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Akamatsu F, Oda K, Fujita A, Igi Y, Isogai A. Carbon stable isotopes of glucose during the degradation of rice by the koji fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33664. [PMID: 39040413 PMCID: PMC11261792 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose, a key component of traditional Japanese fermented foods, is derived from rice starch via saccharification by hydrolytic enzymes produced by Aspergillus oryzae. The δ 13C value of glucose reflects that of its rice source. However, the influence of saccharification parameters (glucose concentration, degradation temperature, and reaction time) on glucose δ 13C values is unclear. Here, we investigated the influence of saccharification on the δ 13C value of glucose. Our experiments showed a significant difference in the δ 1³C value of glucose (-27.0 ± 0.1 ‰) obtained from saccharification compared to the ingredient rice (-27.1 ± 0.1 ‰) and remaining solid residue (-27.1 ± 0.1 ‰); however, it did not differ significantly from those of rice koji (-27.0 ± 0.1 ‰) and steamed rice (-27.1 ± 0.1 ‰), despite all values being within 0.1 ‰. Notably, glucose concentration, degradation temperature, and reaction time did not significantly affect glucose δ 13C values. These findings demonstrate the remarkable preservation of glucose δ 13C values. The δ 13C values remain aligned with the original δ 13C value of the rice, even with up to 60 % degradation during A. oryzae saccharification. This persistence of the δ 13C value throughout the process offers a potential tool for authenticating the origin of rice-fermented beverages based on the δ 13C value of their glucose component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumikazu Akamatsu
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Ken Oda
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Akiko Fujita
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Yukari Igi
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Atsuko Isogai
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
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Liu H, Nie J, Liu Y, Wadood SA, Rogers KM, Yuan Y, Gan RY. A review of recent compound-specific isotope analysis studies applied to food authentication. Food Chem 2023; 415:135791. [PMID: 36868070 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of food products is a relatively new and novel technique used to authenticate food and detect adulteration. This paper provides a review of recent on-line and off-line CSIA applications of plant and animal origin foods, essential oils and plant extracts. Different food discrimination techniques, applications, scope, and recent studies are discussed. CSIA δ13C values are widely used to verify geographical origin, organic production, and adulteration. The δ15N values of individual amino acids and nitrate fertilizers have proven effective to authenticate organic foods, while δ2H and δ18O values are useful to link food products with local precipitation for geographical origin verification. Most CSIA techniques focus on fatty acids, amino acids, monosaccharides, disaccharides, organic acids, and volatile compounds enabling more selective and detailed origin and authentication information than bulk isotope analyses.. In conclusion, CSIA has a stronger analytical advantage for the authentication of food compared to bulk stable isotope analysis, especially for honey, beverages, essential oils, and processed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China.
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Syed Abdul Wadood
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Karyne M Rogers
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Yuwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
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Akamatsu F, Igi Y, Fujita A, Yamada O, Okuda M. Carbon stable isotopic compositions of glucose and ethanol in sake after simultaneous saccharification and fermentation processes. Food Chem 2023; 424:136372. [PMID: 37236076 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The carbon stable isotopic composition of glucose is transferred to that of ethanol during the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation processes of sake production. However, there is limited information regarding carbon isotope discrimination between the ingredient rice and the sake components. Our fermentation experiments show that the carbon stable isotopic composition of rice is intermediate between those of glucose and ethanol in sake and do not differ significantly from those of rice koji and sake lees. Carbon isotope discrimination from rice to ethanol and from glucose to ethanol is 0.9 ± 0.1‰ (mean ± standard deviation, n = 18) and 1.9 ± 0.2‰, respectively. This is approximately half of the isotope discrimination observed in grape wine due to the saccharification process during sake manufacture. Carbon isotope discrimination from ingredient rice to sake components provides valuable insights for the manufacturing process and the authentication of sake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumikazu Akamatsu
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan.
| | - Yukari Igi
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Akiko Fujita
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamada
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Masaki Okuda
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
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Perini M, Bontempo L. Liquid Chromatography coupled to Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (LC-IRMS): A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Akamatsu F, Fujii T, Igi Y, Fujita A, Yamada O, Isogai A. Different carbon isotopic compositions of CO2 in sparkling sake using natural and exogenous carbonation methods. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Suto M, Kawashima H. Discrimination for sake brewing methods by compound specific isotope analysis and formation mechanism of organic acids in sake. Food Chem 2022; 381:132295. [PMID: 35121325 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organic acids in sake affect its aroma and color and help control the activity of microorganisms. This study used liquid chromatography coupled with isotope ratio mass spectrometry and solid-phase extraction to determine the stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) for malic acid, lactic acid, and succinic acid in 49 sake samples. The mean δ13C of lactic acid was -25.6 ± 2.1‰ in kimoto samples and -20.2 ± 2.5‰ in sokujo sample. According to linear discriminant analysis using δ13C of lactic acid, 87.8% of kimoto and sokujo samples were correctly identified. The proportion of brewers' lactic acid in sake could be calculated from the δ13C value of lactic acid for the first time. The productions of malic acid and succinic acid may be conducted by some kinds of fermentation and the mechanism of the tricarboxylic acid cycle by using δ13C of malic acid and succinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoka Suto
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, 84-4, Ebinokuchi, Tsuchiya, Yuri-Honjyo, Akita 015-0055, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, 84-4, Ebinokuchi, Tsuchiya, Yuri-Honjyo, Akita 015-0055, Japan.
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Won EJ, Yun HY, Lee DH, Shin KH. Application of Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis in Environmental Forensic and Strategic Management Avenue for Pesticide Residues. Molecules 2021; 26:4412. [PMID: 34361564 PMCID: PMC8348328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unintended pesticide pollution in soil, crops, and adjacent environments has caused several issues for both pesticide users and consumers. For users, pesticides utilized should provide higher yield and lower persistence while considering both the environment and agricultural products. Most people are concerned that agricultural products expose humans to pesticides accumulating in vegetation. Thus, many countries have guidelines for assessing and managing pesticide pollution, for farming in diverse environments, as all life forms in soil are untargeted to these pesticides. The stable isotope approach has been a useful technique to find the source of organic matter in studies relating to aquatic ecology and environmental sciences since the 1980s. In this study, we discuss commonly used analytical methods using liquid and gas chromatography coupled with isotopic ratio mass spectrometry, as well as the advanced compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). CSIA applications are discussed for tracing organic pollutants and understanding chemical reactions (mechanisms) in natural environments. It shows great applicability for the issues on unintended pesticide pollution in several environments with the progress history of isotope application in agricultural and environmental studies. We also suggest future study directions based on the forensic applications of stable isotope analysis to trace pesticides in the environment and crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Won
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (E.-J.W.); (H.-Y.Y.); Korea; (D.-H.L.)
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Hee-Young Yun
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (E.-J.W.); (H.-Y.Y.); Korea; (D.-H.L.)
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (E.-J.W.); (H.-Y.Y.); Korea; (D.-H.L.)
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (E.-J.W.); (H.-Y.Y.); Korea; (D.-H.L.)
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
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Carbon isotope ratio of organic acids in sake and wine by solid-phase extraction combined with LC/IRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:355-363. [PMID: 33057737 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We developed an analytical procedure for determining the δ13C values of organic acids in sake and wine using solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/IRMS). First, the solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure was performed and various tests were conducted to extract organic acids from alcoholic beverages using the simulated sake sample. Under the optimal SPE procedure, high recovery rates (96-118%) and good accuracies (≤ 0.7‰) were thus achieved for the simulated sake and wine samples. Next, we determined the δ13C of organic acid (tartaric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid) in 9 sake and 11 wine samples. Finally, the δ13C values of lactic acid in nine sake samples suggested that lactic acid had been added during the brewing process. The high correlation between the δ13C values of tartaric acid and malic acid in 11 wine samples was consistent with their common source, grapes. This analytical method may help to identify when organic acids have been added to sake and wine and to elucidate the process of organic acid production therein. Graphical abstract.
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