On the generation of internal waves by river plumes in subcritical initial conditions

Interpreting Patterns of Concentric Rings within Small Buoyant River Plumes

High-resolution imagery of small buoyant plumes often reveals an extensive pattern of concentric rings spreading outward from near the discharge point. Recent remote sensing studies of plumes from rivers flowing into the Black Sea propose that such rings are internal waves, which form near a river mouth through an abrupt deceleration of the current, or hydraulic jump. The present study, using numerical simulations, presents an alternative viewpoint in which no hydraulic jump occurs and the rings are not internal waves, but derive instead through shear instability. These two differing dynamical views point to a clear need for additional field studies that combine in-water measurements and time-sequential remote sensing imagery.