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Role of Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells in Multiple System Atrophy. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050739. [PMID: 36899876 PMCID: PMC10001068 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a debilitating movement disorder with unknown etiology. Patients present characteristic parkinsonism and/or cerebellar dysfunction in the clinical phase, resulting from progressive deterioration in the nigrostriatal and olivopontocerebellar regions. MSA patients have a prodromal phase subsequent to the insidious onset of neuropathology. Therefore, understanding the early pathological events is important in determining the pathogenesis, which will assist with developing disease-modifying therapy. Although the definite diagnosis of MSA relies on the positive post-mortem finding of oligodendroglial inclusions composed of α-synuclein, only recently has MSA been verified as an oligodendrogliopathy with secondary neuronal degeneration. We review up-to-date knowledge of human oligodendrocyte lineage cells and their association with α-synuclein, and discuss the postulated mechanisms of how oligodendrogliopathy develops, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells as the potential origins of the toxic seeds of α-synuclein, and the possible networks through which oligodendrogliopathy induces neuronal loss. Our insights will shed new light on the research directions for future MSA studies.
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Tseng FS, Foo JQX, Mai AS, Tan EK. The genetic basis of multiple system atrophy. J Transl Med 2023; 21:104. [PMID: 36765380 PMCID: PMC9912584 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a heterogenous, uniformly fatal neurodegenerative ɑ-synucleinopathy. Patients present with varying degrees of dysautonomia, parkinsonism, cerebellar dysfunction, and corticospinal degeneration. The underlying pathophysiology is postulated to arise from aberrant ɑ-synuclein deposition, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Although MSA is regarded as a primarily sporadic disease, there is a possible genetic component that is poorly understood. This review summarizes current literature on genetic risk factors and potential pathogenic genes and loci linked to both sporadic and familial MSA, and underlines the biological mechanisms that support the role of genetics in MSA. We discuss a broad range of genes that have been associated with MSA including genes related to Parkinson's disease (PD), oxidative stress, inflammation, and tandem gene repeat expansions, among several others. Furthermore, we highlight various genetic polymorphisms that modulate MSA risk, including complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, which influence the disease phenotype and have clinical significance in both presentation and prognosis. Deciphering the exact mechanism of how MSA can result from genetic aberrations in both experimental and clinical models will facilitate the identification of novel pathophysiologic clues, and pave the way for translational research into the development of disease-modifying therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Shuen Tseng
- grid.163555.10000 0000 9486 5048Division of Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joel Qi Xuan Foo
- grid.276809.20000 0004 0636 696XDepartment of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aaron Shengting Mai
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 169856, Singapore. .,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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Mohamed Ibrahim N. An atypical course of a 71-year old man with right arm weakness and ataxia: Expert commentary. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 105:157-158. [PMID: 36274018 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, 56000, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Jin Y, Chen Y, Li D, Qiu M, Zhou M, Hu Z, Cai Q, Weng X, Lu X, Wu B. Autonomic dysfunction as the initial presentation in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: A case report and review of the literature. Front Neurol 2022; 13:967293. [PMID: 36237609 PMCID: PMC9552882 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.967293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), as the most frequent autosomal dominant ataxia worldwide, is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria and extrapyramidal signs. Additionally, autonomic dysfunction, as a common clinical symptom, present in the later stage of SCA3. Here, we report a 44-year-old male patient with early feature of autonomic dysfunction includes hyperhidrosis and sexual dysfunction, followed by mild ataxia symptoms. The Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS) indicated significant dysautonomia during autonomic function testing. Combination of early and autonomic abnormalities and ataxia would be more characteristic of the cerebellar type of multiple system atrophy (MSA-C), the patient's positive family history and identification of an ATXN3 gene mutation supported SCA3 diagnosis. To best of our knowledge, the feature as the initial presentation in SCA3 has not been described. Our study demonstrated that autonomic dysfunction may have occurred during the early stages of SCA3 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuchao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengqiu Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Menglu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhouyao Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiusi Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xulin Weng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Wu
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Xiaodong Lu
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Kirby AE, Kimonis V, Kompoliti K. Ataxia and Parkinsonism in a Woman With a VCP Variant and Long-Normal Repeats in the SCA2 Allele. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2021; 7:e595. [PMID: 34395867 PMCID: PMC8362347 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alana E Kirby
- Department of Neurological Sciences (A.E.K., K.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (V.K.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine
| | - Virginia Kimonis
- Department of Neurological Sciences (A.E.K., K.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (V.K.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine
| | - Katie Kompoliti
- Department of Neurological Sciences (A.E.K., K.K.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (V.K.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine
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Yoon S, Parnell E, Kasherman M, Forrest MP, Myczek K, Premarathne S, Sanchez Vega MC, Piper M, Burne THJ, Jolly LA, Wood SA, Penzes P. Usp9X Controls Ankyrin-Repeat Domain Protein Homeostasis during Dendritic Spine Development. Neuron 2019; 105:506-521.e7. [PMID: 31813652 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Variants in the ANK3 gene encoding ankyrin-G are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disability, autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. However, no upstream regulators of ankyrin-G at synapses are known. Here, we show that ankyrin-G interacts with Usp9X, a neurodevelopmental-disorder-associated deubiquitinase (DUB). Usp9X phosphorylation enhances their interaction, decreases ankyrin-G polyubiquitination, and stabilizes ankyrin-G to maintain dendritic spine development. In forebrain-specific Usp9X knockout mice (Usp9X-/Y), ankyrin-G as well as multiple ankyrin-repeat domain (ANKRD)-containing proteins are transiently reduced at 2 but recovered at 12 weeks postnatally. However, reduced cortical spine density in knockouts persists into adulthood. Usp9X-/Y mice display increase of ankyrin-G ubiquitination and aggregation and hyperactivity. USP9X mutations in patients with intellectual disability and autism ablate its catalytic activity or ankyrin-G interaction. Our data reveal a DUB-dependent mechanism of ANKRD protein homeostasis, the impairment of which only transiently affects ANKRD protein levels but leads to persistent neuronal, behavioral, and clinical abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyoun Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Euan Parnell
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maria Kasherman
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Marc P Forrest
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kristoffer Myczek
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Susitha Premarathne
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | | | - Michael Piper
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas H J Burne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD 4076, Australia
| | - Lachlan A Jolly
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen A Wood
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Katzeff JS, Phan K, Purushothuman S, Halliday GM, Kim WS. Cross-examining candidate genes implicated in multiple system atrophy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:117. [PMID: 31340844 PMCID: PMC6651992 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the clinical triad of parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia and autonomic failure, impacting on striatonigral, olivopontocerebellar and autonomic systems. At early stage of the disease, the clinical symptoms of MSA can overlap with those of Parkinson's disease (PD). The key pathological hallmark of MSA is the presence of glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCI) in oligodendrocytes. GCI comprise insoluble proteinaceous filaments composed chiefly of α-synuclein aggregates, and therefore MSA is regarded as an α-synucleinopathy along with PD and dementia with Lewy bodies. The etiology of MSA is unknown, and the pathogenesis of MSA is still largely speculative. Much data suggests that MSA is a sporadic disease, although some emerging evidence suggests rare genetic variants increase susceptibility. Currently, there is no general consensus on the susceptibility genes as there have been differences due to geographical distribution or ethnicity. Furthermore, many of the reported studies have been conducted on patients that were only clinically diagnosed without pathological verification. The purpose of this review is to bring together available evidence to cross-examine the susceptibility genes and genetic pathomechanisms implicated in MSA. We explore the possible involvement of the SNCA, COQ2, MAPT, GBA1, LRRK2 and C9orf72 genes in MSA pathogenesis, highlight the under-explored areas of MSA genetics, and discuss future directions of research in MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Katzeff
- Brain and Mind Centre & Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Phan
- Brain and Mind Centre & Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sivaraman Purushothuman
- Brain and Mind Centre & Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre & Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Woojin Scott Kim
- Brain and Mind Centre & Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Wu C, Cai Q, You H, Zhou X, Chen D, Mo G, Li X. Co-occurrence of ATXN3 and ATXN2 repeat expansions in Chinese ataxia patients with slow saccades. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e663. [PMID: 30920184 PMCID: PMC6565543 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of more than one polyQ‐related gene within a single individual is a rare incidence, which may provide the potential opportunity to study the combined effects of these spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) genes. Methods We retrospectively analyzed genetic data from 112 SCA3 probands and found Patient 1 harbored expanded ATXN2 allele (33 repeats) and intermediate TBP allele (41 repeats), and Patient 2 with intermediate ATXN2 allele (32 repeats). Detailed clinical and oculomotor performances were investigated. The age at onset and oculomotor parameters of both patients were compared with matched pure SCA3 groups controlling either disease severity or CAG repeats. Results Most of the clinical phenotypes and oculomotor characteristics of these two patients were common to typical SCA3 patients. Compared to pure SCA3 groups controlling disease severity, mild reduced horizontal saccade velocity could be detected in both patients. However, mild expansions of the ATXN2 allele seemed to have no influence on the age at onset of Patient 1 but might have a mild impact on Patient 2. Conclusion Our study provides supporting evidence that mild expansions of ATXN2 may have modifying effects on SCA3 phenotype. Larger control series and longitudinal data are warranted to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Cai
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huajing You
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxue Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The East Area of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dingbang Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiling Mo
- Guangzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xunhua Li
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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de Mattos EP, Kolbe Musskopf M, Bielefeldt Leotti V, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Jardim LB. Genetic risk factors for modulation of age at onset in Machado-Joseph disease/spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90:203-210. [PMID: 30337442 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-319200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic risk factors for age at onset (AO) in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3/Machado-Joseph disease (SCA3/MJD). METHODS Two authors independently reviewed reports on the mathematical relationship between CAG length at the expanded ATXN3 allele (CAGexp), and other genetic variants if available, and AO. Publications from January 1994 to September 2017 in English, Portuguese or Spanish and indexed in MEDLINE (PubMed), LILACS or EMBASE were considered. Inclusion criteria were reports with >20 SCA3/MJD carriers with molecular diagnosis performed by capillary electrophoresis. Non-overlapping cohorts were determined on contact with corresponding authors. A detailed analysis protocol was registered at the PROSPERO database prior to data extraction (CRD42017073071). RESULTS Eleven studies were eligible for meta-analysis, comprising 10 individual-participant (n=2099 subjects) and two aggregated data cohorts. On average, CAGexp explained 55.2% (95% CI 50.8 to 59.0; p<0.001) of AO variability. Population-specific factors accounted for 8.3% of AO variance. Cohorts clustered into distinct geographic groups, evidencing significantly earlier AO in non-Portuguese Europeans than in Portuguese/South Brazilians with similar CAGexp lengths. Presence of intermediate ATXN2 alleles (27-33 CAG repeats) significantly correlated with earlier AO. Familial factors accounted for ~10% of AO variability. CAGexp, origin, family effects and CAG length at ATXN2 together explained 73.5% of AO variance. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence supports genetic modulation of AO in SCA3/MJD by CAGexp, ATXN2 and family-specific and population-specific factors. Future studies should take these into account in the search for new genetic modifiers of AO, which could be of therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Preusser de Mattos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Identificação Genética, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen/Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maiara Kolbe Musskopf
- Laboratório de Identificação Genética, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Bielefeldt Leotti
- Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Saraiva-Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Identificação Genética, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura Bannach Jardim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil .,Laboratório de Identificação Genética, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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