suggested significant improvements to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and a significant depletion for energy metabolism and infectious diseases. More importantly, a strong positive correlation between levels of genera Bacteroides, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 with high production of propionate was found using multivariate analysis. Our study demonstrated that IDPG acted by mainly enriching the phyla Bacteroidetes in the cecum, increasing species diversity, and cecal propionate concentrations. It seems that IDPG can be used as feed additives in laying hen farming due to its capacity to positively modulate the cecal microbiome and aid improve overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Tao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenhuan Lai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Ling
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
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