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Upadhyay A, Tsamchoe M, Tran SD. Salivary Organotypic Tissue Culture: An Ex-vivo 3D Model for Studying Radiation-Induced Injury of Human Salivary Glands. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2749:39-54. [PMID: 38133772 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3609-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
An organotypic tissue culture model can maintain the cellular and molecular interactions, as well as the extracellular components of a tissue ex vivo. Thus, this 3D model biologically mimics in vivo conditions better than commonly used 2D culture in vitro models. Here, we provide a detailed workflow for generating live 3D organotypic tissue slices from patient-derived freshly resected salivary glandular tissues. We also cover the processing of these tissues for various downstream applications like live-dead viability/cytotoxicity assay, FFPE sectioning and immunostaining, and RNA and protein extraction with a focus on the salivary gland radiation injury model. These procedures can be applied extensively to various solid organs and used for disease modeling for cancer research, radiation biology, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Upadhyay
- McGill Laboratory of Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Migmar Tsamchoe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- McGill Laboratory of Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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2
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Ramirez A, Merwitz B, Lee H, Vaughan E, Maisel K. Multiple particle tracking (MPT) using PEGylated nanoparticles reveals heterogeneity within murine lymph nodes and between lymph nodes at different locations. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:6992-7003. [PMID: 36322022 PMCID: PMC10084584 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00816e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are highly structured lymphoid organs that compartmentalize B and T cells in the outer cortex and inner paracortex, respectively, and are supported by a collagen-rich reticular network. Tissue material properties like viscoelasticity and diffusion of materials within extracellular spaces and their implications on cellular behavior and therapeutic delivery have been a recent topic of investigation. Here, we developed a nanoparticle system to investigate the rheological properties, including pore size and viscoelasticity, through multiple particle tracking (MPT) combined with LN slice cultures. Dense coatings with polyethylene glycol (PEG) allow nanoparticles to diffuse within the LN extracellular spaces. Despite differences in function in B and T cell zones, we found that extracellular tissue properties and mesh spacing do not change significantly in the cortex and paracortex, though nanoparticle diffusion was slightly reduced in B cell zones. Interestingly, our data suggest that LN pore sizes are smaller than the previously predicted 10-20 μm, with pore sizes ranging from 500 nm-1.5 μm. Our studies also confirm that LNs exhibit viscoelastic properties, with an initial solid-like response followed by stress-relaxation at higher frequencies. Finally, we found that nanoparticle diffusion is dependent on LN location, with nanoparticles in skin draining LNs exhibiting a higher diffusion coefficient and pore size compared to mesenteric LNs. Our data shed new light onto LN interstitial tissue properties, pore size, and define surface chemistry parameters required for nanoparticles to diffuse within LN interstitium. Our studies also provide both a tool for studying LN interstitium and developing design criteria for nanoparticles targeting LN interstitial spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Ramirez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Brooke Merwitz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Hannah Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Erik Vaughan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Katharina Maisel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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3
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Arshad H, Watts JC. Genetically engineered cellular models of prion propagation. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 392:63-80. [PMID: 35581386 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
For over three decades, cultured cells have been a useful tool for dissecting the molecular details of prion replication and the identification of candidate therapeutics for prion disease. A major issue limiting the translatability of these studies has been the inability to reliably propagate disease-relevant, non-mouse strains of prions in cells relevant to prion pathogenesis. In recent years, fueled by advances in gene editing technology, it has become possible to propagate prions from hamsters, cervids, and sheep in immortalized cell lines originating from the central nervous system. In particular, the use of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing to generate versions of prion-permissive cell lines that lack endogenous PrP expression has provided a blank canvas upon which re-expression of PrP leads to species-matched susceptibility to prion infection. When coupled with the ability to propagate prions in cells or organoids derived from stem cells, these next-generation cellular models should provide an ideal paradigm for identifying small molecules and other biological therapeutics capable of interfering with prion replication in animal and human prion disorders. In this review, we summarize recent advances that have widened the spectrum of prion strains that can be propagated in cultured cells and cutting-edge tissue-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Arshad
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower Rm. 4KD481, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building Rm. 5207, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower Rm. 4KD481, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building Rm. 5207, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Gene-Edited Cell Models to Study Chronic Wasting Disease. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030609. [PMID: 35337016 PMCID: PMC8950194 DOI: 10.3390/v14030609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal infectious neurodegenerative disorders affecting both humans and animals. They are caused by the misfolded isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), PrPSc, and currently no options exist to prevent or cure prion diseases. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer, elk and other cervids is considered the most contagious prion disease, with extensive shedding of infectivity into the environment. Cell culture models provide a versatile platform for convenient quantification of prions, for studying the molecular and cellular biology of prions, and for performing high-throughput screening of potential therapeutic compounds. Unfortunately, only a very limited number of cell lines are available that facilitate robust and persistent propagation of CWD prions. Gene-editing using programmable nucleases (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9 (CC9)) has proven to be a valuable tool for high precision site-specific gene modification, including gene deletion, insertion, and replacement. CC9-based gene editing was used recently for replacing the PrP gene in mouse and cell culture models, as efficient prion propagation usually requires matching sequence homology between infecting prions and prion protein in the recipient host. As expected, such gene-editing proved to be useful for developing CWD models. Several transgenic mouse models were available that propagate CWD prions effectively, however, mostly fail to reproduce CWD pathogenesis as found in the cervid host, including CWD prion shedding. This is different for the few currently available knock-in mouse models that seem to do so. In this review, we discuss the available in vitro and in vivo models of CWD, and the impact of gene-editing strategies.
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Zhang T, Liu T, Hassan BA. Induction of granule and Purkinje cells from primary cultured mouse cerebellar progenitors. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100760. [PMID: 34467229 PMCID: PMC8384916 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The architecturally stereotypical structure of cerebellum is ideal for investigating the generation of neuronal diversity, but in vitro models for assessing early cerebellar progenitor differentiation were lacking. Here, we report a detailed protocol for long-term in vitro generation of Pax6+ granule cells and Calbindin+ Purkinje cells from common Sox2+ embryonic cerebellar progenitors. We describe the procedure for dissecting mouse cerebellar anlage, cell seeding, and tamoxifen-induced labeling of progenitor cells, followed by time-lapse video recording of clonal expansion and neuronal differentiation. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Zhang et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Institut du Cerveau – Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tengyuan Liu
- Institut du Cerveau – Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bassem A. Hassan
- Institut du Cerveau – Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Pineau H, Sim VL. From Cell Culture to Organoids-Model Systems for Investigating Prion Strain Characteristics. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010106. [PMID: 33466947 PMCID: PMC7830147 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are the hallmark protein folding neurodegenerative disease. Their transmissible nature has allowed for the development of many different cellular models of disease where prion propagation and sometimes pathology can be induced. This review examines the range of simple cell cultures to more complex neurospheres, organoid, and organotypic slice cultures that have been used to study prion disease pathogenesis and to test therapeutics. We highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each system, giving special consideration to the importance of strains when choosing a model and when interpreting results, as not all systems propagate all strains, and in some cases, the technique used, or treatment applied, can alter the very strain properties being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Pineau
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada;
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Valerie L. Sim
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada;
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Manne S, Kondru N, Jin H, Serrano GE, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Adler CH, Beach TG, Kanthasamy AG. Blinded RT-QuIC Analysis of α-Synuclein Biomarker in Skin Tissue From Parkinson's Disease Patients. Mov Disord 2020; 35:2230-2239. [PMID: 32960470 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An unmet clinical need in Parkinson's disease (PD) is to identify biomarkers for diagnosis, preferably in peripherally accessible tissues such as skin. Immunohistochemical studies have detected pathological α-synuclein (αSyn) in skin biopsies from PD patients albeit sensitivity needs to be improved. OBJECTIVE Our study provides the ultrasensitive detection of pathological αSyn present in the skin of PD patients, and thus, pathological αSyn in skin could be a potential biomarker for PD. METHODS The real-time quaking-induced conversion assay was used to detect pathological αSyn present in human skin tissues. Further, we optimized this ultra-sensitive and specific assay for both frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of skin tissues. We determined the seeding kinetics of the αSyn present in the skin from autopsied subjects consisting of frozen skin tissues from 25 PD and 25 controls and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin sections from 12 PD and 12 controls. RESULTS In a blinded study of skin tissues from autopsied subjects, we correctly identified 24/25 PD and 24/25 controls using frozen skin tissues (96% sensitivity and 96% specificity) compared to 9/12 PD and 10/12 controls using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin sections (75% sensitivity and 83% specificity). CONCLUSIONS Our blinded study results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of using skin tissues for clinical diagnosis of PD by detecting pathological αSyn. Moreover, this peripheral biomarker discovery study may have broader translational value in detecting misfolded proteins in skin samples as a longitudinal progression marker. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sireesha Manne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Naveen Kondru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Charles H Adler
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson's Disorder Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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POSCAbilities: The Application of the Prion Organotypic Slice Culture Assay to Neurodegenerative Disease Research. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071079. [PMID: 32698402 PMCID: PMC7407827 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative disorders whose pathogenesis is driven by the misfolding, self-templating and cell-to-cell spread of the prion protein. Other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington’s disease, share some of these prion-like features, with different aggregation-prone proteins. Consequently, researchers have begun to apply prion-specific techniques, like the prion organotypic slice culture assay (POSCA), to these disorders. In this review we explore the ways in which the prion phenomenon has been used in organotypic cultures to study neurodegenerative diseases from the perspective of protein aggregation and spreading, strain propagation, the role of glia in pathogenesis, and efficacy of drug treatments. We also present an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of this culture system compared to in vivo and in vitro models and provide suggestions for new directions.
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