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Alharbi F, Vakanski A. Machine Learning Methods for Cancer Classification Using Gene Expression Data: A Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020173. [PMID: 36829667 PMCID: PMC9952758 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a term that denotes a group of diseases caused by the abnormal growth of cells that can spread in different parts of the body. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is the second major cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. Gene expression can play a fundamental role in the early detection of cancer, as it is indicative of the biochemical processes in tissue and cells, as well as the genetic characteristics of an organism. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) microarrays and ribonucleic acid (RNA)-sequencing methods for gene expression data allow quantifying the expression levels of genes and produce valuable data for computational analysis. This study reviews recent progress in gene expression analysis for cancer classification using machine learning methods. Both conventional and deep learning-based approaches are reviewed, with an emphasis on the application of deep learning models due to their comparative advantages for identifying gene patterns that are distinctive for various types of cancers. Relevant works that employ the most commonly used deep neural network architectures are covered, including multi-layer perceptrons, as well as convolutional, recurrent, graph, and transformer networks. This survey also presents an overview of the data collection methods for gene expression analysis and lists important datasets that are commonly used for supervised machine learning for this task. Furthermore, we review pertinent techniques for feature engineering and data preprocessing that are typically used to handle the high dimensionality of gene expression data, caused by a large number of genes present in data samples. The paper concludes with a discussion of future research directions for machine learning-based gene expression analysis for cancer classification.
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Colombelli F, Kowalski TW, Recamonde-Mendoza M. A hybrid ensemble feature selection design for candidate biomarkers discovery from transcriptome profiles. Knowl Based Syst 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2022.109655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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3
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Gerolami J, Wong JJM, Zhang R, Chen T, Imtiaz T, Smith M, Jamaspishvili T, Koti M, Glasgow JI, Mousavi P, Renwick N, Tyryshkin K. A Computational Approach to Identification of Candidate Biomarkers in High-Dimensional Molecular Data. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12081997. [PMID: 36010347 PMCID: PMC9407361 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex high-dimensional datasets that are challenging to analyze are frequently produced through ‘-omics’ profiling. Typically, these datasets contain more genomic features than samples, limiting the use of multivariable statistical and machine learning-based approaches to analysis. Therefore, effective alternative approaches are urgently needed to identify features-of-interest in ‘-omics’ data. In this study, we present the molecular feature selection tool, a novel, ensemble-based, feature selection application for identifying candidate biomarkers in ‘-omics’ data. As proof-of-principle, we applied the molecular feature selection tool to identify a small set of immune-related genes as potential biomarkers of three prostate adenocarcinoma subtypes. Furthermore, we tested the selected genes in a model to classify the three subtypes and compared the results to models built using all genes and all differentially expressed genes. Genes identified with the molecular feature selection tool performed better than the other models in this study in all comparison metrics: accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score using a significantly smaller set of genes. In addition, we developed a simple graphical user interface for the molecular feature selection tool, which is available for free download. This user-friendly interface is a valuable tool for the identification of potential biomarkers in gene expression datasets and is an asset for biomarker discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Gerolami
- School of Computing, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Justin Jong Mun Wong
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ricky Zhang
- School of Computing, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tong Chen
- School of Computing, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tashifa Imtiaz
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Miranda Smith
- School of Computing, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tamara Jamaspishvili
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Madhuri Koti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - Parvin Mousavi
- School of Computing, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Neil Renwick
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kathrin Tyryshkin
- School of Computing, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-533-2345
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Kim D, Kim JS, Cheon I, Kim SR, Chun SH, Kim JJ, Lee S, Yoon JS, Hong SA, Won HS, Kang K, Ahn YH, Ko YH. Identification and Characterization of Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Subpopulations in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143486. [PMID: 35884546 PMCID: PMC9324153 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) reside within the tumor microenvironment, facilitating cancer progression and metastasis via direct and indirect interactions with cancer cells and other stromal cell types. CAFs are composed of heterogeneous subpopulations of activated fibroblasts, including myofibroblastic, inflammatory, and immunosuppressive CAFs. In this study, we sought to identify subpopulations of CAFs isolated from human lung adenocarcinomas and describe their transcriptomic and functional characteristics through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and subsequent bioinformatics analyses. Cell trajectory analysis of combined total and THY1 + CAFs revealed two branching points with five distinct branches. Based on Gene Ontology analysis, we denoted Branch 1 as "immunosuppressive", Branch 2 as "neoantigen presenting", Branch 4 as "myofibroblastic", and Branch 5 as "proliferative" CAFs. We selected representative branch-specific markers and measured their expression levels in total and THY1 + CAFs. We also investigated the effects of these markers on CAF activity under coculture with lung cancer cells. This study describes novel subpopulations of CAFs in lung adenocarcinoma, highlighting their potential value as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Seon Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (J.S.K.); (I.C.); (S.L.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Inyoung Cheon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (J.S.K.); (I.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Seo Ree Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.R.K.); (S.H.C.); (H.S.W.)
| | - Sang Hoon Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.R.K.); (S.H.C.); (H.S.W.)
| | - Jae Jun Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Sieun Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (J.S.K.); (I.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Jung Sook Yoon
- Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital Clinical Research Laboratory, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu 11765, Korea;
| | - Soon Auck Hong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Hye Sung Won
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.R.K.); (S.H.C.); (H.S.W.)
| | - Keunsoo Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Young-Ho Ahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (J.S.K.); (I.C.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.A.); (Y.H.K.); Tel.: +82-2-6986-6268 (Y.-H.A.); +82-2-2030-4360 (Y.H.K.)
| | - Yoon Ho Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.R.K.); (S.H.C.); (H.S.W.)
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.A.); (Y.H.K.); Tel.: +82-2-6986-6268 (Y.-H.A.); +82-2-2030-4360 (Y.H.K.)
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Feng CH, Disis ML, Cheng C, Zhang L. Multimetric feature selection for analyzing multicategory outcomes of colorectal cancer: random forest and multinomial logistic regression models. J Transl Med 2022; 102:236-244. [PMID: 34537824 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and a leading cause of cancer deaths. Better classifying multicategory outcomes of CRC with clinical and omic data may help adjust treatment regimens based on individual's risk. Here, we selected the features that were useful for classifying four-category survival outcome of CRC using the clinical and transcriptomic data, or clinical, transcriptomic, microsatellite instability and selected oncogenic-driver data (all data) of TCGA. We also optimized multimetric feature selection to develop the best multinomial logistic regression (MLR) and random forest (RF) models that had the highest accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score, respectively. We identified 2073 differentially expressed genes of the TCGA RNASeq dataset. MLR overall outperformed RF in the multimetric feature selection. In both RF and MLR models, precision, recall and F1 score increased as the feature number increased and peaked at the feature number of 600-1000, while the models' accuracy remained stable. The best model was the MLR one with 825 features based on sum of squared coefficients using all data, and attained the best accuracy of 0.855, F1 of 0.738 and precision of 0.832, which were higher than those using clinical and transcriptomic data. The top-ranked features in the MLR model of the best performance using clinical and transcriptomic data were different from those using all data. However, pathologic staging, HBS1L, TSPYL4, and TP53TG3B were the overlapping top-20 ranked features in the best models using clinical and transcriptomic, or all data. Thus, we developed a multimetric feature-selection based MLR model that outperformed RF models in classifying four-category outcome of CRC patients. Interestingly, adding microsatellite instability and oncogenic-driver data to clinical and transcriptomic data improved models' performances. Precision and recall of tuned algorithms may change significantly as the feature number changes, but accuracy appears not sensitive to these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary L Disis
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Princeton Medical Center, Plainsboro, NJ, USA. .,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. .,Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Del Giudice M, Peirone S, Perrone S, Priante F, Varese F, Tirtei E, Fagioli F, Cereda M. Artificial Intelligence in Bulk and Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Data to Foster Precision Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094563. [PMID: 33925407 PMCID: PMC8123853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence, or the discipline of developing computational algorithms able to perform tasks that requires human intelligence, offers the opportunity to improve our idea and delivery of precision medicine. Here, we provide an overview of artificial intelligence approaches for the analysis of large-scale RNA-sequencing datasets in cancer. We present the major solutions to disentangle inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity of transcriptome profiles for an effective improvement of patient management. We outline the contributions of learning algorithms to the needs of cancer genomics, from identifying rare cancer subtypes to personalizing therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Cancer Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, IIGM—Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.P.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (F.V.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO—IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Serena Peirone
- Cancer Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, IIGM—Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.P.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (F.V.)
- Department of Physics and INFN, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P.Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Sarah Perrone
- Cancer Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, IIGM—Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.P.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (F.V.)
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P.Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Priante
- Cancer Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, IIGM—Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.P.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (F.V.)
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P.Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Fabiola Varese
- Cancer Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, IIGM—Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.P.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (F.V.)
- Department of Life Science and System Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Tirtei
- Paediatric Onco-Haematology Division, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, City of Health and Science of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Franca Fagioli
- Paediatric Onco-Haematology Division, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, City of Health and Science of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.T.); (F.F.)
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Cereda
- Cancer Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, IIGM—Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.P.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (F.V.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO—IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-993-3969
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Jamalkandi SA, Kouhsar M, Salimian J, Ahmadi A. The identification of co-expressed gene modules in Streptococcus pneumonia from colonization to infection to predict novel potential virulence genes. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:376. [PMID: 33334315 PMCID: PMC7745498 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus) is a human bacterial pathogen causing a range of mild to severe infections. The complicated transcriptome patterns of pneumococci during the colonization to infection process in the human body are usually determined by measuring the expression of essential virulence genes and the comparison of pathogenic with non-pathogenic bacteria through microarray analyses. As systems biology studies have demonstrated, critical co-expressing modules and genes may serve as key players in biological processes. Generally, Sample Progression Discovery (SPD) is a computational approach traditionally used to decipher biological progression trends and their corresponding gene modules (clusters) in different clinical samples underlying a microarray dataset. The present study aimed to investigate the bacterial gene expression pattern from colonization to severe infection periods (specimens isolated from the nasopharynx, lung, blood, and brain) to find new genes/gene modules associated with the infection progression. This strategy may lead to finding novel gene candidates for vaccines or drug design. Results The results included essential genes whose expression patterns varied in different bacterial conditions and have not been investigated in similar studies. Conclusions In conclusion, the SPD algorithm, along with differentially expressed genes detection, can offer new ways of discovering new therapeutic or vaccine targeted gene products. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-020-02059-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Azimzadeh Jamalkandi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Kouhsar
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Salimian
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Identification of Novel microRNA Prognostic Markers Using Cascaded Wx, a Neural Network-Based Framework, in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071890. [PMID: 32674274 PMCID: PMC7409139 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of next-generation sequencing technology has resulted in a generation of large amounts of cancer genomic data. Therefore, increasingly complex techniques are required to appropriately analyze this data in order to determine its clinical relevance. In this study, we applied a neural network-based technique to analyze data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and extract useful microRNA (miRNA) features for predicting the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD). Using the Cascaded Wx platform, we identified and ranked miRNAs that affected LUAD patient survival and selected the two top-ranked miRNAs (miR-374a and miR-374b) for measurement of their expression levels in patient tumor tissues and in lung cancer cells exhibiting an altered epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) status. Analysis of miRNA expression from tumor samples revealed that high miR-374a/b expression was associated with poor patient survival rates. In lung cancer cells, the EMT signal induced miR-374a/b expression, which, in turn, promoted EMT and invasiveness. These findings demonstrated that this approach enabled effective identification and validation of prognostic miRNA markers in LUAD, suggesting its potential efficacy for clinical use.
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Joung EK, Kim J, Yoon N, Maeng LS, Kim JH, Park S, Kang K, Kim JS, Ahn YH, Ko YH, Byun JH, Hong JH. Expression of EEF1A1 Is Associated with Prognosis of Patients with Colon Adenocarcinoma. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111903. [PMID: 31703307 PMCID: PMC6912729 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The prognostic role of the translational factor, elongation factor-1 alpha 1 (EEF1A1), in colon cancer is unclear. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the expression of EEF1A in tissues obtained from patients with stage II and III colon cancer and analyze its association with patient prognosis. Methods: A total of 281 patients with colon cancer who underwent curative resection were analyzed according to EEF1A1 expression. Results: The five-year overall survival in the high-EEF1A1 group was 87.7%, whereas it was 65.6% in the low-EEF1A1 expression group (hazard ratio (HR) 2.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38–4.44, p = 0.002). The five-year disease-free survival of patients with high EEF1A1 expression was 82.5%, which was longer than the rate of 55.4% observed for patients with low EEF1A1 expression (HR 2.94, 95% CI 1.72–5.04, p < 0.001). Univariate Cox regression analysis indicated that age, preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level, adjuvant treatment, total number of metastatic lymph nodes, and EEF1A1 expression level were significant prognostic factors for death. In multivariate analysis, expression of EEF1A1 was an independent prognostic factor associated with death (HR 3.01, 95% CI 1.636–5.543, p < 0.001). EEF1A1 expression was also an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival in multivariate analysis (HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.459–4.434, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that high expression of EEF1A1 has a favorable prognostic effect on patients with colon adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun kyo Joung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.K.); (N.Y.); (L.-s.M.)
| | - Nara Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.K.); (N.Y.); (L.-s.M.)
| | - Lee-so Maeng
- Department of Pathology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.K.); (N.Y.); (L.-s.M.)
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of General Surgery, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | | | - Keunsoo Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Jeong Seon Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (J.S.K.); (Y.-H.A.)
| | - Young-Ho Ahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (J.S.K.); (Y.-H.A.)
| | - Yoon Ho Ko
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea;
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Byun
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.B.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Ji Hyung Hong
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.H.B.); (J.H.H.)
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