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Zou W, Deng J, Wang Z, Sun D, Zou N. Encapsulation of thermochromic tetradecyl myristate/methyl red composite via full poplar-based cellulose/lignin/SiO 2 framework for preparation of thermochromic wood with thermal response and storage. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133881. [PMID: 39029822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Thermochromic wood (TW), a smart material that can respond to temperature changes and store thermal energy, holds broad potential for application in the construction industry. This study fabricated thermochromic poplar (TP) by encapsulating a thermochromic phase change material (TPCM), consisting of tetradecyl myristate and methyl red, within a full poplar-based cellulose/lignin/SiO2 framework. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicate that the poplar matrix and the incorporated SiO2 formed an integrated cellulose/lignin/SiO2 framework, which encapsulated the TPCM within the poplar ducts. The TP exhibits a color change from light purple to dark purple within the temperature range of 30-48 °C, with a pronounced shift at approximately 42 °C, correlating with the sensation of scalding. Thus, TP-based products can alert users to the risk of scalding through a noticeable color change. The full poplar-based framework mitigates the impact of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the TP and prevents the loss of TPCM during thermal processing. The mechanical properties of TP are enhanced to a strength grade comparable to that of Manchurian ash wood, making it suitable for load-bearing components in wooden structures. Additionally, the average temperature of TP is around 10 °C higher than that of untreated poplar within 25 min after the same thermal treatment. Consequently, TP can serve as a building material with capabilities for temperature response, thermal energy storage, and structural load-bearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zou
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Jie Deng
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Zhangheng Wang
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Delin Sun
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Naike Zou
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha 410004, China
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Kosar N, Kanwal S, Hamid MHSA, Ayub K, Gilani MA, Imran M, Arshad M, Alkhalifah MA, Sheikh NS, Mahmood T. Role of Delocalization, Asymmetric Distribution of π-Electrons and Elongated Conjugation System for Enhancement of NLO Response of Open Form of Spiropyran-Based Thermochromes. Molecules 2023; 28:6283. [PMID: 37687112 PMCID: PMC10488622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Switchable nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have widespread applications in electronics and optoelectronics. Thermo-switches generate many times higher NLO responses as compared to photo-switches. Herein, we have investigated the geometric, electronic, and nonlinear optical properties of spiropyranes thermochromes via DFT methods. The stabilities of close and open isomers of selected spiropyranes are investigated through relative energies. Electronic properties are studied through frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) analysis. The lower HOMO-LUMO energy gap and lower excitation energy are observed for open isomers of spiropyranes, which imparts the large first hyperpolarizability value. The delocalization of π-electrons, asymmetric distribution and elongated conjugation system are dominant factors for high hyperpolarizability values of open isomers. For deep understanding, we also analyzed the frequency-dependent hyperpolarizability and refractive index of considered thermochromes. The NLO response increased significantly with increasing frequency. Among all those compounds, the highest refractive index value is observed for the open isomer of the spiropyran 1 (1.99 × 10-17 cm2/W). Molecular absorption analysis confirmed the electronic excitation in the open isomers compared to closed isomers. The results show that reversible thermochromic compounds act as excellent NLO molecular switches and can be used to design advanced electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kosar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology (UMT), C-11, Johar Town, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Saba Kanwal
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Malai Haniti S. A. Hamid
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Amjad Gilani
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 45550, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed A. Alkhalifah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem S. Sheikh
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain
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Hirai T, Kugimoto K, Oyama S, Takeda Y. Scalable Thermochromic Composite Based on a Ternary Polymer Blend for Temperature-Adaptive Solar Heat Management. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19427-19434. [PMID: 37022935 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A scalable and durable thermochromic composite is developed for temperature-adaptive solar heat management using a carbon absorber and a thermoresponsive polymer blend consisting of an isolated polycaprolactone phase (PCL) and a continuous phase of miscible poly(methyl methacrylate) and polyvinylidene fluoride. The ternary blend exhibits reversible haze transition originating from the melting and crystallization of PCL. The refractive index matching between the molten PCL and surrounding miscible blend contributes to high-contrast haze switching in the range of 14-91% across the melting temperature of PCL (ca. 55 °C). The solar-absorption-switching properties of the composite are due to the spontaneous light-scattering switching in the polymer blend and the presence of a small amount of carbon black. Spectral measurements indicate that the solar reflectance of the composite sheet varies by 20% between 20 and 60 °C upon lamination with a Ag mirror. Solar heat management using the thermochromic composite is successfully demonstrated under natural sunlight, thereby realizing a temperature-adaptive thermal management system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hirai
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute 480-1192, Japan
| | - Ko Kugimoto
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute 480-1192, Japan
| | - Shin Oyama
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute 480-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Takeda
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute 480-1192, Japan
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Ding Y, Pang Z, Lan K, Yao Y, Panzarasa G, Xu L, Lo Ricco M, Rammer DR, Zhu JY, Hu M, Pan X, Li T, Burgert I, Hu L. Emerging Engineered Wood for Building Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1843-1888. [PMID: 36260771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The building sector, including building operations and materials, was responsible for the emission of ∼11.9 gigatons of global energy-related CO2 in 2020, accounting for 37% of the total CO2 emissions, the largest share among different sectors. Lowering the carbon footprint of buildings requires the development of carbon-storage materials as well as novel designs that could enable multifunctional components to achieve widespread applications. Wood is one of the most abundant biomaterials on Earth and has been used for construction historically. Recent research breakthroughs on advanced engineered wood products epitomize this material's tremendous yet largely untapped potential for addressing global sustainability challenges. In this review, we explore recent developments in chemically modified wood that will produce a new generation of engineered wood products for building applications. Traditionally, engineered wood products have primarily had a structural purpose, but this review broadens the classification to encompass more aspects of building performance. We begin by providing multiscale design principles of wood products from a computational point of view, followed by discussion of the chemical modifications and structural engineering methods used to modify wood in terms of its mechanical, thermal, optical, and energy-related performance. Additionally, we explore life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis tools for guiding future research toward environmentally friendly and economically feasible directions for engineered wood products. Finally, this review highlights the current challenges and perspectives on future directions in this research field. By leveraging these new wood-based technologies and analysis tools for the fabrication of carbon-storage materials, it is possible to design sustainable and carbon-negative buildings, which could have a significant impact on mitigating climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Zhenqian Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Kai Lan
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06511, United States
| | - Yuan Yao
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06511, United States
| | - Guido Panzarasa
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093Zürich, Switzerland.,WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Marco Lo Ricco
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin53726, United States
| | - Douglas R Rammer
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin53726, United States
| | - J Y Zhu
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin53726, United States
| | - Ming Hu
- School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093Zürich, Switzerland.,WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States.,Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
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Assessment of Thermochromic Packaging Prints' Resistance to UV Radiation and Various Chemical Agents. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051208. [PMID: 36904449 PMCID: PMC10007136 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermochromic inks, also known as color changing inks, are becoming increasingly important for various applications that range from smart packaging, product labels, security printing, and anti-counterfeit inks to applications such as temperature-sensitive plastics and inks printed onto ceramic mugs, promotional items, and toys. These inks are also gaining more attention as part of textile decorations and can also be found in some artistic works obtained with thermochromic paints, due to their ability to change color when exposed to heat. Thermochromic inks, however, are known to be sensitive materials to the influence of UV radiation, heat fluctuations, and various chemical agents. Given the fact that prints can be found in different environmental conditions during their lifetime, in this work, thermochromic prints were exposed to the action of UV radiation and the influence of different chemical agents in order to simulate different environmental parameters. Hence, two thermochromic inks with different activation temperatures (one being cold and the other being body-heat activated), printed on two food packaging label papers that differ in their surface properties were chosen to be tested. Assessment of their resistance to specific chemical agents was performed according to the procedure described in the ISO 2836:2021 standard. Moreover, the prints were exposed to artificial aging to determine their durability when exposed to UV radiation. All tested thermochromic prints showed low resistance to liquid chemical agents as the color difference values were unacceptable in all cases. It was observed that the stability of thermochromic prints to different chemicals decreases with decreasing solvent polarity. Based on the results obtained after UV radiation, its influence in terms of color degradation is visible on both tested paper substrates, but more significant degradation was observed on the ultra-smooth label paper.
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Wang L, Han Y, Yan X. Effects of Adding Methods of Fluorane Microcapsules and Shellac Resin Microcapsules on the Preparation and Properties of Bifunctional Waterborne Coatings for Basswood. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183919. [PMID: 36146064 PMCID: PMC9506585 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, urea-formaldehyde resin microcapsules with shellac resin as core material were prepared by in-situ polymerization. Morphologies of shellac resin microcapsules were characterized by optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Both microcapsules were spherical in shape. The encapsulation property of shellac resin was proved by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Shellac resin microcapsules and fluorane microcapsules were added to waterborne primer or topcoat at the same time to prepare waterborne coatings with thermochromic and self-healing dual functions. The effects of microcapsules on optical properties, mechanical properties, self-healing properties, anti-aging performance, and thermoreversible discolouration mechanism of coating films were studied. These results showed that the topcoat with 10.0% fluorane microcapsules and 5.0% shellac resin microcapsules had a better comprehensive performance. At this time, the colour of coating transformed yellow into colourless at 32 °C, and it had a good colour recovery. Shellac resin microcapsules endowed the coating with self-healing performance, and the self-healing rate was 35.9%. The research results provide a reference for the progression of multifunctional wood coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yan Han
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yan
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence:
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7
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Cheng Z, Chen Z, Zhao B, Liao H, Yu T, Li Y. High-performance degradable films of poly(lactic acid)/thermochromic microcapsule composites with thermochromic and energy storage functions via blown film process. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:238-249. [PMID: 35985393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the polylactic acid (PLA)/reversible thermochromic microcapsule (TCM) packaging application film was successfully synthesized by the blown film process. White mineral oil (WMO) was used as a dispersant to prepare PLA/TCM extruded materials with different mass fractions, in which the mass fraction of TCM was up to 20 wt% and the structural, thermal, mechanical, barrier, thermochromic, and heat storage-release properties were evaluated. It was found that WMO had a plasticizing effect, the elongation at break and water vapor transmission rate of the films with the addition of 7 wt% TCM were increased by 533 % and 31.38 %, respectively. For each thermochromic film, significant thermochromic and energy storage release phenomena were observed. For instance, 20 wt% TCM thermochromic film was most effective for prolonging the holding time and suspending the temperature drop rate. In general, thermochromic packaging films with optimized constitutes were successfully synthesized by the blown film process, which provides essential reference significance for the large-scale thermochromic film applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefei Cheng
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Binbin Zhao
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Haoran Liao
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tao Yu
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Mapping and Remote Sensing for Planetary Exploration, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yan Li
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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8
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Trends in Chemical Wood Surface Improvements and Modifications: A Review of the Last Five Years. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11121514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the use of wood in buildings is regarded by many as a key solution to tackle climate change. For this reason, a lot of research is carried out to develop new and innovative wood surface improvements and make wood more appealing through features such as increased durability, fire-retardancy, superhydrophobicity, and self-healing. However, in order to have a positive impact on the society, these surface improvements must be applied in real buildings. In this review, the last five years of research in the domain of wood surface improvements and modifications is first presented by sorting the latest innovations into different trends. Afterward, these trends are correlated to specifications representing different normative, ecologic and economic factors which must be considered when expecting to introduce a wood treatment to the market. With this review, the authors hope to help researchers to take into consideration the different factors influencing whether new innovations can leave the research laboratory or not, and thereby facilitate the introduction of new wood surface treatments in the society.
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Zou W, Li Z, Wang Z, Sun D, Zhang P. Poplar-based thermochromic composites that change colour at 38 °C to 46 °C. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16865. [PMID: 34413331 PMCID: PMC8377062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The red thermochromic dye (R-TD) is the tetradecanoic acid tetradecyl ester (C28H56O2) and methyl red (C15H15N3O2) mixture that has better permeability enabling its infiltration into wood and better thermochromic properties changing its colour at above 30 °C after about 0.5 min. Thicker poplar-based thermochromic composite specimens (R-PTC, thickness: 5.0 mm) were prepared by filling the R-TD into pre-treated poplar veneer (thickness: 5.0 mm) thus allowing better penetration after pre-treatment. After R-TD infiltration, the R-PTC samples were covered by polypropylene wax for preventing R-TD from overflowing from R-PTC under the action of phase-change temperature. This R-PTC, whose colour can change from light-red to dark-red at 38 °C to 46 °C, can recover to light-red at below 38 °C after about 14 h, and the peak of colour change is at about 42 °C. R-PTC will be suitable for materials used in thermochromic furniture that can indicate the surface temperature to potential users, thus allowing assessment of likely scalded pain when used the furniture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zou
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Zimu Li
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Zhangheng Wang
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Delin Sun
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Pingfang Zhang
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road 498, Changsha, 410004, China
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Effect of the Concentration of Pigment Slurry on the Film Performances of Waterborne Wood Coatings. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wood surface decoration and protection has become a topic of public concern. In this paper, a temperature-sensitive and reversible thermochromic waterborne wood coating was prepared by using Chinese fir board as the base material and a waterborne wood coating with the pigment slurry of thermochromic microcapsules as the paint base. The optical properties, mechanical properties and chemical resistance of the waterborne wood coating were tested, and its microstructure was analyzed. The results showed that when the concentration of thermochromic pigment slurry was 30.0%, the thermochromic property of the waterborne wood coating was best. The gloss of the waterborne wood coating with 15.0% pigment slurry of thermochromic microcapsules was high. The concentration of thermochromic pigment slurry had no effect on the adhesion, impact resistance, or chemical resistance of the waterborne wood coating. Based on the above results, the waterborne wood coating on Chinese fir had the best comprehensive performance when the concentration of thermochromic pigment slurry was 15.0%. This work will provide a technical reference for the industrialization of the thermochromic coating film on wood.
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Ren C, Liu F, Umair MM, Jin X, Zhang S, Tang B. Excellent Temperature-Control Based on Reversible Thermochromic Materials for Light-Driven Phase Change Materials System. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081623. [PMID: 31022940 PMCID: PMC6526475 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-driven phase change materials (PCMs) have received significant attention due to their capacity to convert visible light into thermal energy, storing it as latent heat. However, continuous photo-thermal conversion can cause the PCMs to reach high thermal equilibrium temperatures after phase transition. In our study, a novel light-driven phase change material system with temperature-control properties was constructed using a thermochromic compound. Thermochromic phase change materials (TC-PCMs) were prepared by introducing 2-anilino-6-dibutylamino-3-methylfluoran (ODB-2) and bisphenol A (BPA) into 1-hexadecanol (1-HD) in various proportions. Photo-thermal conversion performance was investigated with solar radiation (low power of 0.09 W/cm2) and a xenon lamp (at a high power of 0.14 W/cm2). The TC-PCMs showed a low equilibrium temperature due to variations in absorbance. Specifically, the temperature of TC-PCM180 (ODB-2, bisphenol A and 1-HD ratio 1:2:180) could stabilize at 54 °C approximately. TC-PCMs exhibited reversibility and repeatability after 20 irradiation and cooling cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Fangfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Malik Muhammad Umair
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xin Jin
- Eco-chemical Engineering Cooperative Innovation Center of Shandong, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Bingtao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
- Eco-chemical Engineering Cooperative Innovation Center of Shandong, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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Relation between colour- and phase changes of a leuco dye-based thermochromic composite. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5511. [PMID: 29615711 PMCID: PMC5882991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible colour change of leuco dye-based composites is in general closely related to their phase change, thus the two phenomena should occur at around the same temperature and should be influenced similarly. However, spatial confinement of the analysed sample affects the change in colour differently compared to its phase transition and the most pronounced effects can be observed during cooling. The bulk composite is coloured while still liquid and the colour hysteresis does not exhibit a loop. In an open-porous medium the colouration coincides well with the crystallization and the colour hysteresis widens to about 4 °C. Microencapsulated composite exhibits two crystallization processes, one of them taking place at the bulk crystallization temperature and the other one at about 20 °C lower. Under such conditions the composite is coloured just before the onset of the second crystallization, i.e. about 15 °C below crystallization in the bulk, and the corresponding colour hysteresis widens to 18 °C. The two crystallization forms are thermally independent and have the same crystalline structure. These effects should be taken into account when designing future applications where the phase-changing materials are implemented.
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