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Verkerk AO, Wilders R. Effects of Acute Hypernatremia on the Electrophysiology of Single Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes: An In Silico Study. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2024; 25:194. [PMID: 39076316 PMCID: PMC11270064 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2506194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical and experimental data on the cardiac effects of acute hypernatremia are scarce and inconsistent. We aimed to determine and understand the effects of different levels of acute hypernatremia on the human ventricular action potential. Methods We performed computer simulations using two different, very comprehensive models of the electrical activity of a single human ventricular cardiomyocyte, i.e., the Tomek-Rodriguez model following the O'Hara-Rudy dynamic (ORd) model and the Bartolucci-Passini-Severi model as published in 2020 (known as the ToR-ORd and BPS2020 models, respectively). Mild to extreme levels of hypernatremia were introduced into each model based on experimental data on the effects of hypernatremia on cell volume and individual ion currents. Results In both models, we observed an increase in the intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations, an increase in the peak amplitude of the intracellular calcium concentration, a hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential, a prolongation of the action potential, an increase in the maximum upstroke velocity, and an increase in the threshold stimulus current at all levels of hypernatremia and all stimulus rates tested. The magnitude of all of these effects was relatively small in the case of mild to severe hypernatremia but substantial in the case of extreme hypernatremia. The effects on the action potential were related to an increase in the sodium-potassium pump current, an increase in the sodium-calcium exchange current, a decrease in the rapid and slow delayed rectifier potassium currents, and an increase in the fast and late sodium currents. Conclusions The effects of mild to severe hypernatremia on the electrical activity of human ventricular cardiomyocytes are relatively small. In the case of extreme hypernatremia, the effects are more pronounced, especially regarding the increase in threshold stimulus current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie O. Verkerk
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Wilders
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Louradour J, Ottersberg R, Segiser A, Olejnik A, Martínez-Salazar B, Siegrist M, Egle M, Barbieri M, Nimani S, Alerni N, Döring Y, Odening KE, Longnus S. Simultaneous assessment of mechanical and electrical function in Langendorff-perfused ex-vivo mouse hearts. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1293032. [PMID: 38028448 PMCID: PMC10663365 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1293032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Langendorff-perfused ex-vivo isolated heart model has been extensively used to study cardiac function for many years. However, electrical and mechanical function are often studied separately-despite growing proof of a complex electro-mechanical interaction in cardiac physiology and pathology. Therefore, we developed an isolated mouse heart perfusion system that allows simultaneous recording of electrical and mechanical function. Methods Isolated mouse hearts were mounted on a Langendorff setup and electrical function was assessed via a pseudo-ECG and an octapolar catheter inserted in the right atrium and ventricle. Mechanical function was simultaneously assessed via a balloon inserted into the left ventricle coupled with pressure determination. Hearts were then submitted to an ischemia-reperfusion protocol. Results At baseline, heart rate, PR and QT intervals, intra-atrial and intra-ventricular conduction times, as well as ventricular effective refractory period, could be measured as parameters of cardiac electrical function. Left ventricular developed pressure (DP), left ventricular work (DP-heart rate product) and maximal velocities of contraction and relaxation were used to assess cardiac mechanical function. Cardiac arrhythmias were observed with episodes of bigeminy during which DP was significantly increased compared to that of sinus rhythm episodes. In addition, the extrasystole-triggered contraction was only 50% of that of sinus rhythm, recapitulating the "pulse deficit" phenomenon observed in bigeminy patients. After ischemia, the mechanical function significantly decreased and slowly recovered during reperfusion while most of the electrical parameters remained unchanged. Finally, the same electro-mechanical interaction during episodes of bigeminy at baseline was observed during reperfusion. Conclusion Our modified Langendorff setup allows simultaneous recording of electrical and mechanical function on a beat-to-beat scale and can be used to study electro-mechanical interaction in isolated mouse hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Louradour
- Department of Physiology, Translational Cardiology/Electrophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Ottersberg
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Segiser
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka Olejnik
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Hematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Berenice Martínez-Salazar
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark Siegrist
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Egle
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Barbieri
- Department of Physiology, Translational Cardiology/Electrophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Saranda Nimani
- Department of Physiology, Translational Cardiology/Electrophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolò Alerni
- Department of Physiology, Translational Cardiology/Electrophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Heart Alliance Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja E. Odening
- Department of Physiology, Translational Cardiology/Electrophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, Translational Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Longnus
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Zhang Z, Zhou M, Liu H, Liu W, Chen J. Protective effects of Shen Yuan Dan on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via the regulation of mitochondrial quality control. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2023; 13:395-407. [PMID: 37583687 PMCID: PMC10423729 DOI: 10.21037/cdt-23-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Myocardial cell death resulting from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury has been a predominant contributor to morbidity and mortality globally. The mitochondria-centered mechanism plays an important role in the formation of I/R injury. This study intended to discuss the protective mechanism of Shen Yuan Dan (SYD) on cardiomyocytes hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury via the regulation of mitochondrial quality control (MQC). Additionally, this study clarified the mechanism by which SYD suppressed mitophagy activity through the suppression of the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin pathway. Methods To induce cellular injury, H9c2 cardiomyocytes were exposed to H/R stimulation. Following the pretreatment with SYD, cardiomyocytes were subjected to H/R stimulation. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) were detected to evaluate the degree of cardiomyocyte mitochondrial damage. Laser confocal microscopy was applied to observe the mitochondrial quality, and the messenger (mRNA) levels of mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), optic atrophy protein 1 (Opa1), dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), fission 1 (Fis1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in cardiomyocytes were assessed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Western blotting was employed for the estimation of light chain 3 (LC3)-I, LC3-II, PINK1, and Parkin in cardiomyocytes. Results It was discovered that SYD pretreatment elevated MMP in H/R injury cardiomyocytes, enhanced ATP content, activated SOD activity, and reduced MDA level. SYD treatment increased the mRNA levels of Mfn1, Mfn2, Opa1 and PGC-1α decreased the mRNA levels of Drp1 and Fis1, and reduced the protein levels of LC3, PINK1, and Parkin. Conclusions SYD plays a protective role in H/R injury to cardiomyocytes by regulating mitochondrial quality. Meanwhile, SYD may inhibit mitophagy activity through inhibiting the PINK1/Parkin pathway. This study provides insights into the underlying mechanism of SYD in alleviating myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhua Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxue Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaping Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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4
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King DR, Sedovy MW, Eaton X, Dunaway LS, Good ME, Isakson BE, Johnstone SR. Cell-To-Cell Communication in the Resistance Vasculature. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3833-3867. [PMID: 35959755 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The arterial vasculature can be divided into large conduit arteries, intermediate contractile arteries, resistance arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. Resistance arteries and arterioles primarily function to control systemic blood pressure. The resistance arteries are composed of a layer of endothelial cells oriented parallel to the direction of blood flow, which are separated by a matrix layer termed the internal elastic lamina from several layers of smooth muscle cells oriented perpendicular to the direction of blood flow. Cells within the vessel walls communicate in a homocellular and heterocellular fashion to govern luminal diameter, arterial resistance, and blood pressure. At rest, potassium currents govern the basal state of endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Multiple stimuli can elicit rises in intracellular calcium levels in either endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells, sourced from intracellular stores such as the endoplasmic reticulum or the extracellular space. In general, activation of endothelial cells results in the production of a vasodilatory signal, usually in the form of nitric oxide or endothelial-derived hyperpolarization. Conversely, activation of smooth muscle cells results in a vasoconstriction response through smooth muscle cell contraction. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-35, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ryan King
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Meghan W Sedovy
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xinyan Eaton
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Luke S Dunaway
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Miranda E Good
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Scott R Johnstone
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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King DR, Hardin KM, Hoeker GS, Poelzing S. Re-evaluating methods reporting practices to improve reproducibility: an analysis of methodological rigor for the Langendorff whole-heart technique. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H363-H377. [PMID: 35749719 PMCID: PMC9359653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00164.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the scientific community has seen an increased interest in rigor and reproducibility. In 2017, concerns of methodological thoroughness and reporting practices were implicated as significant barriers to reproducibility within the preclinical cardiovascular literature, particularly in studies employing animal research. The Langendorff, whole-heart technique has proven to be an invaluable research tool, being modified in a myriad of ways to probe questions across the spectrum of physio- and pathophysiologic function of the heart. As a result, significant variability in the application of the Langendorff technique exists. This literature review quantifies the different methods employed in the implementation of the Langendorff technique and provides brief examples of how individual parametric differences can impact the outcomes and interpretation of studies. From 2017-2020, significant variability of animal models, anesthesia, cannulation time, and perfusate composition, pH, and temperature demonstrate that the technique has diversified to meet new challenges and answer different scientific questions. The review also reveals which individual methods are most frequently reported, even if there is no explicit agreement upon which parameters should be reported. The analysis of methods related to the Langendorff technique suggests a framework for considering methodological approach when interpreting seemingly contradictory results, rather than concluding that results are irreproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ryan King
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, Virginia.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lunch Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kathryn M Hardin
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine. Roanoke, Virginia.,Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research. Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion. Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Gregory S Hoeker
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research. Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion. Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Steven Poelzing
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine. Roanoke, Virginia.,Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research. Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion. Roanoke, Virginia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, Virginia
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6
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Wu X, Hoeker GS, Blair GA, King DR, Gourdie RG, Weinberg SH, Poelzing S. Hypernatremia and intercalated disc edema synergistically exacerbate long-QT syndrome type 3 phenotype. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H1042-H1055. [PMID: 34623182 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00366.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel gain-of-function prolongs repolarization in the long-QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3). Previous studies suggest that narrowing the perinexus within the intercalated disc, leading to rapid sodium depletion, attenuates LQT3-associated action potential duration (APD) prolongation. However, it remains unknown whether extracellular sodium concentration modulates APD prolongation during sodium channel gain-of-function. We hypothesized that elevated extracellular sodium concentration and widened perinexus synergistically prolong APD in LQT3. LQT3 was induced with sea anemone toxin (ATXII) in Langendorff-perfused guinea pig hearts (n = 34). Sodium concentration was increased from 145 to 160 mM. Perinexal expansion was induced with mannitol or the sodium channel β1-subunit adhesion domain antagonist (βadp1). Epicardial ventricular action potentials were optically mapped. Individual and combined effects of varying clefts and sodium concentrations were simulated in a computational model. With ATXII, both mannitol and βadp1 significantly widened the perinexus and prolonged APD, respectively. The elevated sodium concentration alone significantly prolonged APD as well. Importantly, the combination of elevated sodium concentration and perinexal widening synergistically prolonged APD. Computational modeling results were consistent with animal experiments. Concurrently elevating extracellular sodium and increasing intercalated disc edema prolongs repolarization more than the individual interventions alone in LQT3. This synergistic effect suggests an important clinical implication that hypernatremia in the presence of cardiac edema can markedly increase LQT3-associated APD prolongation. Therefore, to our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence of a tractable and effective strategy to mitigate LQT3 phenotype by means of managing sodium levels and preventing cardiac edema in patients.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to demonstrate that the long-QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3) phenotype can be exacerbated or concealed by regulating extracellular sodium concentrations and/or the intercalated disc separation. The animal experiments and computational modeling in the current study reveal a critically important clinical implication: sodium dysregulation in the presence of edema within the intercalated disc can markedly increase the risk of arrhythmia in LQT3. These findings strongly suggest that maintaining extracellular sodium within normal physiological limits may be an effective and inexpensive therapeutic option for patients with congenital or acquired sodium channel gain-of-function diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wu
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, Virginia.,Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Gregory S Hoeker
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Grace A Blair
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, Virginia.,Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - D Ryan King
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, Virginia.,Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Seth H Weinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Steven Poelzing
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, Virginia.,Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
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7
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García-Niño WR, Zazueta C, Buelna-Chontal M, Silva-Palacios A. Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cardiac-Conditioning Strategies against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1123. [PMID: 34832998 PMCID: PMC8620839 DOI: 10.3390/life11111123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the central target of ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning cardioprotective strategies, which consist of either the application of brief intermittent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) cycles or the administration of pharmacological agents. Such strategies reduce cardiac I/R injury by activating protective signaling pathways that prevent the exacerbated production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, inhibit opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and reduce apoptosis, maintaining normal mitochondrial function. Cardioprotection also involves the activation of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) processes, which replace defective mitochondria or eliminate mitochondrial debris, preserving the structure and function of the network of these organelles, and consequently ensuring homeostasis and survival of cardiomyocytes. Such processes include mitochondrial biogenesis, fission, fusion, mitophagy and mitochondrial-controlled cell death. This review updates recent advances in MQC mechanisms that are activated in the protection conferred by different cardiac conditioning interventions. Furthermore, the role of extracellular vesicles in mitochondrial protection and turnover of these organelles will be discussed. It is concluded that modulation of MQC mechanisms and recognition of mitochondrial targets could provide a potential and selective therapeutic approach for I/R-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
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8
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Fischesser DM, Bo B, Benton RP, Su H, Jahanpanah N, Haworth KJ. Controlling Reperfusion Injury With Controlled Reperfusion: Historical Perspectives and New Paradigms. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2021; 26:504-523. [PMID: 34534022 DOI: 10.1177/10742484211046674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac reperfusion injury is a well-established outcome following treatment of acute myocardial infarction and other types of ischemic heart conditions. Numerous cardioprotection protocols and therapies have been pursued with success in pre-clinical models. Unfortunately, there has been lack of successful large-scale clinical translation, perhaps in part due to the multiple pathways that reperfusion can contribute to cell death. The search continues for new cardioprotection protocols based on what has been learned from past results. One class of cardioprotection protocols that remain under active investigation is that of controlled reperfusion. This class consists of those approaches that modify, in a controlled manner, the content of the reperfusate or the mechanical properties of the reperfusate (e.g., pressure and flow). This review article first provides a basic overview of the primary pathways to cell death that have the potential to be addressed by various forms of controlled reperfusion, including no-reflow phenomenon, ion imbalances (particularly calcium overload), and oxidative stress. Descriptions of various controlled reperfusion approaches are described, along with summaries of both mechanistic and outcome-oriented studies at the pre-clinical and clinical phases. This review will constrain itself to approaches that modify endogenously-occurring blood components. These approaches include ischemic postconditioning, gentle reperfusion, controlled hypoxic reperfusion, controlled hyperoxic reperfusion, controlled acidotic reperfusion, and controlled ionic reperfusion. This review concludes with a discussion of the limitations of past approaches and how they point to potential directions of investigation for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetria M Fischesser
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, 2514University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bin Bo
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, 2514University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rachel P Benton
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, 2514University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Haili Su
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, 2514University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Newsha Jahanpanah
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, 2514University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kevin J Haworth
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, 2514University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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9
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Zhang H, Zhang RH, Liao XM, Yang D, Wang YC, Zhao YL, Xu GB, Liu CH, Li YJ, Liao SG, Zhou M. Discovery of β-Carboline Derivatives as a Highly Potent Cardioprotectant against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9166-9181. [PMID: 34132541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Timely myocardial reperfusion salvages ischemic myocardium from infarction, whereas reperfusion itself induces cardiomyocyte death, which is called myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. Herein, β-carboline derivative 17c was designed and synthesized with obvious myocardial protective activity for the first time. Pretreatment of 17c effectively protected the cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells from H2O2-induced lactate dehydrogenase leakage and restored the endogenous antioxidants, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Besides, 17c effectively protected the mitochondria through decreasing the reactive oxygen species overproduction and enhancing the mitochondrial membrane potential. As a result, 17c significantly reduced the necrosis of cardiomyocytes in H2O2-induced oxidative stress, which was more potent than polydatin. In MI/R injury rats, 17c pretreatment obviously increased the levels of SOD and GSH-Px and inhibited the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Through this way, the size of myocardial infarction was significantly reduced after MI/R injury in vivo, better than that of polydatin, suggesting that 17c is a promising cardioprotectant for the prevention of MI/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, P. R. China.,Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Ming Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Chan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Long Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Bo Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Shang-Gao Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
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10
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Ribeiro FM, Petriz B, Marques G, Kamilla LH, Franco OL. Is There an Exercise-Intensity Threshold Capable of Avoiding the Leaky Gut? Front Nutr 2021; 8:627289. [PMID: 33763441 PMCID: PMC7982409 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.627289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance-sport athletes have a high incidence of gastrointestinal disorders, compromising performance and impacting overall health status. An increase in several proinflammatory cytokines and proteins (LPS, I-FABP, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, C-reactive protein) has been observed in ultramarathoners and triathlon athletes. One of the most common effects of this type of physical activity is the increase in intestinal permeability, known as leaky gut. The intestinal mucosa's degradation can be identified and analyzed by a series of molecular biomarkers, including the lactulose/rhamnose ratio, occludin and claudin (tight junctions), lipopolysaccharides, and I-FABP. Identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in the induction of leaky gut by physical exercise can assist in the determination of safe exercise thresholds for the preservation of the gastrointestinal tract. It was recently shown that 60 min of vigorous endurance training at 70% of the maximum work capacity led to the characteristic responses of leaky gut. It is believed that other factors may contribute to this effect, such as altitude, environmental temperature, fluid restriction, age and trainability. On the other hand, moderate physical training and dietary interventions such as probiotics and prebiotics can improve intestinal health and gut microbiota composition. This review seeks to discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in the intestinal mucosa's adaptation and response to exercise and discuss the role of the intestinal microbiota in mitigating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe M Ribeiro
- Post-graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology, University Center - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology, University Center - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Franca (Unifran), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology, University Center - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Lima H Kamilla
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octavio L Franco
- Post-graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Biotechnology Program, Campo Grande, Brazil
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King DR, Entz M, Blair GA, Crandell I, Hanlon AL, Lin J, Hoeker GS, Poelzing S. The conduction velocity-potassium relationship in the heart is modulated by sodium and calcium. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:557-571. [PMID: 33660028 PMCID: PMC7940307 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02537-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between cardiac conduction velocity (CV) and extracellular potassium (K+) is biphasic, with modest hyperkalemia increasing CV and severe hyperkalemia slowing CV. Recent studies from our group suggest that elevating extracellular sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+) can enhance CV by an extracellular pathway parallel to gap junctional coupling (GJC) called ephaptic coupling that can occur in the gap junction adjacent perinexus. However, it remains unknown whether these same interventions modulate CV as a function of K+. We hypothesize that Na+, Ca2+, and GJC can attenuate conduction slowing consequent to severe hyperkalemia. Elevating Ca2+ from 1.25 to 2.00 mM significantly narrowed perinexal width measured by transmission electron microscopy. Optically mapped, Langendorff-perfused guinea pig hearts perfused with increasing K+ revealed the expected biphasic CV-K+ relationship during perfusion with different Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations. Neither elevating Na+ nor Ca2+ alone consistently modulated the positive slope of CV-K+ or conduction slowing at 10-mM K+; however, combined Na+ and Ca2+ elevation significantly mitigated conduction slowing at 10-mM K+. Pharmacologic GJC inhibition with 30-μM carbenoxolone slowed CV without changing the shape of CV-K+ curves. A computational model of CV predicted that elevating Na+ and narrowing clefts between myocytes, as occur with perinexal narrowing, reduces the positive and negative slopes of the CV-K+ relationship but do not support a primary role of GJC or sodium channel conductance. These data demonstrate that combinatorial effects of Na+ and Ca2+ differentially modulate conduction during hyperkalemia, and enhancing determinants of ephaptic coupling may attenuate conduction changes in a variety of physiologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ryan King
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Michael Entz
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Grace A Blair
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Ian Crandell
- Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Alexandra L Hanlon
- Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Joyce Lin
- Department of Mathematics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Gregory S Hoeker
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Steven Poelzing
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
- School of Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.
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