1
|
Pandita S, Garg K, Zhang J, Mobbs D. Three roots of online toxicity: disembodiment, accountability, and disinhibition. Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:814-828. [PMID: 38981777 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Online communication is central to modern social life, yet it is often linked to toxic manifestations and reduced well-being. How and why online communication enables these toxic social effects remains unanswered. In this opinion, we propose three roots of online toxicity: disembodiment, limited accountability, and disinhibition. We suggest that virtual disembodiment results in a chain of psychological states primed for deleterious social interaction. Drawing from differences between face-to-face and online interactions, the framework highlights and addresses the fundamental problems that result in impaired communication between individuals and explicates its effects on social toxicity online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Pandita
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, HSS 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Ketika Garg
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, HSS 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jiajin Zhang
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, HSS 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Dean Mobbs
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, HSS 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Neural Systems Program at the California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, HSS 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Philippsen A, Mieth L, Buchner A, Bell R. Time pressure and deliberation affect moral punishment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16378. [PMID: 39014033 PMCID: PMC11252425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The deliberate-morality account implies that moral punishment should be decreased with time pressure and increased with deliberation while the intuitive-morality account predicts the opposite. In three experiments, moral punishment was examined in a simultaneous one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma game with a costly punishment option. The players cooperated or defected and then decided whether or not to punish their partners. In Experiment 1, the punishment decisions were made without or with time pressure. In Experiment 2, the punishment decisions were immediate or delayed by pauses in which participants deliberated their decisions. In Experiment 3, participants were asked to deliberate self-interest or fairness before deciding whether to punish their partners. Different types of punishment were distinguished using the cooperation-and-punishment model. In Experiment 1, time pressure decreased moral punishment. In Experiment 2, deliberation increased moral punishment. So far, the evidence supports the deliberate-morality account. Experiment 3 demonstrates that the effect of deliberation depends on what is deliberated. When participants deliberated self-interest rather than fairness, moral punishment was decreased. The results suggest that unguided deliberation increases moral punishment, but the effects of deliberation are modulated by the type of deliberation that takes place. These results strengthen a process-based account of punishment which offers a more nuanced understanding of the context-specific effect of deliberation on moral punishment than the deliberate-morality account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Philippsen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Laura Mieth
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Axel Buchner
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raoul Bell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Weiss EM, Donohue PK, Wootton SH, Stevens E, Merhar SL, Puia-Dumitrescu M, Mercer A, Oslin E, Porter KM, Wilfond BS. Motivations for and against Participation in Neonatal Research: Insights from Interviews of Diverse Parents Approached for Neonatal Research in the United States. J Pediatr 2024; 275:113923. [PMID: 38492913 PMCID: PMC11399325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.113923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe parents' motivations for and against participation in neonatal research, including the views of those who declined participation. STUDY DESIGN We performed 44 semi-structured, qualitative interviews of parents approached for neonatal research. Here we describe their motivations for and against participation. RESULTS Altruism was an important reason parents chose to participate. Some hoped participation in research would benefit their infant. Burdens of participation to the family, such as transportation to follow up (distinct from risks/burdens to the infant), were often deciding factors among those who declined participation. Perceived risks to the infant were reasons against participation, but parents often did not differentiate between baseline risks and incremental risk of study participation. Concerns regarding their infant being treated like a "guinea pig" were common among those who declined. Finally, historical abuses and institutional racism were reported as important concerns by some research decliners from minoritized populations. CONCLUSIONS Within a diverse sample of parents approached to enroll their infant in neonatal research, motivations for and against participation emerged, which may be targets of future interventions. These motivations included reasons for participation which we may hope to encourage, such as altruism. They also included reasons against participation, which we may hope to, as feasible, eliminate, mitigate, or at least acknowledge. These findings can help clinical trialists, regulators, and funders attempting to improve neonatal research recruitment processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Mark Weiss
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics and Palliative Care, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.
| | - Pamela K Donohue
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Susan H Wootton
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX; Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Emily Stevens
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX; Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Stephanie L Merhar
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Amanda Mercer
- Counselor Education Department, Portland State University, Portland, OR
| | - Ellie Oslin
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics and Palliative Care, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Kathryn M Porter
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics and Palliative Care, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Benjamin S Wilfond
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics and Palliative Care, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng SY, Rozenkrantz L, Sharot T. Poor lie detection related to an under-reliance on statistical cues and overreliance on own behaviour. COMMUNICATIONS PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 2:21. [PMID: 39242854 PMCID: PMC11332128 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
The surge of online scams is taking a considerable financial and emotional toll. This is partially because humans are poor at detecting lies. In a series of three online experiments (Nexp1 = 102, Nexp2 = 108, Nexp3 = 100) where participants are given the opportunity to lie as well as to assess the potential lies of others, we show that poor lie detection is related to the suboptimal computations people engage in when assessing lies. Participants used their own lying behaviour to predict whether other people lied, despite this cue being uninformative, while under-using more predictive statistical cues. This was observed by comparing the weights participants assigned to different cues, to those of a model trained on the ground truth. Moreover, across individuals, reliance on statistical cues was associated with better discernment, while reliance on one's own behaviour was not. These findings suggest scam detection may be improved by using tools that augment relevant statistical cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ying Zheng
- Department of Security & Crime Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
- Dawes Centre for Future Crime, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Liron Rozenkrantz
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tali Sharot
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA.
- The Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma C, Lauwereyns J. Predictive cues elicit a liminal confirmation bias in the moral evaluation of real-world images. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1329116. [PMID: 38425561 PMCID: PMC10902465 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1329116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research suggested that predictive cues enhance the preference and reduce the response time for congruent targets during bivalent food evaluation, indicating a confirmation bias. Less is known about how prior processing affects subjective moral evaluation. Here, we used three different types of predictive cues to elicit directional vs. non-predictive prior processing and then asked the participants to perform moral evaluations on a continuous scale from -10 ("very immoral") to +10 ("very moral") with a diverse set of real-world images. Our experimental image database balanced the morality of image content and the volatility of the ratings based on the means and standard deviations in a preliminary study. Ratings, response times, and gaze positions were measured to examine the effects of predictive cues on the moral evaluation of real-world images. We found that the moral ratings were in line with the expectations induced by the cues. Compared to the non-predictive condition, the moral evaluation in the directional conditions was more polarized. For neutral images, the predictive cues tilted the evaluations to positive vs. negative, indicating a decisive liminal influence. High-volatility images were impacted more than low-volatility images in ratings as well as response times. Furthermore, the gaze positions during the interval between the predictive cue and the image showed a spatial displacement in line with the cue instruction, indicating a response bias. Together, the results show that predictive cues elicit a liminal confirmation bias in moral image evaluation, much in the same way as in bivalent food evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Ma
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Johan Lauwereyns
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- School of Interdisciplinary Science and Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Olmos-Gómez MDC, Ruiz-Garzón F, Azancot-Chocron D, López-Cordero R. Prosocial behaviour axioms and values: Influence of gender and volunteering. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2023; 36:16. [PMID: 37428243 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-023-00258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To promote prosocial behaviour, in the present study, we observed the human values that may predict it within the realms of the transcendental views of life, society's shared culture and the world of personal and interpersonal affections. To do this, we started with two hypotheses: (1) prosocial behaviour differs according to gender and participation in volunteering; and (2) the variables of transcendental values, cultural development, affective development, gender and participation in volunteering predict prosocial behaviour.To do so, we conducted a quantitative study based on the cross-sectional, social analytical-empirical research method. We used a validated instrument with a large sample of 1,712 individuals living in the multicultural context of the Spanish city of Melilla, located in North Africa and one of only two land borders between Europe and Morocco. Values that could promote prosocial behaviour were grouped into four dimensions to locate relevant factors that helped identify which values are linked to specific actions, both formal and informal, through an inferential analysis focusing on regression and multivariate analysis of variance.Our findings highlighted the linkage of the transcendent dimension of the individual in relation to his or her level of prosocial behaviour and the role of women as socialising agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisca Ruiz-Garzón
- Department of Methods of Research and Diagnosis in Education, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Azancot-Chocron
- Department of Methods of Research and Diagnosis in Education, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Cordero
- Department of Didactics of Social Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang W, Zhu X, Guan H, Li T. Measuring the Relative Utility Loss of Legitimacy Deviation: A Discussion Based on the Public Goods Experiment. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13050366. [PMID: 37232603 DOI: 10.3390/bs13050366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the differences in individual behavior across different contexts, this study introduces legitimate behavior and its deviation into a utility function. We hypothesize that people have preferences for adhering to the legitimate behavior that is required by the behavioral norm embedded in a particular context; furthermore, deviating from this legitimate behavior may generate a utility loss for them. We apply our model in the context of conditional contributions in a public goods experiment; moreover, we verify that the behavioral pattern of this conditional cooperation is derived from subjects' preferences for complying with the legitimate behavior required by the norm of the conditional cooperation activated in the experimental context. Furthermore, we attempt to measure the individual-level degrees of respect for the legitimate behavior in the given context using observable experimental data. The measurement results reveal that the subjects' relative sensitivities to deviations are highly centrally distributed; additionally, most subjects have a relatively high degree of respect for the legitimate behavior required by the conditional cooperation norm. Accordingly, this paper will help to improve our understanding of the micro mechanism underlying individual behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xianchen Zhu
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Hongyu Guan
- Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pittarello A, Schmidt T, Segel A, Mayo R. Prior behavior and wording of norm nudge requests shape compliance and reciprocity. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
|
9
|
Helping the ingroup versus harming the outgroup: Evidence from morality-based groups. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
10
|
Kirkland K, Jetten J, Wilks M, Kirby J. Promoting prosocial behavior in an unequal world. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1021093. [PMID: 36817385 PMCID: PMC9932976 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1021093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amid a global pandemic and the climate crisis, there is an increasing need to understand how to promote largescale, coordinated action between different groups. Yet certain factors such as inequality can hinder cooperation. We aimed to establish how to orient groups toward a superordinate goal when they have unequal resources. Participants were divided into two 'countries' and asked to assemble LEGO bricks into food (by building pieces in a certain order) to prevent starvation among 'the people'. One 'country' had few LEGO bricks whereas the other had an abundance, and the only way to maximize food creation was for the groups to work together. We assessed the efficacy of three diverse interventions on superordinate behavior and attitudes: compassion meditation training (Study 1), lower inequality (Study 2), and the introduction of a pro-sharing group norm by a confederate (Study 3). Compassion meditation training and altering the degree of inequality between groups did not have a clear effect on collaborative action. Only the introduction of a pro-sharing group norm enhanced sharing behavior, made participants feel more cooperative and reduced fears of being compassionate toward others. Our findings speak to the importance of leadership in promoting coordinated action to address challenges that face the superordinate group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Kirkland
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Kelly Kirkland,
| | - Jolanda Jetten
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matti Wilks
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Kirby
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Balafoutas L, Rezaei S. Moral suasion and charitable giving. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20780. [PMID: 36456617 PMCID: PMC9714400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the effect of moral suasion on charitable giving. Participants in an online experiment choose between two allocations, one of which includes a donation to a well-known charity organization. Before making this choice, they receive one of several messages potentially involving a moral argument from another participant. We find that the use of consequentialist and deontological arguments has a positive impact on the donation rate. Men respond strongly to consequentialist arguments, while women are less responsive to moral suasion altogether. Messages based on virtue ethics, ethical egoism, and a simple donation imperative are ineffective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loukas Balafoutas
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024University of Exeter Business School, Exeter, UK ,grid.5771.40000 0001 2151 8122Department of Public Finance, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria ,grid.7240.10000 0004 1763 0578University of Venice “Ca’ Foscari”, Venice, Italy
| | - Sarah Rezaei
- grid.5771.40000 0001 2151 8122Department of Public Finance, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria ,grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Economics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Civai C, Caserotti M, Carrus E, Huijsmans I, Rubaltelli E. How perceived scarcity predicted cooperation during early pandemic lockdown. Front Psychol 2022; 13:951757. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.951757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both material resources (jobs, healthcare), and socio-psychological resources (social contact) decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigated whether individual differences in perceived material and socio-psychological scarcity experienced during the pandemic predicted preference for cooperation, measured using two Public Good Games (PGGs), where participants contributed money or time (i.e., hours indoors contributed to shorten the lockdown). Material scarcity had no relationship with cooperation. Increased perceived scarcity of socio-psychological wellbeing (e.g., connecting with family) predicted increased preference for cooperation, suggesting that missing social contact fosters prosociality, whilst perceived scarcity of freedom (e.g., limited movement) predicted decreased willingness to spend time indoors to shorten the lockdown. The importance of considering individual differences in scarcity perception to best promote norm compliance is discussed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wenting F, Xianyun S, Zuowei Y. Self-focused or other-focused: The influence of acknowledgment type on subsequent donation desires. Front Psychol 2022; 13:959369. [PMID: 36275291 PMCID: PMC9583881 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.959369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study employs morality preference theory to explore how acknowledgment type (self- vs. other-focused) influences donors' subsequent donation desires. The current research consists of 3 studies. Study 1 finds that an other-focused acknowledgment letter elicits higher subsequent donation desires than a self-focused letter. Study 2 testifies to the mediating role of morality preference between the relationship of acknowledgment type and subsequent donation desires. Study 3 manipulates the moral value on "what is the morally right thing of donation" and developed a new scale to measure morality preference. Study 4 excludes the influence of language structure and tests the main effect in a real donation behavior context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wenting
- Gemmological Institute, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shen Xianyun
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Zuowei
- Gemmological Institute, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Yin Zuowei
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Long-lasting effects of incentives and social preference: A public goods experiment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273014. [PMID: 36006903 PMCID: PMC9409558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper addresses the question of the effectiveness and permanence of temporary incentives to contribute to a public good. Using a common experimental framework, we investigate the effects of a recommendation that takes the form of an exhortative message to contribute, a monetary punishment and a non-monetary reward to sustain high levels of contributions. In particular, we shed light on the differential impact these mechanisms have on heterogeneous types of agents. The results show that all three incentives increase contributions compared to a pre-phase where there is no incentive. Monetary sanctions lead to the highest contributions, but a sudden drop in contributions is observed once the incentive to punish is removed. On the contrary, Recommendation leads to the lowest contributions but maintains a long-lasting impact in the Post-policy phase. In particular, it makes free-riders increase their contribution over time in the post-incentive phase. Finally, non-monetary reward backfires against those who are weakly conditional cooperators. Our findings emphasize the importance of designing and maintaining incentives not only for free-riders, but for strong and weak conditional cooperators as well, depending on characteristics of the incentives.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ahmed AM, Rasool S, Prentice C, Ahmad MH. Beliefs about the factors that motivate prosocial sentiments among people in the privileged class of Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2022; 78:JOSI12506. [PMID: 35942485 PMCID: PMC9348291 DOI: 10.1111/josi.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drawing upon the theories of empathy-altruism and planned behavior, this study investigated beliefs about the factors that motivate prosocial sentiments among people in the privileged class of Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. In-depth interviews were conducted with 31 participants who were deemed to be members of the privileged class within the class system of Pakistan. The results revealed nine themes including social interaction, peer influence, role models, collectivism, vicarious emotions, religiosity, capability, volition, and education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahid Rasool
- Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and TechnologyTopi, SwabiPakistan
| | - Catherine Prentice
- Department of Marketing, Griffith Business School, Griffith Institute for TourismGriffith UniversityAustralia
- University of Southern Queensland
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hsieh TY, Cross ES. People's dispositional cooperative tendencies towards robots are unaffected by robots' negative emotional displays in prisoner's dilemma games. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:995-1019. [PMID: 35389323 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2054781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The study explores the impact of robots' emotional displays on people's tendency to cooperate with a robot opponent in prisoner's dilemma games. Participants played iterated prisoner's dilemma games with a non-expressive robot (as a measure of cooperative baseline), followed by an angry, and a sad robot, in turn. Based on the Emotion as Social Information model, we expected participants with higher cooperative predispositions to cooperate less when a robot displayed anger, and cooperate more when the robot displayed sadness. Contrarily, according to this model, participants with lower cooperative predispositions should cooperate more with an angry robot and less with a sad robot. The results of 60 participants failed to support the predictions. Only the participants' cooperative predispositions significantly predicted their cooperative tendencies during gameplay. Participants who cooperated more in the baseline measure also cooperated more with the robots displaying sadness and anger. In exploratory analyses, we found that participants who accurately recognised the robots' sad and angry displays tended to cooperate less with them overall. The study highlights the impact of personal factors in human-robot cooperation, and how these factors might surpass the influence of bottom-up emotional displays by the robots in the present experimental scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Te-Yi Hsieh
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Emily S Cross
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.,Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fostering participation in digital contact tracing. INFORMATION ECONOMICS AND POLICY 2022; 58:100938. [PMCID: PMC8214816 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2021.100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Digital contact tracing is a promising digital public health intervention to manage epidemics. However, in order to reach its full potential, the technology has to be widely adopted and used. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, this has not necessarily been the case. We review the literature with a focus on how participation in digital contact tracing could be fostered and provide policy recommendations on how to increase its adoption and usage as well as recommendations for further research.
Collapse
|
18
|
Krishnan L. The Scarcity–Prosociality Link: Ambiguous, Yet Thought-provoking. PSYCHOLOGY AND DEVELOPING SOCIETIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09713336221080648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present essay examines the scarcity–prosociality link, that is, the conditions in which scarcity leads to self-interest and competitiveness or to other-oriented prosociality and cooperativeness. Adopting a social-psychological approach, the findings of the major investigations of reactions to scarcity are summarised. These studies show both self-interest and prosociality as reactions to scarcity, depending on various mediating factors, although a scarcity mindset or limited-good perception is not revealed directly. This link needs to be interpreted in the light of social-psychological, cognitive, economic and cultural factors. In general, the scarcity–prosociality relationship is found to be ambiguous, yet thought-provoking. Some aspects that require detailed exploration and the multi-pronged implications of the scarcity–prosociality association for societal development are highlighted. It is suggested that effective coping with scarcity in resource-constrained economies will be possible if socialisation and social policies promote practices that enhance resource availability, encourage an optimal use of resources, and modify a competitive stance to a cooperative one, and a zero-sum game perception of resource exchange to one of non-zero-sum game.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilavati Krishnan
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mantas V, Pehlivanidis A, Kotoula V, Papanikolaou K, Vassiliou G, Papaiakovou A, Papageorgiou C. Factors of influence in prisoner's dilemma task: a review of medical literature. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12829. [PMID: 35174016 PMCID: PMC8802712 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) is one of the most popular concepts amongst the scientific literature. The task is used in order to study different types of social interactions by giving participants the choice to defect or cooperate in a specific social setting/dilemma. This review focuses on the technical characteristics of the PD task as it is used in medical literature and describes how the different PD settings could influence the players' behaviour. We identify all the studies that have used the PD task in medical research with human participants and distinguish, following a heuristic approach, seven parameters that can differentiate a PD task, namely (a) the opponent parties' composition; (b) the type of the opponent as perceived by the players; (c) the interaction flow of the game; (d) the number of rounds; (e) the instructions narrative and options that are given to players; (f) the strategy and (g) the reward matrix and payoffs of the game. We describe how each parameter could influence the final outcome of the PD task and highlight the great variability concerning the settings of these parameters in medical research. Our aim is to point out the heterogeneity of such methods in the past literature and to assist future researchers with their methodology design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Mantas
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Artemios Pehlivanidis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileia Kotoula
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bathesda, MD, USA
| | - Katerina Papanikolaou
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Agia Sophia Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Vassiliou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anthoula Papaiakovou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalambos Papageorgiou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee VK, Kranton RE, Conzo P, Huettel SA. The hidden cost of humanization: Individuating information reduces prosocial behavior toward in-group members. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 86:102424. [PMID: 34483414 PMCID: PMC8415462 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2021.102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports robust experimental evidence that humanization-in the form of individuating information about another's personal preferences-leads to decreased prosocial behavior toward in-group members. Previous research shows that this information increases prosocial behavior toward dehumanized out-group members. The consequences for in-group members, however, are less well understood. Using methods from social psychology and behavioral economics, four experiments show that individuating information decreases pro-social behavior toward in-group members in a variety of settings (charitable giving, altruistic punishment, and trust games). Moreover, this effect results from decreased reliance on group membership labels, and not from other potential explanations like the induction of new group identities. Understanding these effects sheds light on the motives behind intergroup conflict, which may not result from a difference in social perception (i.e., humanized in-groups and dehumanized out-groups), but rather from biases associated with group membership (i.e. in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination) that are eliminated by individuating information. Together, these results indicate that humanization carries a hidden cost for in-group members by disrupting group identities that would otherwise make them targets of altruistic actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierluigi Conzo
- Department of Economics & Statistics, University of Turin & Collegio Carlo Alberto
| | - Scott A. Huettel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gyuris P, Gáspár BG, Birkás B, Csókási K, Kocsor F. Help Is in Your Blood-Incentive to "Double Altruism" Resolves the Plasma Donation Paradox. Front Psychol 2021; 12:653848. [PMID: 34566745 PMCID: PMC8458749 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.653848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood donation is considered as one of the purest forms of altruism. Plasma donation, in contrast, despite being a similar process, is mostly a paid activity in which donors are compensated for their contribution to the production of therapeutic preparations. This creates a so-called "plasma paradox:" If remuneration is promised for a socially useful effort, volunteers with altruistic motives might be deterred. At the same time, regular plasma donors who pursue the monetary benefits of donation might drop out if remuneration stops. The same controversy can be caught in the messages of most plasma donation companies as well: They promise a monetary reward (MR), and at the same time, highlight the altruistic component of donation. In this study, we tested the assumption that emphasizing the social significance enhances the willingness to donate blood plasma more effectively than either MR or the combination of these two incentives. This had to be rejected since there was no significant difference between the three scenarios. Furthermore, we also hypothesized that individuals might be more motivated to donate plasma if there is a possibility of offering an MR toward other socially beneficial aims. We found an increased willingness to donate in scenarios enabling "double altruism", that is, when donating plasma for therapeutic use and transferring their remuneration to nongovernmental organizations, is an option. We propose relying on double altruism to resolve the plasma paradox, and suggest that it could serve as a starting point for the development of more optimized means for donor recruitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Gyuris
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Baksa Gergely Gáspár
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Béla Birkás
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Csókási
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Kocsor
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Deviatko IF, Bykov A. Weighing the moral worth of altruistic actions: A discrepancy between moral evaluations and prescriptive judgments. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2021.1950666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inna F. Deviatko
- HSE University and Institute of Sociology of FCTAS RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Bykov
- HSE University and Institute of Sociology of FCTAS RAS, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Elinder M, Engström P, Erixson O. The last will: Estate divisions as a testament of to whom altruism is directed. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254492. [PMID: 34320017 PMCID: PMC8318293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We use data on estate divisions to study to whom altruistic preferences are directed. Insofar bequests are given without the prospect of future personal benefits in mind, they are presumably intrinsically motivated. Hence, estate divisions provide a rare opportunity to study intrinsically motivated prosocial behavior in the field. The empirical analysis is based on data from digitized estate reports for all individuals in Sweden who passed away in 2002 and 2003. The data show in detail how the decedents distributed their bequests. We find that family members, both genetic (offspring) and non-genetic (partner), receive the lion’s share of the estates. Other relatives, friends and strangers (represented by charities) receive only very small shares of the total estate wealth. The results suggest that intrinsically motivated altruism is primarily directed towards close family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Elinder
- Department of Economics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- The Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (ME); (PE); (OE)
| | - Per Engström
- Department of Economics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (ME); (PE); (OE)
| | - Oscar Erixson
- Institute of Housing and Urban Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (ME); (PE); (OE)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Regner T. What's Behind Image? Toward a Better Understanding of Image-Driven Behavior. Front Psychol 2021; 12:614575. [PMID: 34177684 PMCID: PMC8219908 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.614575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our experimental design systematically varies image concerns in a dictator/trust game. In comparison to the baseline, we either decrease the role of self-image concerns (by providing an excuse for selfish behavior) or increase the role of social-image concerns (by conveying the transfer choice to a third person). In this set up, we analyze the underlying processes that motivate subjects to give less/more. Controlling for distributional preferences and expectations, our results indicate that moral emotions (guilt and shame) are a significant determinant of pro-social behavior. The disposition to guilt explains giving in the baseline, while it does not when an excuse for selfish behavior exists. Subjects' disposition to shame is correlated to giving when their choice is public and they can be identified. JEL Classifications: C72, C91, D03, D80.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Regner
- Department of Economics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Whitaker RM, Colombo GB, Dunham Y. The evolution of strongly-held group identities through agent-based cooperation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12071. [PMID: 34103597 PMCID: PMC8187381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91333-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Identity fusion represents a strongly-held personal identity that significantly overlaps with that of a group, and is the current best explanation as to why individuals become empowered to act with extreme self-sacrifice for a group of non-kin. This is widely seen and documented, yet how identity fusion is promoted by evolution is not well-understood, being seemingly counter to the selfish pursuit of survival. In this paper we extend agent-based modelling to explore how and why identity fusion can establish itself in an unrelated population with no previous shared experiences. Using indirect reciprocity to provide a framework for agent interaction, we enable agents to express their identity fusion towards a group, and observe the effects of potential behaviours that are incentivised by a heightened fusion level. These build on the social psychology literature and involve heightened sensitivity of fused individuals to perceived hypocritical group support from others. We find that simple self-referential judgement and ignorance of perceived hypocrites is sufficient to promote identity fusion and this is easily triggered by a sub-group of the population. Interestingly the self-referential judgement that we impose is an individual-level behaviour with no direct collective benefit shared by the population. The study provides clues, beyond qualitative and observational studies, as to how hypocrisy may have established itself to reinforce the collective benefit of a fused group identity. It also provides an alternative perspective on the controversial proposition of group selection - showing how fluidity between an individual's reputation and that of a group may function and influence selection as a consequence of identity fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger M Whitaker
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, 5 The Parade, Roath, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
- Crime and Security Research Institute, Cardiff University, Friary House, Greyfriars Rd, Cardiff, CF10 3AE, UK.
| | - Gualtiero B Colombo
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, 5 The Parade, Roath, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
- Crime and Security Research Institute, Cardiff University, Friary House, Greyfriars Rd, Cardiff, CF10 3AE, UK
| | - Yarrow Dunham
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Box 208205, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Capraro V, Jordan JJ, Tappin BM. Does observability amplify sensitivity to moral frames? Evaluating a reputation-based account of moral preferences. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
27
|
Hao J, Du X. Preschoolers' Helping Motivations: Altruistic, Egoistic or Diverse? Front Psychol 2021; 12:614868. [PMID: 33927667 PMCID: PMC8076576 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.614868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on Eisenberg et al.'s model of prosocial motivations, the present study examined what motivates preschoolers to display instrumental helping and how various motivations develop during the preschool years. The participants were 477 preschoolers aged 3–5 years assigned to one of five groups. In each experimental group, the experimenter emphasized an altruistic or egoistic helping motivation, namely, empathic concern, moral rules, praise or rewards. In the control group, no helping motivations were emphasized. Their instrumental helping was then measured by sorting cards for a sick child to play a game. The results show that each helping motivation had a positive effect on instrumental helping. Most of the motivational effects were similar across age, but the motivational effect of empathic concern increased obviously at the age of 5 years. Therefore, the present study reveals that both altruistic and egoistic motivations motivate preschoolers to help others. Most of the motivations develop steadily during the preschool years, but empathic concern as an altruistic motivation increases greatly at the end of the preschool years. The present study thus confirms the diversity of preschoolers' helping motivations with Eisenberg et al.'s model of prosocial motivations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
One-shot anonymous unselfishness in economic games is commonly explained by social preferences, which assume that people care about the monetary pay-offs of others. However, during the last 10 years, research has shown that different types of unselfish behaviour, including cooperation, altruism, truth-telling, altruistic punishment and trustworthiness are in fact better explained by preferences for following one's own personal norms-internal standards about what is right or wrong in a given situation. Beyond better organizing various forms of unselfish behaviour, this moral preference hypothesis has recently also been used to increase charitable donations, simply by means of interventions that make the morality of an action salient. Here we review experimental and theoretical work dedicated to this rapidly growing field of research, and in doing so we outline mathematical foundations for moral preferences that can be used in future models to better understand selfless human actions and to adjust policies accordingly. These foundations can also be used by artificial intelligence to better navigate the complex landscape of human morality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Capraro
- Department of Economics, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Matjaž Perc
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan.,Alma Mater Europaea ECM, Slovenska ulica, 17 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.,Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstädterstraße 39, 1080 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Do social networks increase donation frequency? The Swiss context. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
30
|
Xiao Y, Wong K, Cheng Q, Yip PSF. Understanding the Better Than Average Effect on Altruism. Front Psychol 2021; 11:562846. [PMID: 33488442 PMCID: PMC7817701 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.562846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research suggests that most people perceive themselves to be more altruistic than the average population, an observation known as the better-than-average (BTA) effect. Understanding the BTA effect carries significant public health implications, as self-perceived altruism is closely related to altruistic behaviors, which plays a significant role in individual and societal well-being. However, little is known about whether subpopulations with specific sociodemographic profiles are more likely to hold BTA altruistic self-perceptions, making it difficult to design targeted programs based on multiple sociodemographic characteristics to promote altruistic behaviors. This study addresses this gap by identifying the sociodemographic profiles of populations who are more likely to exhibit BTA effects on trait altruism. Data were derived from a representative sample of Hong Kong citizens (n = 1,185) in the 2017 Hong Kong Altruism Survey. A latent class analysis was performed using four domains of sociodemographic characteristics: sex, age, religion, and socioeconomic status. Multivariate multinomial logistic regressions were conducted to examine associations between class membership, BTA effect, and altruistic behaviors. The results yielded four classes of sociodemographic profiles. Middle-aged, Christian/Catholic, highly educated, and high-income individuals (Class 4, 17.8%) were most likely to exhibit BTA effects and behave altruistically; Class 3 (14.0%) were older, male, no/other religious belief, low education, and least likely to exhibit BTA effects and behave altruistically. Findings improve the understanding of the sociodemographic profiles of people showing BTA effects and facilitate targeted policy development to effectively promote altruism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyu Xiao
- School of Social Work, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- School of Social Work, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Kelly Wong
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Qijin Cheng
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Paul S. F. Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Masser BM, Ferguson E, Thorpe R, Lawrence C, Davison TE, Hoad V, Gosbell IB. Motivators of and barriers to becoming a COVID-19 convalescent plasma donor: A survey study. Transfus Med 2020; 31:176-185. [PMID: 33368777 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the motivators and barriers to COVID-19 convalescent plasma donation by those in the United Kingdom who have been diagnosed with or who have had symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) but who have not donated. BACKGROUND Convalescent plasma from people recovered from COVID-19 with sufficient antibody titres is a potential option for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. However, to date, recruiting and retaining COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors has been challenging. Understanding why those eligible to donate COVID-19 convalescent plasma have not donated is critical to developing recruitment campaigns. METHODS/MATERIALS A total of 419 UK residents who indicated that they had been infected with COVID-19 and who lived within 50 km of sites collecting COVID-19 convalescent plasma completed an online survey between 25th June and 5th July 2020. Respondents completed items assessing their awareness of convalescent plasma, motivations and barriers to donation and intention to donate COVID-19 convalescent plasma. RESULTS Awareness of COVID-19 convalescent plasma was low. Exploratory factor analysis identified six motivations and seven barriers to donating. A stronger sense of altruism through adversity and moral and civic duty were positively related to intention to donate, whereas generic donation fears was negatively related. CONCLUSIONS Once potential donors are aware of convalescent plasma, interventions should focus on the gratitude and reciprocity that those eligible to donate feel, along with a focus on (potentially) helping family and norms of what people ought to do. Fears associated with donation should not be neglected, and strategies that have been successfully used tor recruit whole-blood donors should be adapted and deployed to recruit COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Masser
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rachel Thorpe
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Lawrence Psych Advisory, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tanya E Davison
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Veronica Hoad
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iain B Gosbell
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Paunov Y, Wänke M, Vogel T. Combining Defaults and Transparency Information to Increase Policy Compliance. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Combining the strengths of defaults and transparency information is a potentially powerful way to induce policy compliance. Despite negative theoretical predictions, a recent line of research revealed that default nudges may become more effective if people are informed why they should exhibit the targeted behavior. Yet, it is an open empirical question whether the increase in compliance came from setting a default and consequently disclosing it, or the provided information was sufficient to deliver the effect on its own. Results from an online experiment indicate that both defaulting and transparency information exert a statistically independent effect on compliance, with highest compliance rates observed in the combined condition. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yavor Paunov
- Department of Consumer and Economic Psychology, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michaela Wänke
- Department of Consumer and Economic Psychology, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Vogel
- Department of Consumer and Economic Psychology, University of Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Trust and trustworthiness form the basis for continued social and economic interactions, and they are also fundamental for cooperation, fairness, honesty, and indeed for many other forms of prosocial and moral behaviour. However, trust entails risks, and building a trustworthy reputation requires effort. So how did trust and trustworthiness evolve, and under which conditions do they thrive? To find answers, we operationalize trust and trustworthiness using the trust game with the trustor's investment and the trustee's return of the investment as the two key parameters. We study this game on different networks, including the complete network, random and scale-free networks, and in the well-mixed limit. We show that in all but one case, the network structure has little effect on the evolution of trust and trustworthiness. Specifically, for well-mixed populations, lattices, random and scale-free networks, we find that trust never evolves, while trustworthiness evolves with some probability depending on the game parameters and the updating dynamics. Only for the scale-free network with degree non-normalized dynamics, we find parameter values for which trust evolves but trustworthiness does not, as well as values for which both trust and trustworthiness evolve. We conclude with a discussion about mechanisms that could lead to the evolution of trust and outline directions for future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aanjaneya Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Valerio Capraro
- Department of Economics, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Matjaž Perc
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstädterstraße 39, 1080 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gamble for the needy! Does identifiability enhances donation? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234336. [PMID: 32603364 PMCID: PMC7326157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate how neediness and identifiability of a recipient influence the willingness of a donor to invest resources in charity-like lotteries we propose a new game, called ‘need game’. Similar to the dictator game, the need game includes two players, one active player (the donor or dictator) and one passive player (the recipient). Both players require a minimum need (ND and NR), expressed in terms of points. The donor is endowed with KD points and must retain at least ND points, i.e., the need, with ND < KD, at the end of the game with n rounds. The recipient starts with KR points and must end the game with at least NR points, i.e., the need, with KR < NR < KD. The donor is asked to choose one of three different amounts from KD to place a bet on a lottery. If won, the gain is added to the endowment. If lost, the recipient receives the points. The recipient is paid only when his/her need threshold is obtained; likewise the donor gets paid only when his/her need threshold is maintained. The main focus here is on need of both players (ND = NR = 2, 200, and ND = NR = 0 serving as baseline control) and the identifiability of the recipient (no information, described by text and picture, and physical presence). We probe whether the amount invested by the donor depends on need and identifiability of the recipient. In addition, we include the framing of the game as gain or loss, different probabilities to win/lose, and different time limits as covariates. We found that each of these factors can play a role when investing in charity-like lotteries.
Collapse
|
35
|
Ferguson E, Shichman R, Tan JHW. When Lone Wolf Defectors Undermine the Power of the Opt-Out Default. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8973. [PMID: 32488105 PMCID: PMC7265288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of cooperation are a central feature of human society, and conditional cooperation has been proposed as one proximal mechanism to support this. The counterforce of free-riding can, however, undermine cooperation and as such a number of external mechanisms have been proposed to ameliorate the effects of free-riding. One such mechanism is setting cooperation as the default (i.e., an opt-out default). We posit, however, that in dynamic settings where people can observe and condition their actions on others' behaviour, 'lone wolf' defectors undermine initial cooperation encouraged by an opt-out default, while 'good shepherds' defeat the free-riding encouraged by an opt-in default. Thus, we examine the dynamic emergence of conditional cooperation under different default settings. Specifically, we develop a game theoretical model to analyse cooperation under defaults for cooperation (opt-out) and defection (opt-in). The model predicts that the 'lone wolf' effect is stronger than the 'good shepherd' effect, which - if anticipated by players - should strategically deter free-riding under opt-out and cooperation under opt-in. Our experimental games confirm the existence of both 'lone wolf' defectors and 'good shepherd' cooperators, and that the 'lone wolf'effect is stronger in the context of organ donation registration behaviour. We thus show a potential 'dark side' to conditional cooperation ('lone wolf effect') and draw implications for the adoption of an opt-out organ donation policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Ruslan Shichman
- Centre for Decision Research and Experimental Economics (CeDEx), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jonathan H W Tan
- Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 48 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639818, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bavel JJV, Baicker K, Boggio PS, Capraro V, Cichocka A, Cikara M, Crockett MJ, Crum AJ, Douglas KM, Druckman JN, Drury J, Dube O, Ellemers N, Finkel EJ, Fowler JH, Gelfand M, Han S, Haslam SA, Jetten J, Kitayama S, Mobbs D, Napper LE, Packer DJ, Pennycook G, Peters E, Petty RE, Rand DG, Reicher SD, Schnall S, Shariff A, Skitka LJ, Smith SS, Sunstein CR, Tabri N, Tucker JA, Linden SVD, Lange PV, Weeden KA, Wohl MJA, Zaki J, Zion SR, Willer R. Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat Hum Behav 2020. [PMID: 32355299 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/y38m9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behaviour with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology & Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Katherine Baicker
- University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paulo S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valerio Capraro
- Department of Economics, Middlesex University London, London, UK
| | - Aleksandra Cichocka
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Kent, UK
- Department of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Mina Cikara
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alia J Crum
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - James N Druckman
- Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Drury
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - Oeindrila Dube
- University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Naomi Ellemers
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eli J Finkel
- Department of Psychology and the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James H Fowler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health and Department of Political Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michele Gelfand
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shihui Han
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jolanda Jetten
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shinobu Kitayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dean Mobbs
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lucy E Napper
- Department of Psychology and Health, Medicine & Society Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | | | - Gordon Pennycook
- Hill/Levene Schools of Business, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ellen Peters
- School of Journalism and Communication, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Richard E Petty
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David G Rand
- Sloan School and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen D Reicher
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Simone Schnall
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Bennett Institute for Public Policy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Azim Shariff
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Linda J Skitka
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Susan Smith
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cass R Sunstein
- Harvard Law School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Nassim Tabri
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua A Tucker
- Department of Politics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Paul van Lange
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim A Weeden
- Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael J A Wohl
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamil Zaki
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean R Zion
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robb Willer
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:460-471. [PMID: 32355299 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2087] [Impact Index Per Article: 521.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behaviour with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.
Collapse
|
38
|
Chou EY, Hsu DY, Hernon E. From slacktivism to activism: Improving the commitment power of e-pledges for prosocial causes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231314. [PMID: 32348322 PMCID: PMC7190098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosocial organizations increasingly rely on e-pledges to promote their causes and secure commitment. Yet their effectiveness is controversial. Epitomized by UNICEF's "Likes Don't Save Lives" campaign, the threat of slacktivism has led some organizations to forsake social media as a potential platform for garnering commitment. We proposed and investigated a novel e-pledging method that may enable organizations to capitalize on the benefits of e-pledging without compromising on its mass outreach potential. In two pilot studies, we first explored whether and why conventional e-pledges may not be as effective as intended. Building on those insights, we conducted one field and two lab experiments to test our proposed e-pledge intervention. Importantly, the field study demonstrated the effectiveness of the intervention for commitment behavior across a 3-month period. The laboratory experiments provided a deeper and more refined mechanism understanding of the effect and ruled out effort, novelty, and social interaction mindset as alternative explanations for why the intervention may be effective. As technological innovations continue to redefine how people interact with the world, this research sheds light on a promising method for transforming a simple virtual acknowledgment into deeper commitment-and, ideally, to action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Y. Chou
- Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dennis Y. Hsu
- Faculty of Business and Economics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Republic of China
| | - Eileen Hernon
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen H, Zeng Z, Ma J. The source of punishment matters: Third-party punishment restrains observers from selfish behaviors better than does second-party punishment by shaping norm perceptions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229510. [PMID: 32119702 PMCID: PMC7051041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Punishment aims to deter individuals’ selfish behaviors, but it can occasionally backfire. Some scholars have proposed promoting prosocial behaviors using punishment that communicates positive social norms because it provides additional motivation. However, it is unclear which factors affect the norm expressive function of punishment. This study proposes that third-party punishment communicates more positive normative information, and thus, promotes more prosocial behavior in observers than does second-party punishment. Using dictator games, we investigated the effects of second-party punishment compared to third-party punishment of another’s unfair sharing on observers’ norm perceptions and subsequent sharing decision-making. Two experiments consistently found that third-party punishment was more effective than second-party punishment at inducing observers’ beliefs that unfair distribution was unusual (descriptive norm) and unacceptable (injunctive norm). The altered descriptive but not injunctive norm perception further guided individuals’ own sharing behaviors. Taken together, these results suggest that third-party punishment might be better than second-party punishment at decreasing selfish behaviors by shaping individuals’ norm perceptions, especially descriptive norm perception, regarding the relevant behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hezhi Chen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijia Zeng
- Student Affairs Departments, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Ma
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
“Do the right thing” for whom? An experiment on ingroup favouritism, group assorting and moral suasion. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500007336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn this paper we investigate the effect of moral suasion on ingroup favouritism. We report a well-powered, pre-registered, two-stage 2x2 mixed-design experiment. In the first stage, groups are formed on the basis of how participants answer a set of questions, concerning non-morally relevant issues in one treatment (assorting on non-moral preferences), and morally relevant issues in another treatment (assorting on moral preferences). In the second stage, participants choose how to split a given amount of money between participants of their own group and participants of the other group, first in the baseline setting and then in a setting where they are told to do what they believe to be morally right (moral suasion). Our main results are: (i) in the baseline, participants tend to favour their own group to a greater extent when groups are assorted according to moral preferences, compared to when they are assorted according to non-moral preferences; (ii) the net effect of moral suasion is to decrease ingroup favouritism, but there is also a non-negligible proportion of participants for whom moral suasion increases ingroup favouritism; (iii) the effect of moral suasion is substantially stable across group assorting and four pre-registered individual characteristics (gender, political orientation, religiosity, pro-life vs pro-choice ethical convictions).
Collapse
|
41
|
Wickersham RH, Zaval L, Pachana NA, Smyer MA. The impact of place and legacy framing on climate action: A lifespan approach. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228963. [PMID: 32097411 PMCID: PMC7041806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite several decades of research on more effectively communicating climate change to the general public, there is only limited knowledge about how older adults engage with an issue that will shape and define future generations. We focus on two key factors that may motivate younger and older adults to engage in climate change action, legacy concern and place attachment, and assess whether older adults differ in any appreciable way from the general population in this domain. We randomly exposed participants of different ages to either a Legacy, Place, or control writing induction task before they completed various self-report measures. Both induction conditions were associated with significantly greater pro-environmental behavioral intentions and donations for all age groups when compared to the control condition. Legacy motivation and biophilia were used as manipulation checks and found to partially mediate these effects. Findings suggest that legacy and place message framing may be useful in prompting adults of all ages to take action to help combat climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Wickersham
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lisa Zaval
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nancy A. Pachana
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael A. Smyer
- Department of Psychology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nie X, Lin H, Tu J, Fan J, Wu P. Nudging Altruism by Color: Blue or Red? Front Psychol 2020; 10:3086. [PMID: 32038428 PMCID: PMC6988519 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Altruism can be spontaneously aroused by environmental factors. However, the mechanism behind these factors is subject to debate. We carried out a study of laboratory experiment using computer-based Mouselab method to determine the mechanism. We found that different colors altered the altruistic behaviors of people. Specifically, blue enhanced altruism, whereas red discouraged altruism. We used a process-tracing technique to monitor the selection of an adaptive strategy and demonstrate that different colors can simulate changes in information acquisition and then lead to the corresponding behaviors. The results suggested that the decision heuristic plays a mediating role in the link between colors and individual altruistic behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Nie
- Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Lin
- School of Information Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Auditing Information Engineering, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Tu
- School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahe Fan
- School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingping Wu
- School of Information Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Auditing Information Engineering, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Evolutionary Game on Government Regulation and Green Supply Chain Decision-Making. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13030620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sustainability issues have gained growing awareness in recent years. Governments play an important role in environment and resources problems since they can affect enterprises’ production activities by enacting policies and regulations. To promote green production in the long term associated with the consideration of financial intervention of governments, we establish a three-population model of suppliers, manufacturers and governments based on evolutionary game theory, and analyze the evolutionary stable strategies (ESS) of their unilateral and joint behaviors. Further, system dynamics (SD) is applied to empirical analysis for exploring the dynamic interaction of the populations’ strategy, and the key factors affecting ESS are also discussed in detail. The results show that: (1) the proportion of green suppliers and manufacturers in their groups determines whether the government implements regulation; (2) any party of the supplier and manufacturer that adopts green strategy could promote green behavior of the other; (3) the government is advised to supervise and implement reward and punishment mechanism under the low proportion of green supply chain; (4) government regulation could promote the corporations to adopt green behavior and should preferentially implements the mechanism on manufacturers. The results provide insights into the policy-making of governments and enterprises management on sustainable development.
Collapse
|
44
|
Moche H, Erlandsson A, Andersson D, Västfjäll D. Opportunity Cost in Monetary Donation Decisions to Non-identified and Identified Victims. Front Psychol 2020; 10:3035. [PMID: 32038400 PMCID: PMC6986473 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Do people consider alternative uses of money (i.e., opportunity cost) when asked to donate to a charitable cause? To answer this question, we examined the effect of providing versus not providing participants with an opportunity cost reminder when they are asked to donate money to causes with identified and non-identified victims. The results of two studies show that when making one-time donation decisions, people become less willing to donate to charity when reminded of opportunity cost, but mainly for non-identified victims. Moreover, framing the opportunity cost reminder as prosocial versus proself did not influence willingness to donate. Overall, our evidence suggests that opportunity cost reminders influence people's donation behavior depending on whether charities identify supported victims or not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajdi Moche
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Arvid Erlandsson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - David Andersson
- Department of Management and Economics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Västfjäll
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Decision Research, Eugene, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lefebvre M, Stenger A. Short- & long-term effects of monetary and non-monetary incentives to cooperate in public good games: An experiment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227360. [PMID: 31951622 PMCID: PMC6968839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a common experimental framework, this paper addresses both the question of the short-term and the long-lasting effects of temporary monetary and non-monetary incentive mechanisms on increasing individual contributions to the public good. The results show that both punishments and rewards significantly increase contributions compared to the baseline, but that monetary sanctions lead to the highest contributions, whereas non-monetary sanctions lead to the lowest contributions. The four types of incentives display long-lasting effects, i.e., contributions do not go back to baseline levels directly after the withdrawal of the incentives. However, rewards appear to have much stronger persistent effects than sanctions, revealing some sort of delayed reciprocity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Stenger
- INRA and BETA- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kim Y, Reeck C. Getting Everyone Onboard: Framing Collective Goal Progress Broadens Participation in Collective Marketing Campaigns. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2353. [PMID: 31681126 PMCID: PMC6813241 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective marketing campaigns may feature goals that are not shared equally by all customers, such as a fundraiser for an environmental cause. For such campaigns, how can marketers encourage broad participation? The present research demonstrates that the framing of collective progress in such campaigns can broaden participation by highlighting the “large area” of progress toward the goal, emphasizing progress achieved for campaigns in their late stages and progress remaining in their early stages. We tested this large area hypothesis in the context of a waste reduction drive, examining the reactions of Democrats and Republicans who might be more or less inclined to support the drive respectively. Study 1 examined these processes when the drive was nearing completion, finding that an accumulating frame (focusing on progress achieved) increased motivation to participate for Republicans to levels comparable with Democrats. Study 2 evaluated these processes at earlier stages in the drive’s progress. In these circumstances, a remaining frame (focusing on contributions still needed) increased motivation to participate among Republicans to a similar level as Democrats. These findings indicate framings that highlight the large area in collective progress broaden participation in collective marketing campaigns, suggesting that marketers should highlight remaining contributions needed early on and accumulated contributions received later in collective marketing campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaeeun Kim
- Department of Marketing and Supply Chain Management, Fox School of Business, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Crystal Reeck
- Department of Marketing and Supply Chain Management, Fox School of Business, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Reasons to care: Personal motivation as a key factor in the practice of the professional foster carer in Romania. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222716. [PMID: 31532794 PMCID: PMC6750651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Personal motivation is a key factor in the service of foster care, impending both on the welfare of the child and on the satisfaction of the carer. This paper explores the benefits, challenges and dilemmas involved in the job of professional (i.e. state-supported) foster carer in Romania–a country where the issue of child protection has drawn a great deal of international attention over the last thirty years. The principal hypothesis concerns whether the benefits, challenges and dilemmas identified by foster carers are influenced by the factors that led to their taking up this kind of work. Quantitative research was conducted using a questionnaire as the main tool. The paper takes a descriptive, cross-sectional and multifactorial approach. Sampling was carried out by self-selecting method, and the study involved 51 participants. The research project identified a statistically significant variation in the challenges and dilemmas reported by foster carers. Thus, the results of the study show that the majority of the carers indicate a primarily intrinsic motivation for their work. By way of conclusion, it is argued that social workers, operating in collaboration with multidisciplinary teams, can offer carers support in managing more difficult periods in the child–carer relationship, thus enhancing the sustainability of the foster care service.
Collapse
|