1
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He L, Liang Y, Yu X, Zhao Y, Zou Z, Dai Q, Wu J, Gan S, Lin H, Zhang Y, Lu D. UNC93B1 facilitates the localization and signaling of TLR5M in Epinephelus coioides. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128729. [PMID: 38086430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), serving as a sensor of bacterial flagellin, mediates the innate immune response to actively engage in the host's immune processes against pathogen invasion. However, the mechanism underlying TLR5-mediated immune response in fish remains unclear. Despite the presumed cell surface expression of TLR5 member form (TLR5M), its trafficking dynamics remain elusive. Here, we have identified Epinephelus coioides TLR5M as a crucial mediator of Vibrio flagellin-induced cytokine expression in grouper cells. EcTLR5M facilitated the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in response to flagellin stimulation and exerted a modest influence on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. The trafficking chaperone Unc-93 homolog B1 (EcUNC93B1) participated in EcTLR5M-mediated NF-κB signaling activation and downstream cytokine expression. In addition, EcUNC93B1 combined with EcTLR5M to mediate its exit from the endoplasmic reticulum, and also affected its post-translational maturation. Collectively, these findings first discovered that EcTLR5M mediated the flagellin-induced cytokine expression primarily by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway, and EcUNC93B1 mediated EcTLR5M function through regulating its trafficking and post-translational maturation. This research expanded the understanding of fish innate immunity and provided a novel concept for the advancement of anti-vibrio immunity technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangge He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yaosi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Zhenjiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Qinxi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- Agro-Tech Extension Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510145, PR China
| | - Songyong Gan
- Agro-Tech Extension Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510145, PR China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; College of Ocean, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Guangdong South China Sea Key Laboratory of Aquaculture for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Danqi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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2
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Li Y, Liu C, Sun Y, Wang R, Wu C, Zhao H, Zhang L, Song D, Gao Q. Construction of the flagellin F mutant of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its toxic effects on silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129395. [PMID: 38218285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus causes diseases in aquatic organisms, leading to substantial financial losses to the aquaculture industry; its flagellin F (flaF) protein triggers severe inflammation in host cells. To enhance the understanding of the function of flaF in V. parahaemolyticus infection, in this study, a flaF-deficient mutant was constructed by employing two-step homologous recombination. The flaF-deficient mutant induced a significantly lower toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) expression and apoptosis in fish intestinal epithelial cells than the wild-type V. parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, fluorescence labelling and microscopy analysis of TLR5 showed that V. parahaemolyticus and its mutant strain significantly enhanced TLR5 expression. Additionally, the findings suggest that flaF deletion did not significantly affect the expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) induced by V.parahaemolyticus. In summary, V. parahaemolyticus induced a TLR5-dependent inflammatory response and apoptosis through MyD88, which was observed to be influenced by flaF deletion. In this study, we obtained stable mutants of V. parahaemolyticus via target gene deletion-which is a rapid and effective approach-and compared the induction of inflammatory response and apoptosis by V. parahaemolyticus and its mutant strain, providing novel perspectives for functional gene research in V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 201699, PR China
| | - Yuechen Sun
- Haidian Foreign Language Academy, Beijing 100195, PR China
| | - Ruijun Wang
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China
| | - Choufei Wu
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China
| | - Hanqu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China
| | - Liqin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China
| | - Dawei Song
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China.
| | - Quanxin Gao
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China.
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3
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Wang X, Sun X, Chu J, Sun W, Yan S, Wang Y. Gut microbiota and microbiota-derived metabolites in colorectal cancer: enemy or friend. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:291. [PMID: 37653349 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03742-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly prevalent gastrointestinal cancer worldwide. Recent research has shown that the gut microbiota plays a significant role in the development of CRC. There is mounting evidence supporting the crucial contributions of bacteria-derived toxins and metabolites to cancer-related inflammation, immune imbalances, and the response to therapy. Besides, some gut microbiota and microbiota-derived metabolites have protective effects against CRC. This review aims to summarize the current studies on the effects and mechanisms of gut microbiota and microbiota-produced metabolites in the initiation, progression, and drug sensitivity/resistance of CRC. Additionally, we explore the clinical implications and future prospects of utilizing gut microbiota as innovative approaches for preventing and treating CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xicai Sun
- Department of Hospital Office, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Jinjin Chu
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Wenchang Sun
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shushan Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Anal Diseases Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
| | - Yaowen Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261041, China.
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4
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Yao R, Mao X, Xu Y, Qiu X, Zhou L, Wang Y, Pang B, Chen M, Cao S, Bao L, Bao Y, Guo S, Hu L, Zhang H, Cui X. Polysaccharides from Vaccaria segetalis seeds reduce urinary tract infections by inhibiting the adhesion and invasion abilities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1004751. [PMID: 36506014 PMCID: PMC9727262 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1004751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The seeds of Vaccaria segetalis (Neck.) are from a traditional medicinal plant Garcke, also called Wang-Bu-Liu-Xing in China. According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the seeds of V. segetalis can be used for treating urinary system diseases. This study was designed to investigate the underlying mechanism of VSP (polysaccharides from Vaccaria segetalis) against urinary tract infections caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Here, both in vitro and in vivo infection models were established with the UPEC strain CFT073. Bacterial adhesion and invasion into bladder epithelial cells were analyzed. We found that VSP reduced the adhesion of UPEC to the host by inhibiting the expression of bacterial hair follicle adhesion genes. VSP also reduced the invasion of UPEC by regulating the uroplakins and Toll-like receptors of host epithelial cells. In addition, the swarming motility and flagella-mediated motility genes flhC, flhD and Flic of UPEC were diminished after VSP intervention. Taken together, our findings reveal a possible mechanism by which VSP interferes with the adhesion and invasion of UPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmei Yao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Mao
- Guangzhou Baiyunshan Xingqun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingli Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Qiu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lirun Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengping Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Cao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Bao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Bao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Haijiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Regional Resource Exploitation and Medicinal Research, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, China,*Correspondence: Haijiang Zhang, ; Xiaolan Cui,
| | - Xiaolan Cui
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Haijiang Zhang, ; Xiaolan Cui,
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5
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Rainard P, Gilbert FB, Germon P. Immune defenses of the mammary gland epithelium of dairy ruminants. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1031785. [PMID: 36341445 PMCID: PMC9634088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1031785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the mammary gland (MG) fulfills three major functions: nutrition of progeny, transfer of immunity from mother to newborn, and its own defense against infection. The defense function of the epithelium requires the cooperation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) with intraepithelial leucocytes, macrophages, DCs, and resident lymphocytes. The MG is characterized by the secretion of a large amount of a nutrient liquid in which certain bacteria can proliferate and reach a considerable bacterial load, which has conditioned how the udder reacts against bacterial invasions. This review presents how the mammary epithelium perceives bacteria, and how it responds to the main bacterial genera associated with mastitis. MECs are able to detect the presence of actively multiplying bacteria in the lumen of the gland: they express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) released by the growing bacteria. Interactions with intraepithelial leucocytes fine-tune MECs responses. Following the onset of inflammation, new interactions are established with lymphocytes and neutrophils recruited from the blood. The mammary epithelium also identifies and responds to antigens, which supposes an antigen-presenting capacity. Its responses can be manipulated with drugs, plant extracts, probiotics, and immune modifiers, in order to increase its defense capacities or reduce the damage related to inflammation. Numerous studies have established that the mammary epithelium is a genuine effector of both innate and adaptive immunity. However, knowledge gaps remain and newly available tools offer the prospect of exciting research to unravel and exploit the multiple capacities of this particular epithelium.
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6
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Kazemifard N, Dehkohneh A, Baradaran Ghavami S. Probiotics and probiotic-based vaccines: A novel approach for improving vaccine efficacy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:940454. [PMID: 36313997 PMCID: PMC9606607 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.940454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is defined as the stimulation and development of the adaptive immune system by administering specific antigens. Vaccines' efficacy, in inducing immunity, varies in different societies due to economic, social, and biological conditions. One of the influential biological factors is gut microbiota. Cross-talks between gut bacteria and the host immune system are initiated at birth during microbial colonization and directly control the immune responses and protection against pathogen colonization. Imbalances in the gut microbiota composition, termed dysbiosis, can trigger several immune disorders through the activity of the adaptive immune system and impair the adequate response to the vaccination. The bacteria used in probiotics are often members of the gut microbiota, which have health benefits for the host. Probiotics are generally consumed as a component of fermented foods, affect both innate and acquired immune systems, and decrease infections. This review aimed to discuss the gut microbiota's role in regulating immune responses to vaccination and how probiotics can help induce immune responses against pathogens. Finally, probiotic-based oral vaccines and their efficacy have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesa Kazemifard
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Dehkohneh
- Department for Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany,Department of Biology Chemistry Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shaghayegh Baradaran Ghavami
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Shaghayegh Baradaran Ghavami
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7
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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) in Diaphorina citri and Their Expression Patterns Induced by the Endophyte Beauveria bassiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080888. [PMID: 36012876 PMCID: PMC9409752 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which play key roles in helping the host immune system fight pathogen invasions. Systematic information on TLRs at the genome-wide level and expression profiling in response to endophytic colonization is very important to understand their functions but is currently lacking in this field. Here, a total of two TLR genes were identified and characterized in Diaphorina citri. The TLR genes of D. citri were clustered into five families according to the phylogenetic analysis of different species' TLRs. The domain organization analyses suggested that the TLRs were constituted of three important parts: a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane region (TR) and a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. The mRNA expression levels of the two TLR genes (DcTOLL and DcTLR7) were highly regulated in both nymphs and adults of D. citri. These results elucidated the potentiated TLR gene expression in response to endophytically colonized plants. Furthermore, the 3D structures of the TIR domain were highly conserved during evolution. Collectively, these findings elucidate the crucial roles of TLRs in the immune response of D. citri to entomopathogens systematically established as endophytes, and provide fundamental knowledge for further understanding of the innate immunity of D. citri.
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8
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Bonhomme D, Werts C. Host and Species-Specificities of Pattern Recognition Receptors Upon Infection With Leptospira interrogans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:932137. [PMID: 35937697 PMCID: PMC9353586 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.932137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease affecting all vertebrates. It is caused by species of the genus Leptospira, among which are the highly pathogenic L. interrogans. Different mammals can be either resistant or susceptible to the disease which can present a large variety of symptoms. Humans are mostly asymptomatic after infection but can have in some cases symptoms varying from a flu-like syndrome to more severe forms such as Weil's disease, potentially leading to multiorgan failure and death. Similarly, cattle, pigs, and horses can suffer from acute forms of the disease, including morbidity, abortion, and uveitis. On the other hand, mice and rats are resistant to leptospirosis despite chronical colonization of the kidneys, excreting leptospires in urine and contributing to the transmission of the bacteria. To this date, the immune mechanisms that determine the severity of the infection and that confer susceptibility to leptospirosis remain enigmatic. To our interest, differential immune sensing of leptospires through the activation of or escape from pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) has recently been described. In this review, we will summarize these findings that suggest that in various hosts, leptospires differentially escape recognition by some Toll-like and NOD-like receptors, including TLR4, TLR5, and NOD1, although TLR2 and NLRP3 responses are conserved independently of the host. Overall, we hypothesize that these innate immune mechanisms could play a role in determining host susceptibility to leptospirosis and suggest a central, yet complex, role for TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2001, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
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9
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Akkaya I, Oylumlu E, Ozel I, Uzel G, Durmus L, Ciraci C. NLRC4 Inflammasome-Mediated Regulation of Eosinophilic Functions. Immune Netw 2022; 21:e42. [PMID: 35036029 PMCID: PMC8733190 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils play critical roles in the maintenance of homeostasis in innate and adaptive immunity. Although primarily known for their roles in parasitic infections and the development of Th2 cell responses, eosinophils also play complex roles in other immune responses ranging from anti-inflammation to defense against viral and bacterial infections. However, the contributions of pattern recognition receptors in general, and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) in particular, to eosinophil involvement in these immune responses remain relatively underappreciated. Our in vivo studies demonstrated that NLRC4 deficient mice had a decreased number of eosinophils and impaired Th2 responses after induction of an allergic airway disease model. Our in vitro data, utilizing human eosinophilic EoL-1 cells, suggested that TLR2 induction markedly induced pro-inflammatory responses and inflammasome forming NLRC4 and NLRP3. Moreover, activation by their specific ligands resulted in caspase-1 cleavage and mature IL-1β secretion. Interestingly, Th2 responses such as secretion of IL-5 and IL-13 decreased after transfection of EoL-1 cells with short interfering RNAs targeting human NLRC4. Specific induction of NLRC4 with PAM3CSK4 and flagellin upregulated the expression of IL-5 receptor and expression of Fc epsilon receptors (FcεR1α, FcεR2). Strikingly, activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome also promoted expression of the costimulatory receptor CD80 as well as expression of immunoregulatory receptors PD-L1 and Siglec-8. Concomitant with NLRC4 upregulation, we found an increase in expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, but not MMP-2. Collectively, our results present new potential roles of NLRC4 in mediating a variety of eosinopilic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilgin Akkaya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Ece Oylumlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Irem Ozel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Goksu Uzel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Lubeyne Durmus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Ceren Ciraci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey.,Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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10
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Bartens MC, Gibson AJ, Etherington GJ, Di Palma F, Holder A, Werling D, Willcocks S. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Bovine TLR2 Extracellular Domain Contribute to Breed and Species-Specific Innate Immune Functionality. Front Immunol 2022; 12:764390. [PMID: 35003078 PMCID: PMC8732954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.764390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that several cattle breeds may be more resistant to infection with the zoonotic pathogen Mycobacterium bovis. Our data presented here suggests that the response to mycobacterial antigens varies in macrophages generated from Brown Swiss (BS) and Holstein Friesian (HF) cattle, two breeds belonging to the Bos taurus family. Whole genome sequencing of the Brown Swiss genome identified several potential candidate genes, in particular Toll-like Receptor-2 (TLR2), a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that has previously been described to be involved in mycobacterial recognition. Further investigation revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in TLR2 that were identified between DNA isolated from cells of BS and HF cows. Interestingly, one specific SNP, H326Q, showed a different genotype frequency in two cattle subspecies, Bos (B.) taurus and Bos indicus. Cloning of the TLR2 gene and subsequent gene-reporter and chemokine assays revealed that this SNP, present in BS and Bos indicus breeds, resulted in a significantly higher response to mycobacterial antigens as well as tri-acylated lipopeptide ligands in general. Comparing wild-type and H326Q containing TLR2 responses, wild-type bovine TLR2 response showed clear, diminished mycobacterial antigen responses compared to human TLR2, however bovine TLR2 responses containing H326Q were found to be partially recovered compared to human TLR2. The creation of human:bovine TLR2 chimeras increased the response to mycobacterial antigens compared to the full-length bovine TLR2, but significantly reduced the response compared to the full-length human TLR2. Thus, our data, not only present evidence that TLR2 is a major PRR in the mammalian species-specific response to mycobacterial antigens, but furthermore, that there are clear differences between the response seen in different cattle breeds, which may contribute to their enhanced or reduced susceptibility to mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Bartens
- Molecular Immunology Group, Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Gibson
- Molecular Immunology Group, Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Federica Di Palma
- Genome British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Holder
- Molecular Immunology Group, Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Molecular Immunology Group, Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Willcocks
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Adhikarla SV, Jha NK, Goswami VK, Sharma A, Bhardwaj A, Dey A, Villa C, Kumar Y, Jha SK. TLR-Mediated Signal Transduction and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111373. [PMID: 34827372 PMCID: PMC8615980 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A special class of proteins called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an essential part of the innate immune system, connecting it to the adaptive immune system. There are 10 different Toll-Like Receptors that have been identified in human beings. TLRs are part of the central nervous system (CNS), showing that the CNS is capable of the immune response, breaking the long-held belief of the brain's "immune privilege" owing to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These Toll-Like Receptors are present not just on the resident macrophages of the central nervous system but are also expressed by the neurons to allow them for the production of proinflammatory agents such as interferons, cytokines, and chemokines; the activation and recruitment of glial cells; and their participation in neuronal cell death by apoptosis. This study is focused on the potential roles of various TLRs in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), namely TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 in AD and PD in human beings and a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Vishwanath Adhikarla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (Formerly NSIT, University of Delhi), New Delhi 110078, India;
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (N.K.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Vineet Kumar Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India;
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham 2770, Australia;
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham 2770, Australia;
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science & Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Anuradha Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (N.K.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India;
| | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Yatender Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (Formerly NSIT, University of Delhi), New Delhi 110078, India;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (S.K.J.)
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (N.K.J.); (A.B.)
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham 2770, Australia;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (S.K.J.)
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Rout AK, Acharya V, Maharana D, Dehury B, Udgata SR, Jena R, Behera B, Parida PK, Behera BK. Insights into structure and dynamics of extracellular domain of Toll-like receptor 5 in Cirrhinus mrigala (mrigala): A molecular dynamics simulation approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245358. [PMID: 33444377 PMCID: PMC7808660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is the most conserved important pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) often stimulated by bacterial flagellins and plays a major role in the first-line defense against invading pathogenic bacteria and in immune homeostasis. Experimental crystallographic studies have shown that the extracellular domain (ECD) of TLR5 recognizes flagellin of bacteria and functions as a homodimer in model organism zebrafish. However, no structural information is available on TLR5 functionality in the major carp Cirrhinus mrigala (mrigala) and its interaction with bacterial flagellins. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to unravel the structural basis of TLR5-flagellin recognition in mrigala using structural homodimeric TLR5-flagellin complex of zebrafish as reference. Integrative structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to explore the structural and mechanistic details of TLR5 recognition. Results from structural snapshots of MD simulation revealed that TLR5 consistently formed close interactions with the three helices of the D1 domain in flagellin on its lateral side mediated by several conserved amino acids. Results from the intermolecular contact analysis perfectly substantiate with the findings of per residue-free energy decomposition analysis. The differential recognition mediated by flagellin to TLR5 in mrigala involves charged residues at the interface of binding as compared to the zebrafish complex. Overall our results shows TLR5 of mrigala involved in innate immunity specifically recognized a conserved site on flagellin which advocates the scientific community to explore host-specific differences in receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Kumar Rout
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology & Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Varsha Acharya
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology & Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Diptimayee Maharana
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology & Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sheela Rani Udgata
- Department of Bioinformatics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rajkumar Jena
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha, India
| | - Bhaskar Behera
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha, India
| | - Pranaya Kumar Parida
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology & Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail: (BKB); (PKP)
| | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology & Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail: (BKB); (PKP)
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Holzapfel M, Bonhomme D, Cagliero J, Vernel-Pauillac F, Fanton d’Andon M, Bortolussi S, Fiette L, Goarant C, Wunder EA, Picardeau M, Ko AI, Werling D, Matsui M, Boneca IG, Werts C. Escape of TLR5 Recognition by Leptospira spp.: A Rationale for Atypical Endoflagella. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2007. [PMID: 32849665 PMCID: PMC7431986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira (L.) interrogans are invasive bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, a worldwide zoonosis. They possess two periplasmic endoflagellae that allow their motility. L. interrogans are stealth pathogens that escape the innate immune recognition of the NOD-like receptors NOD1/2, and the human Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, which senses peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. TLR5 is another receptor of bacterial cell wall components, recognizing flagellin subunits. To study the contribution of TLR5 in the host defense against leptospires, we infected WT and TLR5 deficient mice with pathogenic L. interrogans and tracked the infection by in vivo live imaging of bioluminescent bacteria or by qPCR. We did not identify any protective or inflammatory role of murine TLR5 for controlling pathogenic Leptospira. Likewise, subsequent in vitro experiments showed that infections with different live strains of L. interrogans and L. biflexa did not trigger TLR5 signaling. However, unexpectedly, heat-killed bacteria stimulated human and bovine TLR5, but did not, or barely induced stimulation via murine TLR5. Abolition of TLR5 recognition required extensive boiling time of the bacteria or proteinase K treatment, showing an unusual high stability of the leptospiral flagellins. Interestingly, after using antimicrobial peptides to destabilize live leptospires, we detected TLR5 activity, suggesting that TLR5 could participate in the fight against leptospires in humans or cattle. Using different Leptospira strains with mutations in the flagellin proteins, we further showed that neither FlaA nor Fcp participated in the recognition by TLR5, suggesting a role for the FlaB. FlaB have structural homology to Salmonella FliC, and possess conserved residues important for TLR5 activation, as shown by in silico analyses. Accordingly, we found that leptospires regulate the expression of FlaB mRNA according to the growth phase in vitro, and that infection with L. interrogans in hamsters and in mice downregulated the expression of the FlaB, but not the FlaA subunits. Altogether, in contrast to different bacteria that modify their flagellin sequences to escape TLR5 recognition, our study suggests that the peculiar central localization and stability of the FlaB monomers in the periplasmic endoflagellae, associated with the downregulation of FlaB subunits in hosts, constitute an efficient strategy of leptospires to escape the TLR5 recognition and the induced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Holzapfel
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bonhomme
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julie Cagliero
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle Calédonie, Immunity and Inflammation Group, Institut Pasteur International Network, Noumea, France
| | - Frédérique Vernel-Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Martine Fanton d’Andon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Sophia Bortolussi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Fiette
- Unité Histopathologie Humaine et Modèles Animaux, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Goarant
- Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle Calédonie, Noumea, France
| | - Elsio A. Wunder
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Albert I. Ko
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Mariko Matsui
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle Calédonie, Immunity and Inflammation Group, Institut Pasteur International Network, Noumea, France
| | - Ivo G. Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
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Zhao J, Wang Y, Li X, Gai Z. Genome-wide identification and characterization of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in housefly (Musca domestica) and their roles in the insecticide resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:141-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Inflammasome Activation in Bovine Peripheral Blood-Derived Macrophages Is Associated with Actin Rearrangement. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040655. [PMID: 32290067 PMCID: PMC7223366 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the early stage of infection, the innate immune system produces a rapid inflammatory response that blocks the growth and spread of the infectious agent. In this study, we explored the role of the actin cellular cytoskeleton in the inflammatory response due to stimulation of the bovine macrophages with Salmonella typhimurium flagellin. We found that actin was rearranged to form filopodia, which in the early stage of inflammation are important for macrophage motility. As inflammation progressed, actin polymerized at the same site as inflammasome complexes formed. Ultimately the macrophage died, which will attract more inflammatory cells to the infection site to help block the infection. Abstract Inflammation is critical for infection control and acts as an arsenal defense mechanism against invading microbes through activation of the host immune system. It works via its inflammasome components to sense the dangerous invading microorganism and send messages to the immune system to destroy them. To date, the function of bovine macrophage inflammasome and its relationship with actin has not been identified. This study aimed to investigate the activation of bovine inflammasome by phase one flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium and its interaction with actin. Bovine monocyte-derived macrophages were prepared and challenged with S. typhimurium SL1344 phase one flagellin. The results demonstrated the relationship between the flagellin-based activation of inflammasome and actin rearrangement. The flagellin-based activation of inflammasome promoted the activation and co-localization of F-actin and the inflammasome complex. Actin was remodeled to different degrees according to the stage of inflammasome activation. The actin redistribution varied from polymerization to filopodia, while at the stage of pyroptotic cell death, actin was broken down and interacted with activated inflammasome complexes. In conclusion, flagellin-dependent inflammasome activation and actin localization to the inflammasome at the stage of pyroptotic cell death may be of importance for appropriate immune responses, pending further studies to explore the exact cross-linking between the inflammasome complex and actin.
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Liu Q, Yu Z, Tian F, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhai Q, Chen W. Surface components and metabolites of probiotics for regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:23. [PMID: 32024520 PMCID: PMC7003451 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-1289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota can significantly affect the function of the intestinal barrier. Some intestinal probiotics (such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, a few Escherichia coli strains, and a new generation of probiotics including Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Akkermansia muciniphila) can maintain intestinal epithelial homeostasis and promote health. This review first summarizes probiotics' regulation of the intestinal epithelium via their surface compounds. Surface layer proteins, flagella, pili and capsular polysaccharides constitute microbial-associated molecular patterns and specifically bind to pattern recognition receptors, which can regulate signaling pathways to produce cytokines or inhibit apoptosis, thereby attenuating inflammation and enhancing the function of the gut epithelium. The review also explains the effects of metabolites (such as secreted proteins, organic acids, indole, extracellular vesicles and bacteriocins) of probiotics on host receptors and the mechanisms by which these metabolites regulate gut epithelial barrier function. Previous reviews summarized the role of the surface macromolecules or metabolites of gut microbes (including both probiotics and pathogens) in human health. However, these reviews were mostly focused on the interactions between these substances and the intestinal mucosal immune system. In the current review, we only focused on probiotics and discussed the molecular interaction between these bacteria and the gut epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, 225004, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
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Ezzeldin S, El-Wazir A, Enany S, Muhammad A, Johar D, Osama A, Ahmed E, Shikshaky H, Magdeldin S. Current Understanding of Human Metaproteome Association and Modulation. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3539-3554. [PMID: 31262181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, metaproteomics has provided a better understanding and functional characterization of the microbiome. A large body of evidence now reveals interspecies, species of bacteria-host interactions, via the secreted modulatory microbial protein "metaproteome". Although high-throughput state-of-art mass spectrometry has recently empowered metaproteomics, its profile remains unclear, and, most importantly, the exact consequences and underlying mechanism of these protein molecules on the host are insufficiently understood. Here we address the current progress in the study of the human metaproteome, suggesting possible modulation, a metaproteome dysbiotic signature, challenges, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahd Ezzeldin
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Department of Basic Research , Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357 , 11441 Cairo , Egypt
| | - Aya El-Wazir
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine , Suez Canal University , 41522 Ismailia , Egypt.,Center of Excellence of Molecular and Cellular Medicine , Suez Canal University , 41522 Ismailia , Egypt
| | - Shymaa Enany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Suez Canal University , 41522 Ismailia , Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman Muhammad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Higher Technological Institute , 44634 Sharqia , Egypt
| | - Dina Johar
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology , Zewail City of Science and Technology , 12588 Giza , Egypt
| | - Aya Osama
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Department of Basic Research , Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357 , 11441 Cairo , Egypt
| | - Eman Ahmed
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Department of Basic Research , Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357 , 11441 Cairo , Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Suez Canal University , 41522 Ismailia , Egypt
| | - Hassan Shikshaky
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Department of Basic Research , Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357 , 11441 Cairo , Egypt
| | - Sameh Magdeldin
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Department of Basic Research , Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357 , 11441 Cairo , Egypt.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Suez Canal University , 41522 Ismailia , Egypt
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18
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Morimoto N, Kondo M, Kono T, Sakai M, Hikima JI. Nonconservation of TLR5 activation site in Edwardsiella tarda flagellin decreases expression of interleukin-1β and NF-κB genes in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:765-771. [PMID: 30776541 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Flagellin is the subunit protein that composes bacterial flagella and is recognized by toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) as a ligand. Flagellin protein (e.g., FliC and FlaA) contains the D1, D2, and D3 domains; the D1 domain is important for recognition by TLR5 for activation of the innate immune system. In teleosts, there are two types of TLR5, the membrane form (TLR5M) and soluble form (TLR5S), the latter of which is not present in mammals. In this study, the potential of flagellin from Edwardsiella tarda (EtFliC) to induce inflammation-related genes interleukin (IL)-1β and NF-κB-p65 through TLR5S in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was elucidated. A transient overexpression system was developed in flounder natural embryonic (HINAE) cells using constructs encoding two flagellin genes derived from E. tarda (pEtFliC) and Escherichia coli (pEcoFliC) and the flounder TLR5S gene (pPoTLR5S). Expression of inflammation-related genes in EtFliC- and PoTLR5S-overexpressing HINAE cells was significantly lower than in EcoFliC- and PoTLR5S-overexpressing cells. To clarify the difference between EtFliC and EcoFliC potency, the amino acid sequence of EtFliC was compared with that of other bacterial flagellin. The 91st arginine residue, known as the mammalian TLR5 activation site, was conserved in the flagellin of E. coli and other bacteria but not in EtFliC. To reveal the importance of the 91st arginine residue in FliC, a pEtFliC construct in which the 91st asparagine was mutated to arginine (pEtFliC_N91R) was generated. Expression of the IL-1β and NF-κB-p65 genes in the HINAE cells co-transfected with pEtFliC_N91R and pPoTLR5S was significantly higher than that in cells co-transfected with pEtFliC and pPoTLR5S. The results suggested that the 91st arginine residue of bacterial flagellin is involved in inflammatory response through TLR5S in teleosts. Thus, EtFliC improved by site-directed mutagenesis could be an effective adjuvant against E. tarda infection in Japanese flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Morimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kondo
- Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, 759-6595, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kono
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hikima
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
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19
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Khani MH, Bagheri M, Zahmatkesh A, Moradi Bidhendi S. Immunostimulatory effects of truncated and full-length flagellin recombinant proteins. Microb Pathog 2018; 127:190-197. [PMID: 30528248 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Problems regarding purification efficacy in recombinant technologies is due to the protein structure. Experimental manipulation of genes and the subsequent proteins may overcome this issue. In order to improve production efficacy and maintain immunestimulatory effect of flagellin, the Toll-like Receptor 5 (TLR5) ligand and a potent adjuvant, we performed a bioinformatic study to find the best model for FliC manipulation. Truncated modified FliC (tmFliC) and full length FliC (flFliC) genes were cloned and expressed in pET-21a vector and protein purification was carried out using an improved His-Tag method. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against flFliC and tmFliC in New Zealand white rabbits. IgG response to the recombinant proteins was determined by ELISA. Cross-reactivity assay was performed by ELISA for all proteins and bacteria. Immunogenicity of tmFliC and flFliC was evaluated in chicken cells, and expression level of tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were relatively analyzed by Real-Time-PCR. Results showed high purification efficacy for tmFliC. Antibody titer of tmFliC was significantly higher than that of flFliC. In addition, the cross-reactivity assay for both proteins and Salmonella was positive which indicates similar epitopic regions. Stimulation of both FliCs significantly increased TNF-α and IL-6 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and splenocytes, with higher effect observed with flFliC. IL-8 protein level increased after 6 and 24 h stimulation with different concentrations of tmFliC and flFliC. These results suggest that the aimed gene modification in fliC gene produces a bioactive immunostimulant type of flagellin which upregulates TLR5 downstream genes as well as in flFliC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Hosein Khani
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Bagheri
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Azadeh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Soheila Moradi Bidhendi
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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20
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Shmueli A, Shalit T, Okun E, Shohat-Ophir G. The Toll Pathway in the Central Nervous System of Flies and Mammals. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:419-436. [PMID: 30276585 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll receptors, first identified to regulate embryogenesis and immune responses in the adult fly and subsequently defined as the principal sensors of infection in mammals, are increasingly appreciated for their impact on the homeostasis of the central as well as the peripheral nervous systems. Whereas in the context of immunity, the fly Toll and the mammalian TLR pathways have been researched in parallel, the expression pattern and functionality have largely been researched disparately. Herein, we provide data on the expression pattern of the Toll homologues, signaling components, and downstream effectors in ten different cell populations of the adult fly central nervous system (CNS). We have compared the expression of the different Toll pathways in the fly to the expression of TLRs in the mouse brain and discussed the implications with respect to commonalities, differences, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Shmueli
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Tali Shalit
- The Mantoux Bioinformatics institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Building 901, room 315, Ramat-Gan, 5290000, Israel.
| | - Galit Shohat-Ophir
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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21
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Faber E, Tedin K, Speidel Y, Brinkmann MM, Josenhans C. Functional expression of TLR5 of different vertebrate species and diversification in intestinal pathogen recognition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11287. [PMID: 30050158 PMCID: PMC6062626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is activated by bacterial flagellins and plays a crucial role in the first-line defence against pathogenic bacteria and in immune homeostasis, and is highly conserved in vertebrate species. However, little comparative information is available on TLR5 functionality. In this study, we compared TLR5 activation using full-length and chimeric TLR5 of various vertebrate species (human, chicken, mouse, pig, cattle). Chimeric TLR5 receptors, consisting of human transmembrane and intracellular domains, linked to extracellular domains of animal origin, were generated and expressed. The comparison of chimeric TLR5s and their full-length counterparts revealed significant functional disparities. While porcine and chicken full-length TLR5s showed a strongly reduced functionality in human cells, all chimeric receptors were functional when challenged with TLR5 ligand Salmonella FliC. Using chimeric receptors as a tool allowed for the identification of ectodomain-dependent activation potential and partially host species-specific differences in response to various enteric bacterial strains and their purified flagellins. We conclude that both the extra- and intracellular determinants of TLR5 receptors are crucial for compatibility with the species expression background and hence for proper receptor functionality. TLR5 receptors with a common intracellular domain provide a useful system to investigate bacteria- and host-specific differences in receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Faber
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,DZIF-German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Tedin
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Free University Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne Speidel
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,DZIF-German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie M Brinkmann
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Josenhans
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,DZIF-German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany. .,Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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22
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Nie L, Cai SY, Shao JZ, Chen J. Toll-Like Receptors, Associated Biological Roles, and Signaling Networks in Non-Mammals. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1523. [PMID: 30034391 PMCID: PMC6043800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, which is initiated by the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Among all the PRRs identified, the toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most ancient class, with the most extensive spectrum of pathogen recognition. Since the first discovery of Toll in Drosophila melanogaster, numerous TLRs have been identified across a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species. It seems that TLRs, the signaling pathways that they initiate, or related adaptor proteins are essentially conserved in a wide variety of organisms, from Porifera to mammals. Molecular structure analysis indicates that most TLR homologs share similar domain patterns and that some vital participants of TLR signaling co-evolved with TLRs themselves. However, functional specification and emergence of new signaling pathways, as well as adaptors, did occur during evolution. In addition, ambiguities and gaps in knowledge still exist regarding the TLR network, especially in lower organisms. Hence, a systematic review from the comparative angle regarding this tremendous signaling system and the scenario of evolutionary pattern across Animalia is needed. In the current review, we present overview and possible evolutionary patterns of TLRs in non-mammals, hoping that this will provide clues for further investigations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Nie
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shi-Yu Cai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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