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Janoski JR, Aiello I, Lundberg CW, Finkielstein CV. Circadian clock gene polymorphisms implicated in human pathologies. Trends Genet 2024:S0168-9525(24)00110-0. [PMID: 38871615 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, ~24 h cycles of physiological and behavioral processes, can be synchronized by external signals (e.g., light) and persist even in their absence. Consequently, dysregulation of circadian rhythms adversely affects the well-being of the organism. This timekeeping system is generated and sustained by a genetically encoded endogenous mechanism composed of interlocking transcriptional/translational feedback loops that generate rhythmic expression of core clock genes. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and forward genetic studies show that SNPs in clock genes influence gene regulation and correlate with the risk of developing various conditions. We discuss genetic variations in core clock genes that are associated with various phenotypes, their implications for human health, and stress the need for thorough studies in this domain of circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Janoski
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ignacio Aiello
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Clayton W Lundberg
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Academy of Integrated Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Carla V Finkielstein
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Academy of Integrated Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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2
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Landvreugd A, Pool R, Nivard MG, Bartels M. Using Polygenic Scores for Circadian Rhythms to Predict Wellbeing, Depressive Symptoms, Chronotype, and Health. J Biol Rhythms 2024; 39:270-281. [PMID: 38425306 PMCID: PMC11141090 DOI: 10.1177/07487304241230577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The association between circadian rhythms and diseases has been well established, while the association with mental health is less explored. Given the heritable nature of circadian rhythms, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between genes underlying circadian rhythms and mental health outcomes, as well as a possible gene-environment correlation for circadian rhythms. Polygenic scores (PGSs) represent the genetic predisposition to develop a certain trait or disease. In a sample from the Netherlands Twin Register (N = 14,021), PGSs were calculated for two circadian rhythm measures: morningness and relative amplitude (RA). The PGSs were used to predict mental health outcomes such as subjective happiness, quality of life, and depressive symptoms. In addition, we performed the same prediction analysis in a within-family design in a subset of dizygotic twins. The PGS for morningness significantly predicted morningness (R2 = 1.55%) and depressive symptoms (R2 = 0.22%). The PGS for RA significantly predicted general health (R2 = 0.12%) and depressive symptoms (R2 = 0.20%). Item analysis of the depressive symptoms showed that 4 out of 14 items were significantly associated with the PGSs. Overall, the results showed that people with a genetic predisposition of being a morning person or with a high RA are likely to have fewer depressive symptoms. The four associated depressive symptoms described symptoms related to decision-making, energy, and feeling worthless or inferior, rather than sleep. Based on our findings future research should include a substantial role for circadian rhythms in depression research and should further explore the gene-environment correlation in circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Landvreugd
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Pool
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Michel G. Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Li Y, Tan Y, Zhao Z. Impacts of aging on circadian rhythm and related sleep disorders. Biosystems 2024; 236:105111. [PMID: 38159672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is an essential component of biology that organizes the internal synchrony of the organism in response to the environment. Aging significantly impacts circadian rhythm and is also associated with specific sleep complaints in mammals, including earlier awakening and decreased sleep consolidation at the end of the night. However, the regulation mechanism of aging on the circadian rhythm is far from clear. To further understand the impact of aging, we use an existing mathematical model of circadian rhythm combined with the aging system to explore the effects of aging on circadian rhythm and two kinds of sleep disorders, familial late sleep syndrome (FASPS) and delayed sleep syndrome (DSPS). We get a few intriguing findings from numerical simulations. Aging weakens rhythmicity by reducing the amplitude of circadian rhythm. Aging exacerbates the sleep pattern of being early to bed and early to rise by shortening the period of circadian rhythm and advancing the entrainment phase. Aging reduces the ability of the circadian rhythm to respond to light. The elderly need stronger light to get entrainment with the environmental light cycle. It is more difficult for the elderly to recover from disturbed light. Especially elderly people take a longer time to overcome jet lag. Aging worsens the "morningness" of FASPS disorder patients and improves the symptoms of DSPS disorder patients. This study helps to better understand the impacts of aging on circadian rhythm and sleep disorders and provides theoretical support for the treatment of circadian disorders in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Information Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - YuanYuan Tan
- College of Information Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- College of Information Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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4
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Pavithra S, Aich A, Chanda A, Zohra IF, Gawade P, Das RK. PER2 gene and its association with sleep-related disorders: A review. Physiol Behav 2024; 273:114411. [PMID: 37981094 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The natural circadian rhythm in an individual governs the sleep-wake cycle over 24 h. Disruptions in this internal cycle can lead to major health hazards and sleep disorders. Reports suggest that at least 50 % of people worldwide suffer from sleep-related disorders. An increase in screen time, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, is one of the external causative factors for this condition. While many factors govern the circadian clock and its aberrance, the PER2 gene has been strongly linked to chronotypes by many researchers. The current paper provides an extensive examination of key Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms within the PER2 gene and their potential connection to four major types of sleep disorders. This study investigates whether these SNPs play a causative role in sleep disorders or if they are solely associated with these conditions. Additionally, we explore whether these genetic variations exert a lifelong influence on these sleep patterns or if external triggers contribute to the development of sleep disorders. This gene is a crucial regulator of the circadian cycle responsible for the transcription of other clock genes. It regulates a variety of physiological systems such as metabolism, sleep, body temperature, blood pressure, endocrine, immunological, cardiovascular, and renal function. We aim to establish some clarity to the multifaceted nature of this gene, which is often overlooked, and seek to establish the mechanistic role of PER2 gene mutations in sleep disorders. This will improve further understanding, assessment, and treatment of these conditions in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pavithra
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India; Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Adrija Aich
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Adrita Chanda
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Ifsha Fatima Zohra
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Pranotee Gawade
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Raunak Kumar Das
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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5
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McCarthy MJ, Brumback T, Thomas ML, Meruelo AD. The relations between chronotype, stressful life events, and impulsivity in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 167:119-124. [PMID: 37866325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm disturbances, especially circadian phase delays are associated with impulsive behaviors and have been implicated in psychiatric disorders. Chronotype is a developmentally regulated proxy measure of circadian phase. Past studies have investigated the relationship between chronotype and trauma and found that trauma is associated with evening chronotypes, suggesting the course of chronotype development may be affected by adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). However, the relationships among chronotype, impulsivity and ACEs have largely been studied in a pairwise manner using small, cross-sectional cohorts. We hypothesized that in a cohort of high-risk youth, childhood trauma would be associated with later chronotype, and later chronotype would be associated with higher rates of impulsivity. We analyzed a cross-sectional sample (n = 966) from Year 2 of adolescents at high risk for psychiatric disorders from the ABCD study who were characterized for chronotype, stressful life events, and impulsivity. We used a hierarchical regression model to examine the relationship between chronotype, stressful life events, and impulsivity using the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ), the Life Events Scale, Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance and Sensation Seeking (UPPS) Impulsive Behavior scale. We found associations between eveningness, stressful life events, and all dimensions of impulsivity. Increased eveningness was associated with a higher number of stressful life events and increased impulsivity. Understanding the role of stressful life events and impulsivity in those predisposed towards eveningness is useful because it may improve our understanding of the biological mechanisms that contribute to psychiatric disorders, and lead to better prevention and treatment efforts using interventions such as increased lifestyle regularity and daytime light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McCarthy
- University of California, San Diego, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
| | - Ty Brumback
- Northern Kentucky University, 1 Louie B Nunn Dr, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA.
| | - Michael L Thomas
- Colorado State University, 1876 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1876, USA.
| | - Alejandro D Meruelo
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Daniels LJ, Kay D, Marjot T, Hodson L, Ray DW. Circadian regulation of liver metabolism: experimental approaches in human, rodent, and cellular models. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1158-C1177. [PMID: 37642240 PMCID: PMC10861179 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00551.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenous oscillations with approximately a 24-h period that allow organisms to anticipate the change between day and night. Disruptions that desynchronize or misalign circadian rhythms are associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. This review focuses on the liver circadian clock as relevant to the risk of developing metabolic diseases including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Many liver functions exhibit rhythmicity. Approximately 40% of the hepatic transcriptome exhibits 24-h rhythms, along with rhythms in protein levels, posttranslational modification, and various metabolites. The liver circadian clock is critical for maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis. Most of the attention in the metabolic field has been directed toward diet, exercise, and rather little to modifiable risks due to circadian misalignment or disruption. Therefore, the aim of this review is to systematically analyze the various approaches that study liver circadian pathways, targeting metabolic liver diseases, such as diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, using human, rodent, and cell biology models.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Over the past decade, there has been an increased interest in understanding the intricate relationship between circadian rhythm and liver metabolism. In this review, we have systematically searched the literature to analyze the various experimental approaches utilizing human, rodent, and in vitro cellular approaches to dissect the link between liver circadian rhythms and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna J Daniels
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Kay
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Marjot
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David W Ray
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Spitschan M, Joyce DS. Human-Centric Lighting Research and Policy in the Melanopsin Age. POLICY INSIGHTS FROM THE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES 2023; 10:237-246. [PMID: 38919981 PMCID: PMC7615961 DOI: 10.1177/23727322231196896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Beyond visual function, specialized light-sensitive retinal circuits involving the photopigment melanopsin drive critical aspects of human physiology and behavior, including sleep-wake rhythms, hormone production, mood, and cognition. Fundamental discoveries of visual neurobiology dating back to the 1990s have given rise to strong interest from the lighting industry in optimizing lighting to benefit health. Consequently, evidence-based recommendations, regulations, and policies need to translate current knowledge of neurobiology into practice. Here, reviewing recent advances in understanding of NIF circuits in humans leads to proposed strategies to optimize electric lighting. Highlighted knowledge gaps must be addressed urgently, as well as the challenge of developing personalized, adaptive NIF lighting interventions accounting for complex individual differences in physiology, behavior, and environment. Finally, lighting equity issues appear in the context of marginalized groups, who have traditionally been underserved in research on both fundamental visual processes and applied lighting. Biologically optimal light is a fundamental environmental right.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Spitschan
- TUM School of Medicine & Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Research Group Translational Sensory & Circadian Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel S. Joyce
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
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Futenma K, Takaesu Y, Komada Y, Shimura A, Okajima I, Matsui K, Tanioka K, Inoue Y. Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder and its related sleep behaviors in the young generation. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1174719. [PMID: 37275982 PMCID: PMC10235460 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1174719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) is a sleep disorder in which the habitual sleep-wake timing is delayed, resulting in difficulty in falling asleep and waking up at the desired time. Patients with DSWPD frequently experience fatigue, impaired concentration, sleep deprivation during weekdays, and problems of absenteeism, which may be further complicated by depressive symptoms. DSWPD is typically prevalent during adolescence and young adulthood. Although there are no studies comparing internationally, the prevalence of DSWPD is estimated to be approximately 3% with little racial differences between Caucasians and Asians. The presence of this disorder is associated with various physiological, genetic and psychological as well as behavioral factors. Furthermore, social factors are also involved in the mechanism of DSWPD. Recently, delayed sleep phase and prolonged sleep duration in the young generation have been reported during the period of COVID-19 pandemic-related behavioral restrictions. This phenomenon raises a concern about the risk of a mismatch between their sleep-wake phase and social life that may lead to the development of DSWPD after the removal of these restrictions. Although the typical feature of DSWPD is a delay in circadian rhythms, individuals with DSWPD without having misalignment of objectively measured circadian rhythm markers account for approximately 40% of the cases, wherein the psychological and behavioral characteristics of young people, such as truancy and academic or social troubles, are largely involved in the mechanism of this disorder. Recent studies have shown that DSWPD is frequently comorbid with psychiatric disorders, particularly mood and neurodevelopmental disorders, both of which have a bidirectional association with the pathophysiology of DSWPD. Additionally, patients with DSWPD have a strong tendency toward neuroticism and anxiety, which may result in the aggravation of insomnia symptoms. Therefore, future studies should address the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral approaches in addition to chronobiological approaches in the treatment of DSWPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Futenma
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Takaesu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Komada
- Institute for Liberal Arts, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Shimura
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isa Okajima
- Department of Psychological Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsui
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tanioka
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang W, Yuan RK, Mitchell JF, Zitting KM, St Hilaire MA, Wyatt JK, Scheer FAJL, Wright KP, Brown EN, Ronda JM, Klerman EB, Duffy JF, Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA. Desynchronizing the sleep---wake cycle from circadian timing to assess their separate contributions to physiology and behaviour and to estimate intrinsic circadian period. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:579-603. [PMID: 36376588 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks drive cyclic variations in many aspects of physiology, but some daily variations are evoked by periodic changes in the environment or sleep-wake state and associated behaviors, such as changes in posture, light levels, fasting or eating, rest or activity and social interactions; thus, it is often important to quantify the relative contributions of these factors. Yet, circadian rhythms and these evoked effects cannot be separated under typical 24-h day conditions, because circadian phase and the length of time awake or asleep co-vary. Nathaniel Kleitman's forced desynchrony (FD) protocol was designed to assess endogenous circadian rhythmicity and to separate circadian from evoked components of daily rhythms in multiple parameters. Under FD protocol conditions, light intensity is kept low to minimize its impact on the circadian pacemaker, and participants have sleep-wake state and associated behaviors scheduled to an imposed non-24-h cycle. The period of this imposed cycle, Τ, is chosen so that the circadian pacemaker cannot entrain to it and therefore continues to oscillate at its intrinsic period (τ, ~24.15 h), ensuring circadian components are separated from evoked components of daily rhythms. Here we provide detailed instructions and troubleshooting techniques on how to design, implement and analyze the data from an FD protocol. We provide two procedures: one with general guidance for designing an FD study and another with more precise instructions for replicating one of our previous FD studies. We discuss estimating circadian parameters and quantifying the separate contributions of circadian rhythmicity and the sleep-wake cycle, including statistical analysis procedures and an R package for conducting the non-orthogonal spectral analysis method that enables an accurate estimation of period, amplitude and phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Robin K Yuan
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jude F Mitchell
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kirsi-Marja Zitting
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa A St Hilaire
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James K Wyatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Emery N Brown
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Data Systems and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph M Ronda
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Klerman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeanne F Duffy
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London and the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Lane JM, Qian J, Mignot E, Redline S, Scheer FAJL, Saxena R. Genetics of circadian rhythms and sleep in human health and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:4-20. [PMID: 36028773 PMCID: PMC10947799 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-022-00519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms and sleep are fundamental biological processes integral to human health. Their disruption is associated with detrimental physiological consequences, including cognitive, metabolic, cardiovascular and immunological dysfunctions. Yet many of the molecular underpinnings of sleep regulation in health and disease have remained elusive. Given the moderate heritability of circadian and sleep traits, genetics offers an opportunity that complements insights from model organism studies to advance our fundamental molecular understanding of human circadian and sleep physiology and linked chronic disease biology. Here, we review recent discoveries of the genetics of circadian and sleep physiology and disorders with a focus on those that reveal causal contributions to complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Lane
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jingyi Qian
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Center for Narcolepsy, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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11
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Klerman EB, Brager A, Carskadon MA, Depner CM, Foster R, Goel N, Harrington M, Holloway PM, Knauert MP, LeBourgeois MK, Lipton J, Merrow M, Montagnese S, Ning M, Ray D, Scheer FAJL, Shea SA, Skene DJ, Spies C, Staels B, St‐Onge M, Tiedt S, Zee PC, Burgess HJ. Keeping an eye on circadian time in clinical research and medicine. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1131. [PMID: 36567263 PMCID: PMC9790849 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daily rhythms are observed in humans and almost all other organisms. Most of these observed rhythms reflect both underlying endogenous circadian rhythms and evoked responses from behaviours such as sleep/wake, eating/fasting, rest/activity, posture changes and exercise. For many research and clinical purposes, it is important to understand the contribution of the endogenous circadian component to these observed rhythms. CONTENT The goal of this manuscript is to provide guidance on best practices in measuring metrics of endogenous circadian rhythms in humans and promote the inclusion of circadian rhythms assessments in studies of health and disease. Circadian rhythms affect all aspects of physiology. By specifying minimal experimental conditions for studies, we aim to improve the quality, reliability and interpretability of research into circadian and daily (i.e., time-of-day) rhythms and facilitate the interpretation of clinical and translational findings within the context of human circadian rhythms. We describe protocols, variables and analyses commonly used for studying human daily rhythms, including how to assess the relative contributions of the endogenous circadian system and other daily patterns in behaviours or the environment. We conclude with recommendations for protocols, variables, analyses, definitions and examples of circadian terminology. CONCLUSION Although circadian rhythms and daily effects on health outcomes can be challenging to distinguish in practice, this distinction may be important in many clinical settings. Identifying and targeting the appropriate underlying (patho)physiology is a medical goal. This review provides methods for identifying circadian effects to aid in the interpretation of published work and the inclusion of circadian factors in clinical research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B. Klerman
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of Sleep MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Allison Brager
- PlansAnalysis, and FuturesJohn F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and SchoolFort BraggNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Mary A. Carskadon
- Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityDepartment of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorEP Bradley HospitalChronobiology and Sleep ResearchProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | | | - Russell Foster
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience InstituteNuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Namni Goel
- Biological Rhythms Research LaboratoryDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Mary Harrington
- Neuroscience ProgramSmith CollegeNorthamptonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Melissa P. Knauert
- Section of PulmonaryCritical Care, and Sleep MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Monique K. LeBourgeois
- Sleep and Development LaboratoryDepartment of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Jonathan Lipton
- Boston Children's Hospital and Kirby Neurobiology CenterBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Martha Merrow
- Institute of Medical PsychologyFaculty of MedicineLMUMunichGermany
| | - Sara Montagnese
- Department of MedicineUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
- ChronobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
| | - Mingming Ning
- Clinical Proteomics Research Center and Cardio‐Neurology DivisionMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - David Ray
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
- Oxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Frank A. J. L. Scheer
- Division of Sleep MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Medical Chronobiology ProgramDivision of Sleep and Circadian DisordersDepartments of Medicine and NeurologyBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Steven A. Shea
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health SciencesOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Debra J. Skene
- ChronobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
| | - Claudia Spies
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care MedicineCharité – Universitaetsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Bart Staels
- UnivLilleInsermCHU LilleInstitut Pasteur de LilleU1011‐EGIDLilleFrance
| | - Marie‐Pierre St‐Onge
- Division of General Medicine and Center of Excellence for Sleep and Circadian ResearchDepartment of MedicineColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Steffen Tiedt
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity HospitalLMUMunichGermany
| | - Phyllis C. Zee
- Center for Circadian and Sleep MedicineDivision of Sleep MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Helen J. Burgess
- Sleep and Circadian Research LaboratoryDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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12
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Ray DW. Circadian Rhythm and Nuclear Receptors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:143-153. [PMID: 36107317 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
All life of Earth has evolved mechanisms to track time. This permits anticipation of predictable changes in light/dark, and in most cases also directs fed/fasted cycles, and sleep/wake. The nuclear receptors enjoy a close relationship with the molecular machinery of the clock. Some play a core role within the circadian machinery, other respond to ligands which oscillate in concentration, and physical cross-talk between clock transcription factors, eg cryptochromes, and multiple nuclear receptors also enable coupling of nuclear receptor function to time of day. Essential processes including inflammation, and energy metabolism are strongly regulated by both the circadian machinery, and rhythmic behaviour, and also by multiple members of the nuclear receptor family. An emerging theme is reciprocal regulation of key processes by different members of the nuclear receptor family, for example NR1D1/2, and NR1F1, in regulation of the core circadian clock transcription factor BMAL1.
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13
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Riggle JP, Onishi KG, Love JA, Beach DE, Zucker I, Prendergast BJ. Spontaneous Recovery of Circadian Organization in Mice Lacking a Core Component of the Molecular Clockwork. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 37:94-109. [PMID: 34931572 DOI: 10.1177/07487304211060896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are generated by interlocked transcriptional-translational feedback loops of circadian clock genes and their protein products. Mice homozygous for a functional deletion in the Period-2 gene (Per2m/m mice) exhibit short free-running circadian periods and eventually lose behavioral circadian rhythmicity in constant darkness (DD). We investigated Per2m/m mice in DD for several months and identified a categorical sex difference in the dependence on Per2 for maintenance of circadian rhythms. Nearly all female Per2m/m mice became circadian arrhythmic in DD, whereas free-running rhythms persisted in 37% of males. Remarkably, with extended testing, Per2m/m mice did not remain arrhythmic in DD, but after varying intervals spontaneously recovered robust, free-running circadian rhythms, with periods shorter than those expressed prior to arrhythmia. Spontaneous recovery was strikingly sex-biased, occurring in 95% of females and 33% of males. Castration in adulthood resulted in male Per2m/m mice exhibiting female-like levels of arrhythmia in DD, but did not affect spontaneous recovery. The circadian pacemaker of many gonad-intact males, but not females, can persist in DD for long intervals without a functional PER2 protein; their circadian clocks may be in an unstable equilibrium, incapable of sustaining persistent coherent circadian organization, resulting in transient cycles of circadian organization and arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Riggle
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kenneth G Onishi
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jharnae A Love
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dana E Beach
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Irving Zucker
- Department of Psychology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Brian J Prendergast
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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14
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Papatsimpa C, Schlangen LJM, Smolders KCHJ, Linnartz JPMG, de Kort YAW. The interindividual variability of sleep timing and circadian phase in humans is influenced by daytime and evening light conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13709. [PMID: 34211005 PMCID: PMC8249410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cognitive functioning shows circadian variations throughout the day. However, individuals largely differ in their timing during the day of when they are more capable of performing specific tasks and when they prefer to sleep. These interindividual differences in preferred temporal organization of sleep and daytime activities define the chronotype. Since a late chronotype is associated with adverse mental and physical consequences, it is of vital importance to study how lighting environments affect chronotype. Here, we use a mathematical model of the human circadian pacemaker to understand how light in the built environment changes the chronotype distribution in the population. In line with experimental findings, we show that when individuals spend their days in relatively dim light conditions, this not only results in a later phase of their biological clock but also increases interindividual differences in circadian phase angle of entrainment and preferred sleep timing. Increasing daytime illuminance results in a more narrow distribution of sleep timing and circadian phase, and this effect is more pronounced for longer photoperiods. The model results demonstrate that modern lifestyle changes the chronotype distribution towards more eveningness and more extreme differences in eveningness. Such model-based predictions can be used to design guidelines for workplace lighting that help limiting circadian phase differences, and craft new lighting strategies that support human performance, health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Papatsimpa
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - L. J. M. Schlangen
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - K. C. H. J. Smolders
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J.-P. M. G. Linnartz
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands ,grid.510043.3Signify, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Y. A. W. de Kort
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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15
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Hou L, Li H, Wang H, Ma D, Liu J, Ma L, Wang Z, Yang Z, Wang F, Xia H. The circadian clock gene PER2 enhances chemotherapeutic efficacy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma when combined with a targeted nanosystem. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:5336-5350. [PMID: 32458942 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00595a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatment failure occurs in more than 40% of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients including local recurrence and distant metastasis due to chemoradioresistance. Circadian clock genes were identified as regulating cancer progression and chemoradiosensitivity in a time-dependent manner. A novel nanosystem can ensure the accumulation and controllable release of chemotherapeutic agents at the tumour site at a set time. In this study, we investigated the expression of circadian clock genes and identified that period circadian regulator 2 (PER2) as a tumour suppressor plays a key role in NPC progression. A label-free proteomic approach showed that PER2 overexpression can inhibit the ERK/MAPK pathway. The chemotherapeutic effect of PER2 overexpression was assessed in NPC together with the nanosystem comprising folic acid (FA), upconverting nanoparticles covalently coupled with Rose Bengal (UCNPs-RB), 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) and lipid-perfluorohexane (PFH) (FURH-PFH-NPs). PER2 overexpression combined with the targeted and controlled release of nanoagents elevated chemotherapeutic efficacy in NPC, which has potential application value for the chronotherapy of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, 750004, Ningxia, P. R. China and Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, 750004, Ningxia, P. R. China.
| | - Hailiang Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, 750004, Ningxia, P. R. China. and Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, 750004, Ningxia, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, 750004, Ningxia, P. R. China
| | - Dede Ma
- Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, 750004, Ningxia, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, 750004, Ningxia, P. R. China
| | - Liqiong Ma
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, 750004, Ningxia, P. R. China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, 750004, Ningxia, P. R. China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, 750004, Ningxia, P. R. China
| | - Faxuan Wang
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, 750004 Ningxia, P. R. China
| | - Hechun Xia
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, 750004, Ningxia, P. R. China. and Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yin Chuan, 750004, Ningxia, P. R. China
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16
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Abbott SM, Choi J, Wilson J, Zee PC. Melanopsin-dependent phototransduction is impaired in delayed sleep-wake phase disorder and sighted non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder. Sleep 2021; 44:5905410. [PMID: 32926153 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The circadian system must perform daily adjustments to align sleep-wake and other physiologic rhythms with the environmental light-dark cycle: This is mediated primarily through melanopsin containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Individuals with delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) exhibit a delay in sleep-wake timing relative to the average population, while those with sighted non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder (N24SWD) exhibit progressive delays. An inability to maintain appropriate entrainment is a characteristic of both disorders. In this study, we test the hypothesis that individuals with DSWPD exhibit alteration in melanopsin-dependent retinal photo-transduction as measured with the postillumination pupil response (PIPR). METHODS Twenty-one control and 29 participants with DSWPD were recruited from the community and clinic. Of the 29 DSWPD participants, 17 reported a history of N24SWD. A pupillometer was used to measure the PIPR in response to a bright 30-second blue or red-light stimulus. The PIPR was calculated as the difference in average pupil diameter at baseline and 10-40 seconds after light stimulus offset. RESULTS The PIPR was significantly reduced in the DSWPD group when compared with the control group (1.26 ± 1.11 mm vs 2.05 ± 1.04 mm, p < 0.05, t-test). The PIPR was significantly reduced in the sighted N24SWD subgroup when compared with individuals with the history of only DSWPD (0.88 ± 0.58 mm vs 1.82 ± 1.44 mm, p < 0.05, analysis of variance [ANOVA]) or controls (0.88 ± 0.58 mm vs 2.05 ± 1.04 mm, p < 0.01, ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that reduced melanopsin-dependent retinal photo-transduction may be a novel mechanism involved in the development of DSWPD and sighted N24SWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabra M Abbott
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Jin Choi
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - John Wilson
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Phyllis C Zee
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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17
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Dan YL, Zhao CN, Mao YM, Wu Q, He YS, Hu YQ, Xiang K, Yang XK, Sam NB, Wu GC, Pan HF. Association of PER2 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms with genetic susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2021; 30:734-740. [PMID: 33497301 DOI: 10.1177/0961203321989794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock plays a crucial role in the progress of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we performed a case-control study to explore the association between Period 2 (PER2) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the susceptibility of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A total of 492 SLE patients and 493 healthy controls were included. The improved multiple ligase detection reaction (iMLDR) was used for genotyping. The correlations between four SNPs of PER2 (rs10929273, rs11894491, rs36124720, rs934945) and the genetic susceptibility and clinical manifestations of SLE were analyzed. Significant differences were observed in the distributions of allele frequencies and genotype under dominant model in rs11894491 between SLE patients and controls (p = 0.030, p = 022, respectively). We hypothesized that PER2 gene SNPs was related to the genetic susceptibility and clinical manifestations, implying the potential role of PER2 in the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Dan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui, China
| | - Chan-Na Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China.,Anhui Chest Hospital (Anhui Provincial Institute of Tuberculosis Control), Anhui, China
| | - Yan-Mei Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui, China
| | - Yi-Sheng He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-Qian Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Ke Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Napoleon Bellua Sam
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Guo-Cui Wu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui, China
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18
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Park M, Kim SA, Shin J, Joo EJ. Investigation of gene-gene interactions of clock genes for chronotype in a healthy Korean population. Genomics Inform 2021; 18:e38. [PMID: 33412754 PMCID: PMC7808872 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2020.18.4.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronotype is an important moderator of psychiatric illnesses, which seems to be controlled in some part by genetic factors. Clock genes are the most relevant genes for chronotype. In addition to the roles of individual genes, gene-gene interactions of clock genes substantially contribute to chronotype. We investigated genetic associations and gene-gene interactions of the clock genes BHLHB2, CLOCK, CSNK1E, NR1D1, PER1, PER2, PER3, and TIMELESS for chronotype in 1293 healthy Korean individuals. Regression analysis was conducted to find associations between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and chronotype. For gene-gene interaction analyses, the quantitative multifactor dimensionality reduction (QMDR) method, a nonparametric model-free method for quantitative phenotypes, were performed. No individual SNP or haplotype showed a significant association with chronotype by both regression analysis and single-locus model of QMDR. QMDR analysis identified NR1D1 rs2314339 and TIMELESS rs4630333 as the best SNP pairs among two-locus interaction models associated with chronotype (cross-validation consistency [CVC] = 8/10, p = 0.041). For the three-locus interaction model, the SNP combination of NR1D1 rs2314339, TIMELESS rs4630333, and PER3 rs228669 showed the best results (CVC = 4/10, p < 0.001). However, because the mean differences between genotype combinations were minor, the clinical roles of clock gene interactions are unlikely to be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34824, Korea
| | - Soon Ae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34824, Korea
| | - Jieun Shin
- Department of Liberal Arts, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Joo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34824, Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul 01830, Korea
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19
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Wang Z, Li F, Wei M, Zhang S, Wang T. Circadian Clock Protein PERIOD2 Suppresses the PI3K/Akt Pathway and Promotes Cisplatin Sensitivity in Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:11897-11908. [PMID: 33244267 PMCID: PMC7683831 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s278903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mortality rate of ovarian cancer is the highest among gynecological tumors. The two factors leading to high mortality of ovarian cancer are late clinical stage and chemotherapy resistance. It is very important to reverse or intervene chemotherapy resistance. Abnormal circadian rhythm is related to the occurrence of tumor, and circadian clock protein PERIOD2 (PER2) acts as a tumor suppressor in cancer; however, little is known about its involvement in chemosensitivity. Methods This study aimed to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of PER2 in ovarian cancer sensitivity to cisplatin. Overexpression and knockdown of PER2 were performed to explore its role in ovarian cancer cell sensitivity to cisplatin both in vitro and in vivo. The protein levels of PI3K, AKT, caspase 3, E-cadherin, and other drug resistance-related molecules were determined in parental SKOV3 and SKOV3/DDP cells as well as in xenograft tumor tissues. Results Compared with parental cells, SKOV3/DDP cells had dramatically decreased PER2 expression, possibly due to hypermethylation in the PER2 promoter. PER2 overexpression significantly inhibited proliferation while promoting cisplatin-induced apoptosis in SKOV3 and SKOV3/DDP cells. In agreement, PER2-overexpressing SKOV3/DPP cells yielded significantly reduced tumor mass in cisplatin-treated mice compared with control cells. Mechanistically, PER2 overexpression remarkably reduced the protein amounts of PI3K, AKT, and MDR1 while increasing those of caspase 3 and E-cadherin in tumor tissues. Knockdown of PER2 exhibited opposite effects. PER2 overexpression also reduced the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in tumor-bearing mice before the initiation of cisplatin treatment. Conclusion This study suggests that loss of PER2 contributes to cisplatin resistance in SKOV3 cells, possibly by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway and EMT, inhibiting apoptosis, and promoting drug efflux and inflammatory responses. Overexpression of PER2 could reverse these alterations and sensitize both parental SKOV3 and SKOV3/DDP cells to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Gynecology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyan Li
- Department of Gynecology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiyan Wei
- Department of Gynecology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanyuan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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20
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Genetics of Circadian and Sleep Measures in Adults: Implications for Sleep Medicine. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-020-00165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Ashbrook LH, Krystal AD, Fu YH, Ptáček LJ. Genetics of the human circadian clock and sleep homeostat. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:45-54. [PMID: 31400754 PMCID: PMC6879540 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Timing and duration of sleep are controlled by the circadian system, which keeps an ~24-h internal rhythm that entrains to environmental stimuli, and the sleep homeostat, which rises as a function of time awake. There is a normal distribution across the population in how the circadian system aligns with typical day and night resulting in varying circadian preferences called chronotypes. A portion of the variation in the population is controlled by genetics as shown by the single-gene mutations that confer extreme early or late chronotypes. Similarly, there is a normal distribution across the population in sleep duration. Genetic variations have been identified that lead to a short sleep phenotype in which individuals sleep only 4-6.5 h nightly. Negative health consequences have been identified when individuals do not sleep at their ideal circadian timing or are sleep deprived relative to intrinsic sleep need. Whether familial natural short sleepers are at risk of the health consequences associated with a short sleep duration based on population data is not known. More work needs to be done to better assess for an individual's chronotype and degree of sleep deprivation to answer these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza H Ashbrook
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Andrew D Krystal
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Louis J Ptáček
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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A missense variant in PER2 is associated with delayed sleep-wake phase disorder in a Japanese population. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:1219-1225. [PMID: 31527662 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) is a subtype of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, and is characterized by an inability to fall asleep until late at night and wake up at a socially acceptable time in the morning. The study aim was to identify low-frequency nonsense and missense variants that are associated with DSWPD. Candidate variants in circadian rhythm-related genes were extracted by integration of genetic variation databases and in silico assessment. We narrowed down the candidates to six variants. To examine whether the six variants are associated with DSWPD, we performed an association study in 236 Japanese patients with DSWPD and 1436 controls. A low-frequency missense variant (p.Val1205Met) in PER2 showed a significant association with DSWPD (2.5% in cases and 1.1% in controls, P = 0.026, odds ratio (OR) = 2.32). The variant was also associated with idiopathic hypersomnia known to have a tendency toward phase delay (P = 0.038, OR = 2.07). PER2 forms a heterodimer with CRY, and the heterodimer plays an important role in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Val1205 is located in the CRY-binding domain of PER2 and was hypothesized to interact with CRY. The p.Val1205Met substitution could be a potential genetic marker for DSWPD.
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