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Liu Y, Zhao P, Cai Z, He P, Wang J, He H, Zhu Z, Guo X, Ma K, Peng K, Zhao J. Buqi-Huoxue-Tongnao decoction drives gut microbiota-derived indole lactic acid to attenuate ischemic stroke via the gut-brain axis. Chin Med 2024; 19:126. [PMID: 39278929 PMCID: PMC11403783 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke belongs to "apoplexy" and its pathogenesis is characterized by qi deficiency and blood stasis combining with phlegm-damp clouding orifices. Buqi-Huoxue-Tongnao decoction (BHTD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula for qi deficiency, blood stasis and phlegm obstruction syndrome. However, its efficacy and potential mechanism on ischemic stroke are still unclear. This study aims to investigate the protective effect and potential mechanism of BHTD against ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery was carried out to establish an ischemic stroke model in rats. Subsequently, the rats were gavaged with different doses of BHTD (2.59, 5.175, 10.35 g/kg) for 14 days. The protective effects of BHTD on the brain and gut were evaluated by neurological function scores, cerebral infarction area, levels of brain injury markers (S-100B, NGB), indicators of gut permeability (FD-4) and bacterial translocation (DAO, LPS, D-lactate), and tight junction proteins (Occludin, Claudin-1, ZO-1) in brain and colon. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomic analysis were utilized to analyze the effects on gut microecology and screen for marker metabolites to explore potential mechanisms of BHTD protection against ischemic stroke. RESULTS BHTD could effectively mitigate brain impairment, including reducing neurological damage, decreasing cerebral infarction and repairing the blood-brain barrier, and BHTD showed the best effect at the dose of 10.35 g/kg. Moreover, BHTD reversed gut injury induced by ischemic stroke, as evidenced by decreased intestinal permeability, reduced intestinal bacterial translocation, and enhanced intestinal barrier integrity. In addition, BHTD rescued gut microbiota dysbiosis by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria, including Turicibacter and Faecalibaculum. Transplantation of the gut microbiota remodeled by BHTD into ischemic stroke rats recapitulated the protective effects of BHTD. Especially, BHTD upregulated tryptophan metabolism, which promoted gut microbiota to produce more indole lactic acid (ILA). Notably, supplementation with ILA by gavage could alleviate stroke injury, which suggested that driving the production of ILA in the gut might be a novel treatment for ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION BHTD could increase gut microbiota-derived indole lactic acid to attenuate ischemic stroke via the gut-brain axis. Our current finding provides evidence that traditional Chinese medicine can ameliorate central diseases through regulating the gut microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarui Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Peng Kang National Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong, China
| | - Peishi He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiahan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoqing He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhibo Zhu
- Peng Kang National Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowen Guo
- Peng Kang National Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Peng Kang National Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong, China
| | - Kang Peng
- Peng Kang National Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
- Peng Kang National Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong, China.
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong, China.
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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Navabi SP, Badreh F, Khombi Shooshtari M, Hajipour S, Moradi Vastegani S, Khoshnam SE. Microglia-induced neuroinflammation in hippocampal neurogenesis following traumatic brain injury. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35869. [PMID: 39220913 PMCID: PMC11365414 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most causes of death and disability among people, leading to a wide range of neurological deficits. The important process of neurogenesis in the hippocampus, which includes the production, maturation and integration of new neurons, is affected by TBI due to microglia activation and the inflammatory response. During brain development, microglia are involved in forming or removing synapses, regulating the number of neurons, and repairing damage. However, in response to injury, activated microglia release a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and other neurotoxic mediators that exacerbate post-TBI injury. These microglia-related changes can negatively affect hippocampal neurogenesis and disrupt learning and memory processes. To date, the intracellular signaling pathways that trigger microglia activation following TBI, as well as the effects of microglia on hippocampal neurogenesis, are poorly understood. In this review article, we discuss the effects of microglia-induced neuroinflammation on hippocampal neurogenesis following TBI, as well as the intracellular signaling pathways of microglia activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Parisa Navabi
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Khombi Shooshtari
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Hajipour
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sadegh Moradi Vastegani
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Li Q, Li H, Zhu L, Zhang L, Zheng X, Hao Z. GDF11 evokes lung injury, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice through the ALK5-Smad2/3 signaling pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024:S0002-9440(24)00289-X. [PMID: 39147236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) belongs to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and participates in various pathophysiological processes. Initially, GDF11 was suggested to act as a rejuvenator by improving age-related phenotypes of the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle in aged mice. However, recent studies demonstrate that GDF11 also serves as an adverse risk factor for human frailty and diseases. However, the role of GDF11 in pulmonary fibrosis (PF) remains unclear. In this study, we explored the role and signaling mechanisms of GDF11 in PF. We discovered that GDF11 expression was markedly upregulated in fibrotic lung tissues of both humans and mice. Intratracheal administration of commercial recombinant GDF11 caused lung injury, inflammation, and fibrogenesis in mice. Furthermore, adenovirus-mediated secretory expression of mature GDF11 was exacerbated, whereas full-length GDF11 or the GDF11 propeptide (GDF111-298) alleviated bleomycin-induced PF in mice. In vitro experiments demonstrated that GDF11 suppressed the growth of alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells (A549 and BEAS-2B) and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVEC), promoted fibroblast activation, and induced epithelial/endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT/EndoMT). These effects corresponded to the phosphorylation of Smad2/3, and blocking ALK5-Smad2/3 signaling abolished the in vivo and in vitro effects of GDF11. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that GDF11 acts as a potent injurious, pro-inflammatory, and pro-fibrotic factor in the lungs via the ALK5-Smad2/3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hanchao Li
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhiming Hao
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Maida CD, Norrito RL, Rizzica S, Mazzola M, Scarantino ER, Tuttolomondo A. Molecular Pathogenesis of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes: Background and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6297. [PMID: 38928006 PMCID: PMC11203482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke represents one of the neurological diseases most responsible for death and permanent disability in the world. Different factors, such as thrombus, emboli and atherosclerosis, take part in the intricate pathophysiology of stroke. Comprehending the molecular processes involved in this mechanism is crucial to developing new, specific and efficient treatments. Some common mechanisms are excitotoxicity and calcium overload, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are critical in pathophysiology and recovery after cerebral ischemia. ncRNAs, particularly microRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are essential for angiogenesis and neuroprotection, and they have been suggested to be therapeutic, diagnostic and prognostic tools in cerebrovascular diseases, including stroke. This review summarizes the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and delves into the function of miRNAs in the development of brain damage. Furthermore, we will analyze new perspectives on treatment based on molecular mechanisms in addition to traditional stroke therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Domenico Maida
- Department of Internal Medicine, S. Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy;
- Molecular and Clinical Medicine Ph.D. Programme, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Luca Norrito
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.L.N.); (M.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Salvatore Rizzica
- Department of Internal Medicine, S. Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy;
| | - Marco Mazzola
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.L.N.); (M.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Elisa Rita Scarantino
- Division of Geriatric and Intensive Care Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.L.N.); (M.M.); (A.T.)
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Jin MH, Liu XD, Sun HN, Han YH, Kwon T. Peroxiredoxin II exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress-induced neuronal pyroptosis. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:607. [PMID: 38704801 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a critical neurological condition with few treatment options, where secondary immune responses and specific cell death forms, like pyroptosis, worsen brain damage. Pyroptosis involves gasdermin-mediated membrane pores, increasing inflammation and neural harm, with the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway being central to this process. Peroxiredoxin II (Prx II), recognized for its mitochondrial protection and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging abilities, appears as a promising neuronal pyroptosis modulator. However, its exact role and action mechanisms need clearer definition. This research aims to explore Prx II impact on neuronal pyroptosis and elucidate its mechanisms, especially regarding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage modulation. METHODS AND RESULTS Utilizing MTT assays, Microscopy, Hoechst/PI staining, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence, we found Prx II effectively reduces LPS/ATP-induced pyroptosis and neuroinflammation in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells. Our results indicate Prx II's neuroprotective actions are mediated through PI3K/AKT activation and ER stress pathway inhibition, diminishing mitochondrial dysfunction and decreasing neuronal pyroptosis through the ROS/MAPK/NF-κB pathway. These findings highlight Prx II potential therapeutic value in improving intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes by lessening secondary brain injury via critical signaling pathway modulation involved in neuronal pyroptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our study not only underlines Prx II importance in neuroprotection but also opens new therapeutic intervention avenues in intracerebral hemorrhage, stressing the complex interplay between redox regulation, ER stress, and mitochondrial dynamics in neuroinflammation and cell death management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Jin
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Liu
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Hu-Nan Sun
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Ying-Hao Han
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Taeho Kwon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk, 56216, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Applied Biological Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea National University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Jin X, Guan W. Progress in the relationship between GDF11 and depression. Life Sci 2024; 341:122507. [PMID: 38378101 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Annually, the frequency of morbidity in depression has increased progressively in response to life stressors, and there is an increasing trend toward younger morbidity. The pathogenesis of depression is complicated and includes factors such as genetic inheritance and variations in physiological functions induced by various environmental factors. Currently, drug therapy has wide adaptability in clinical practice and plays an important role in the treatment of patients with mild depression. However, the therapeutic effects of most antidepressants are typically not significant and are associated with considerable adverse effects and addiction. Therefore, it is imperative to identify the deeper mechanisms of depression and search for alternative drug targets. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is described as an anti-ageing molecule that belongs to a member of the transforming growth factor β family. Additionally, the latest research findings suggested that GDF11 positively regulates neurogenesis and enhances neuronal activity, thereby attenuating depression-like behaviours. Although an increasing number of studies have focused on the multiple functions of GDF11 in skeletal dysplasia and carcinogenesis, its precise mechanism of action in depression remains unknown. Thus, in this review, we discuss the role of GDF11 and its mechanistic pathways in the pathogenesis of depression to develop novel therapies for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Chen Y, Tang W, Huang X, An Y, Li J, Yuan S, Shan H, Zhang M. Mitophagy in intracerebral hemorrhage: a new target for therapeutic intervention. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:316-323. [PMID: 37488884 PMCID: PMC10503626 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.379019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage is a life-threatening condition with a high fatality rate and severe sequelae. However, there is currently no treatment available for intracerebral hemorrhage, unlike for other stroke subtypes. Recent studies have indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy likely relate to the pathophysiology of intracerebral hemorrhage. Mitophagy, or selective autophagy of mitochondria, is an essential pathway to preserve mitochondrial homeostasis by clearing up damaged mitochondria. Mitophagy markedly contributes to the reduction of secondary brain injury caused by mitochondrial dysfunction after intracerebral hemorrhage. This review provides an overview of the mitochondrial dysfunction that occurs after intracerebral hemorrhage and the underlying mechanisms regarding how mitophagy regulates it, and discusses the new direction of therapeutic strategies targeting mitophagy for intracerebral hemorrhage, aiming to determine the close connection between mitophagy and intracerebral hemorrhage and identify new therapies to modulate mitophagy after intracerebral hemorrhage. In conclusion, although only a small number of drugs modulating mitophagy in intracerebral hemorrhage have been found thus far, most of which are in the preclinical stage and require further investigation, mitophagy is still a very valid and promising therapeutic target for intracerebral hemorrhage in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Chen
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice (Academy of Forensic Science), Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxuan Tang
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinqi Huang
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yumei An
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shengye Yuan
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiyan Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice (Academy of Forensic Science), Shanghai, China
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Huang Q, Yu X, Fu P, Wu M, Yin X, Chen Z, Zhang M. Mechanisms and therapeutic targets of mitophagy after intracerebral hemorrhage. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23941. [PMID: 38192843 PMCID: PMC10772251 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles responsible for cellular energy production. In addition to regulating energy homeostasis, mitochondria are responsible for calcium homeostasis, clearance of damaged organelles, signaling, and cell survival in the context of injury and pathology. In stroke, the mechanisms underlying brain injury secondary to intracerebral hemorrhage are complex and involve cellular hypoxia, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial damage and autophagy are essential for neuronal metabolism and functional recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage, and are closely related to inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and other pathological processes. Because hypoxia and inflammatory responses can cause secondary damage after intracerebral hemorrhage, the restoration of mitochondrial function and timely clearance of damaged mitochondria have neuroprotective effects. Based on studies on mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), cellular inflammation, apoptosis, ferroptosis, the BNIP3 autophagy gene, pharmacological and other regulatory approaches, and normobaric oxygen (NBO) therapy, this article further explores the neuroprotective role of mitophagy after intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Huang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, China
| | - Peijie Fu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Moxin Wu
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Manqing Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
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Wu Y, Hu Q, Wang X, Cheng H, Yu J, Li Y, Luo J, Zhang Q, Wu J, Zhang G. Pterostilbene attenuates microglial inflammation and brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in an OPA1-dependent manner. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172334. [PMID: 37614235 PMCID: PMC10442819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation and subsequent inflammatory responses are critical processes in aggravating secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Pterostilbene (3', 5'-dimethoxy-resveratrol) features antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties and has been proven neuroprotective. In this study, we aimed to explore whether Pterostilbene could attenuate neuroinflammation after experimental ICH, as well as underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, a collagenase-induced ICH in mice was followed by intraperitoneal injection of Pterostilbene (10 mg/kg) or vehicle once daily. PTE-treated mice performed significantly better than vehicle-treated controls in the neurological behavior test after ICH. Furthermore, our results showed that Pterostilbene reduced lesion volume and neural apoptosis, and alleviated blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and brain edema. RNA sequencing and subsequent experiments showed that ICH-induced neuroinflammation and microglial proinflammatory activities were markedly suppressed by Pterostilbene treatment. With regard to the mechanisms, we identified that the anti-inflammatory effects of Pterostilbene relied on remodeling mitochondrial dynamics in microglia. Concretely, Pterostilbene reversed the downregulation of OPA1, promoted mitochondrial fusion, restored normal mitochondrial morphology, and reduced mitochondrial fragmentation and superoxide in microglia after OxyHb treatment. Moreover, conditionally deleting microglial OPA1 in mice largely countered the effects of Pterostilbene on alleviating microglial inflammation, BBB damage, brain edema and neurological impairment following ICH. In summary, we provided the first evidence that Pterostilbene is a promising agent for alleviating neuroinflammation and brain injury after ICH in mice, and uncovered a novel regulatory relationship between Pterostilbene and OPA1-mediated mitochondrial fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hongbo Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiegang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jianing Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingjiu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jianliang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Gengshen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Liu H, Zhou Z, Deng H, Tian Z, Wu Z, Liu X, Ren Z, Jiang Z. Trim65 attenuates isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy by promoting autophagy and ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction via the Jak1/Stat1 signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 949:175735. [PMID: 37080331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is a major cause of heart failure, and there is no effective approach for its prevention or treatment. The Trim family is a recently identified family of E3 ubiquitin ligases that regulate cardiac hypertrophy. Trim65, which is a memberof the Trim family, previous studies have not determined whether Trim65 affects cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, the effects of Trim65 on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. In contrast to C57BL/6 mice, Trim65-knockout (Trim65-KO) mice developed more severe myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction after being intraperitoneally injected with ISO for 2 weeks. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the autophagic flux was inhibited, mitochondria were swollen, and mitochondrial cristae were lost or decreased in the myocardium of Trim65-KO mice. In vitro studies demonstrated that overexpression of Trim65 inhibited ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by increasing mitochondrial density and membrane potential, and the Stat1 inhibitor fludarabine attenuated the effect of Trim65 knockdown on ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by reducing Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increasing the mitochondrial density and membrane potential. Our findings provide the first link between Trim65 and mitochondria, and we found for the first time that Trim65 inhibits mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and autophagy via the Jak1/Stat1 signalling pathway, ultimately attenuating ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy; this effect of Trim65 might be mediated via the regulation of Jak1 ubiquitination. Taking these findings together, we suggest that genes that are related to mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and that are associated with Trim65 could be promising therapeutic targets for cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuiTing Liu
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - ZhiXiang Zhou
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - HuaNian Deng
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - ZeFan Wu
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - XiYan Liu
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Zhong Ren
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - ZhiSheng Jiang
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China.
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11
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Zheng X, Gao J, Zhao M, Han L, Zhang D, Wang K, Cui J. Honokiol attenuates mitochondrial fission and cell apoptosis by activating Sirt3 in intracerebral hemorrhage. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:719-731. [PMID: 36805606 PMCID: PMC10129194 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sirtuin-3 (Sirt3) has been documented to protect against mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Honokiol (HKL) is a Sirt3 pharmacological activator with reported neuroprotective effects in multiple neurological disorders. The present study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effects of HKL and the role of Sirt3 following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS An in vivo ICH model in rats was established by injecting autologous blood into the right basal ganglia. PC12 cells were stimulated with hemin. For the in vivo investigation, the modified Neurological Severity Scores and the Morris water maze test were performed to assess neurological deficits. Hematoxylin-Eosin and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining were employed to evaluate the histopathology and apoptosis. Immunohistochemical staining was used to investigate the expression of Sirt3. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were quantified to assess mitochondrial dysfunction. Cell counting kit-8, lactate dehydrogenase assay, and flow cytometry were used to analyze cell vitality and apoptosis in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to observe mitochondrial morphology and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) localization to mitochondria. Western blot was applied to quantify the expression of Sirt3, Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved-caspase-3, Drp1, phosphorylation of Drp1 at serine-616, and phosphorylation of Drp1 at serine-637 in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS HKL treatment alleviated neurological deficits, attenuated the histopathological damage and cell apoptosis, and restored the decreased ATP levels in ICH rats. HKL improved cell survival rate, reduced cell apoptosis, and inhibited mitochondrial fission in PC12 cells. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro models showed increased phosphorylation of Drp1 at Ser616, and reduced phosphorylation of Drp1 at Ser637. Meanwhile, immunofluorescence co-localization analysis revealed that hemin increased the overlap of Drp1 and mitochondria in PC12 cells. The phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of Drp1 were effectively reversed by HKL treatment. Importantly, the selective Sirt3 inhibitor 3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) pyridine suppressed these effects. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that HKL ameliorated ICH-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial fission by Sirt3, suggesting that HKL has immense prospects for the treatment of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Zheng
- Department of Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Junling Gao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
| | - Manman Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
| | - Lingling Han
- Department of Histology and Embryology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
| | - Dexin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Kaijie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
| | - Jianzhong Cui
- Department of Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
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12
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Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Tang H, Chen B, Cai Y, Wei Y, Zhao W, Wu ZB, Shang H. Mitochondrial Inhibitor Rotenone Triggers and Enhances Neuronal Ferroptosis Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1071-1079. [PMID: 36848438 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a form of regulatory non-apoptotic cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, accounts for more than 80% of the total types of neuronal death in the acute phase of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Mitochondria have essential roles in energy production, macromolecule synthesis, cellular metabolism, and cell death regulation. However, its role in ferroptosis remains unclear and somewhat controversial, especially in ICH. This study aimed to investigate whether damaged mitochondria could trigger and enhance neuronal ferroptosis in ICH. The isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation proteomics on human ICH samples suggested that ICH caused significant damage to the mitochondria, which presented ferroptosis-like morphology under electron microscopy. Subsequently, use of the mitochondrial special inhibitor Rotenone (Rot) to induce mitochondrial damage showed that it has significant dose-dependent toxicity on primary neurons. Single Rot administration markedly inhibited neuronal viability, promoted iron accumulation, increased malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, decreased total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and downregulated ferroptosis-related proteins RPL8, COX-2, xCT, ASCL4, and GPX4 in primary neurons. Moreover, Rot enhanced these changes via hemin and autologous blood administration in primary neurons and mice, mimicking the in vitro and in vivo ICH models, respectively. Furthermore, Rot exacerbated the ICH-induced hemorrhagic volumes, brain edema, and neurological deficits in mice. Together, our data revealed that ICH induced significant mitochondrial dysfunction and that mitochondrial inhibitor Rot can trigger and enhance neuronal ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ziqian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital Luwan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yongxu Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhe Bao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hanbing Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin-Hainan Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Hainan 571437, China
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13
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Wang H, Zhang Y, Liu H, Li S. GDF11, a target of miR-32-5p, suppresses high-glucose-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in HK-2 cells through PI3K/AKT signaling activation. Int Urol Nephrol 2023:10.1007/s11255-023-03495-3. [PMID: 36749472 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role and underlying mechanism of GDF11 on diabetic nephropathy (DN)-related mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. METHODS A DN model of rats was established in this study. Human Kidney-2 (HK-2) cells were cultured under high-glucose (HG) condition with or without recombinant GDF11 (rGDF11). Mitochondrial morphology of HK-2 cells was analyzed by transmission electron microscope and MitoTracker Red CMXRos staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ROS production were monitored using JC-1 assay kit and MitoSOX staining, respectively. Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL or flow cytometry assays. RESULTS Herein, we observed that GDF11 was down-regulated in renal cortex and serum of DN rats, which was accompanied by renal mitochondrial morphological abnormalities. In line with the findings in vivo, HK-2 cells exposed to HG presented with mitochondrial morphological alterations and further apoptosis accompanied by GDF11 reduction. In addition, HG promoted a decrease in MMP while an increase in mitochondrial ROS production. Conversely, rGDF11 treatment significantly alleviated these HG-induced mitochondrial defects in HK-2 cells. Meanwhile, HK-2 cell apoptosis induced by HG was simultaneously suppressed by rGDF11. Mechanistically, the decreased levels of p-AKT induced by HG were attenuated after rGDF11 administration. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway resisted the effects of rGDF11 on the MMP and apoptosis of HK-2 cells. In addition, we identified that GDF11 is a target of miR-32-5p. Up-regulation of miR-32-5p could inhibit the expression of GDF11. CONCLUSION rGDF11 treatment rescued HG-induced HK-2 cell mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, which may be dependent on the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Harbin, China.
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Da Qing Long Nan Hospital, Daqing, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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14
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Shehjar F, Maktabi B, Rahman ZA, Bahader GA, James AW, Naqvi A, Mahajan R, Shah ZA. Stroke: Molecular mechanisms and therapies: Update on recent developments. Neurochem Int 2023; 162:105458. [PMID: 36460240 PMCID: PMC9839659 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Stroke, a neurological disease, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, resulting in long-term disability in most survivors. Annual stroke costs in the United States alone were estimated at $46 billion recently. Stroke pathophysiology is complex, involving multiple causal factors, among which atherosclerosis, thrombus, and embolus are prevalent. The molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology are essential to understanding targeted drug development. Some common mechanisms are excitotoxicity and calcium overload, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In addition, various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors increase the chances of stroke manifolds. Once a patient encounters a stroke, complete restoration of motor ability and cognitive skills is often rare. Therefore, shaping therapeutic strategies is paramount for finding a viable therapeutic agent. Apart from tPA, an FDA-approved therapy that is applied in most stroke cases, many other therapeutic strategies have been met with limited success. Stroke therapies often involve a combination of multiple strategies to restore the patient's normal function. Certain drugs like Gamma-aminobutyric receptor agonists (GABA), Glutamate Receptor inhibitors, Sodium, and Calcium channel blockers, and fibrinogen-depleting agents have shown promise in stroke treatment. Recently, a drug, DM199, a recombinant (synthetic) form of a naturally occurring protein called human tissue kallikrein-1 (KLK1), has shown great potential in treating stroke with fewer side effects. Furthermore, DM199 has been found to overcome the limitations presented when using tPA and/or mechanical thrombectomy. Cell-based therapies like Neural Stem Cells, Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HUCB-MSCs) are also being explored as a treatment of choice for stroke. These therapeutic agents come with merits and demerits, but continuous research and efforts are being made to develop the best therapeutic strategies to minimize the damage post-stroke and restore complete neurological function in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Shehjar
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Briana Maktabi
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Zainab A Rahman
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ghaith A Bahader
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Antonisamy William James
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ahmed Naqvi
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Reetika Mahajan
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
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15
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He C, Xu Y, Sun J, Li L, Zhang JH, Wang Y. Autophagy and Apoptosis in Acute Brain Injuries: From Mechanism to Treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:234-257. [PMID: 35579958 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Autophagy and apoptosis are two important cellular mechanisms behind brain injuries, which are severe clinical situations with increasing incidences worldwide. To search for more and better treatments for brain injuries, it is essential to deepen the understanding of autophagy, apoptosis, and their interactions in brain injuries. This article first analyzes how autophagy and apoptosis participate in the pathogenetic processes of brain injuries respectively and mutually, then summarizes some promising treatments targeting autophagy and apoptosis to show the potential clinical applications in personalized medicine and precision medicine in the future. Recent Advances: Most current studies suggest that apoptosis is detrimental to brain recovery. Several studies indicate that autophagy can cause unnecessary death of neurons after brain injuries, while others show that autophagy is beneficial for acute brain injuries (ABIs) by facilitating the removal of damaged proteins and organelles. Whether autophagy is beneficial or detrimental in ABIs depends on many factors, and the results from different research groups are diverse or even controversial, making this topic more appealing to be explored further. Critical Issues: Neuronal autophagy and apoptosis are two primary pathological processes in ABIs. How they interact with each other and how their regulations affect the outcome and prognosis of brain injuries remain uncertain, making these answers more critical. Future Directions: Insights into the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis and the accurate regulations of their balance in ABIs may promote personalized and precise treatments in the field of brain injuries. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 234-257.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyu He
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Layla Li
- Faculty of Medicine, International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Neuroprotective effects of Vaccinium myrtillus on damage-related brain injury. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 127:102193. [PMID: 36414183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury may trigger the secondary brain injury, which has the potential to be reversible and thus preventable. Anthocyanins are phylotherapeutic plants, which are reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficiency of an anthocyanin, namely Vaccinium myrtillus, to alleviate secondary brain injury and identify possible mechanism of actions. It is hypothesized that lipid peroxidation and Na+ -K+ -ATPase activity may be involved in neuronal ischemia. Thus, brain tissue Malondialdehyde content, Na+ -K+ -ATPase content, and cleaved caspase-3 content was investigated following moderate head trauma in a rat model. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley male rats were allocated into four groups: Control, Trauma, Solvent-Control, and Treatment. Trauma and Solvent-Control groups showed more prominent brain edema, neuronal ischemia, vascular congestion, increase in brain tissue Malondialdehyde and cleaved caspase-3 levels, and decreased Na+-K+-ATPase activity compared to the Control group. Although the Treatment group had comparable histological signs to the Trauma and Solvent-Control groups, Malondialdehyde level and Na+-K+-ATPase activity was similar to Control group, and cleaved caspase-3 levels were lower compared to Trauma and Solvent-Control groups. We conclude that anthocyanin extracts may alleviate secondary brain injury via anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
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17
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Tanshinone IIA reduces AQP4 expression and astrocyte swelling after OGD/R by inhibiting the HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB/IL-6 pro-inflammatory axis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14110. [PMID: 35982135 PMCID: PMC9388613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of tanshinone IIA (TSO IIA) in astrocytic swelling caused by ischemia–reperfusion-like injury in an in vitro model and the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect. Primary brain astrocytes were cultured under conditions of glucose and oxygen deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R). The study explored the effects of TSO IIA treatment on cell swelling and injury and the protein levels of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in the plasma membrane. It then examined the involvement of the high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1)/receptors for advanced-glycation end products (RAGE)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/interleukin-6 (IL-6) pro-inflammatory axis in TSO IIA-mediated protection. The treatment with TSO IIA alleviated OGD/R-induced astrocytic swelling and the overclustering of AQP4 protein in the plasma membrane. In addition, TSO IIA significantly reduced the overexpression of HMGB1 and the high levels of the NF-κB protein in the nucleus and of the IL-6 protein in the cytoplasm and extracellular media induced by OGD/R. The combination of TSO IIA and recombinant HMGB1 reversed these effects. The inhibition of the RAGE, the receptor of HMGB1, induced results similar to those of TSO IIA. In addition, exogenous IL-6 reversed TSO IIA-mediated effect on AQP4 overclustering and cell swelling. TSO IIA significantly reduced astrocyte swelling after OGD/R injury in vitro, via blocking the activation of the HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB/IL-6 pro-inflammatory axis and thereby decreasing the expression of AQP4 in the plasma membrane.
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18
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Zhang F, Yang X, Bao Z. Bioinformatics network analyses of growth differentiation factor 11. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:426-437. [PMID: 35582621 PMCID: PMC9055169 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) has been implicated in rejuvenating functions in age-related diseases. The molecular mechanisms connecting GDF11 with these anti-aging phenomena, including reverse age-related cardiac hypertrophy and vascular and neurogenic rejuvenation, remain unclear. In this study, we sought to uncover the molecular functions of GDF11 using bioinformatics and network-driven analyses at the human gene and transcription levels using the gene co-expression network analysis, the protein–protein interaction network analysis, and the transcription factor network analysis. Our findings suggested that GDF11 is involved in a variety of functions, such as apoptosis, DNA repair, telomere maintenance, and interaction with key transcription factors, such as MYC proto-oncogene, specificity protein 1, and ETS proto-oncogene 2. The human skin fibroblast premature senescence model was established by UVB. The treatment with 10 ng/mL GDF11 in this cell model could reduce cell damage, reduce the apoptosis rate and the expression of caspase-3, and increase the length of telomeres. Therefore, our findings shed light on the functions of GDF11 and provide insights into the roles of GDF11 in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University , 221 West Yan’an Road , Shanghai , 200040 , China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University , 12 Mid Urumqi Road , Shanghai , 200040 , China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine , 221 West Yan’an Road , Shanghai , 200040 , China
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles , 610 Charles E. Young Dr. E, Terasaki Life Sciences Bldg. Rm 2000B , Los Angeles , CA90095 , USA
- Department of Geriatrics, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University , 12 Mid Urumqi Road , Shanghai , 200040 , China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles , 610 Charles E. Young Dr. E, Terasaki Life Sciences Bldg. Rm 2000B , Los Angeles , CA90095 , USA
| | - Zhijun Bao
- Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University , 221 West Yan’an Road , Shanghai , 200040 , China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University , 12 Mid Urumqi Road , Shanghai , 200040 , China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine , 221 West Yan’an Road , Shanghai , 200040 , China
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19
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Li Y, Liu H, Tian C, An N, Song K, Wei Y, Sun Y, Xing Y, Gao Y. Targeting the multifaceted roles of mitochondria in intracerebral hemorrhage and therapeutic prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112749. [PMID: 35219118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe, life-threatening subtype of stoke that constitutes a crucial health and socioeconomic problem worldwide. However, the current clinical treatment can only reduce the mortality of patients to a certain extent, but cannot ameliorate neurological dysfunction and has a high recurrence rate. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in the early stages of brain injury and participates in all stages of secondary brain injury (SBI) after ICH. As the energy source of cells, various pathobiological processes that lead to SBI closely interact with the mitochondria, such as oxidative stress, calcium overload, and neuronal injury. In this review, we discussed the structure and function of mitochondria and the abnormal morphological changes after ICH. In addition, we discussed recent research on the involvement of mitochondrial dynamics in the pathological process of SBI after ICH and introduced the pathological variations and related molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in the occurrence of brain injury. Finally, we summarized the latest progress in mitochondrion-targeted agents for ICH, which provides a direction for the development of emerging therapeutic strategies targeting the mitochondria after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haoqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chao Tian
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Na An
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; Guang'an men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ke Song
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yufei Wei
- Department of Internal Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi 530000, China
| | - Yikun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Guang'an men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Yonghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
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20
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Lin J, Shi J, Min X, Chen S, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Cheng L. The GDF11 Promotes Nerve Regeneration After Sciatic Nerve Injury in Adult Rats by Promoting Axon Growth and Inhibiting Neuronal Apoptosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:803052. [PMID: 35059389 PMCID: PMC8764262 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.803052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sciatic nerve injury is a common injury of the nervous system. Stem cell-based therapies, drug-based therapies and rehabilitation physiotherapy therapies are currently available, but their limited therapeutic efficacy limits their use. Here, we aimed to explore a novel lentiviral-based gene therapeutic strategy and to elaborate its mechanism. Materials and Methods: Recombinant GDF11 protein was used for the in vitro treatment of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. Lentivirus was used to construct a vector system for the in vivo expression of GDF11. The nerve conduction function was detected using action-evoked potentials at different time periods, and the regulatory effect of nerves on target organs was detected by weighing the gastrocnemius muscle. Immunofluorescence of NF200 and S100 was used to show the regeneration of the sciatic nerve, and myelin and Nissl staining were performed to observe the pathological features of the tissue. Western was used to validate signaling pathways. The expression of related genes was observed by qPCR and Western blotting, and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Result: GDF11 promotes the axonal growth of DRG cells and inhibits DGR cell apoptosis in vitro. GDF11 acts by activating the Smad pathway. GDF11 promotes the recovery of damaged sciatic nerve function in rats, the regeneration of damaged sciatic nerves in rats, and myelin regeneration of damaged sciatic nerves in rats. GDF11 also exerts a protective effect on neuronal cells in rats. Conclusion: Based on the present study, we conclude that GDF11 promotes axonal growth and inhibits DRG cell apoptosis in vitro through the Smad pathway, and lentivirus-mediated GDF11 overexpression in vivo can promote the recovery of sciatic nerves after transection by promoting axonal growth and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Min
- Department of Health Management Center, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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21
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LI T, WANG X, DONG K. Extraction and purification of oridonin from Rabdosia rubescens and its protective effect on intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury in rats. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.24921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tie LI
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xueyan WANG
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Kun DONG
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
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22
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Ahluwalia M, Kumar M, Ahluwalia P, Rahimi S, Vender JR, Raju RP, Hess DC, Baban B, Vale FL, Dhandapani KM, Vaibhav K. Rescuing mitochondria in traumatic brain injury and intracerebral hemorrhages - A potential therapeutic approach. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105192. [PMID: 34560175 PMCID: PMC8542401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles responsible for cellular energy production. Besides, regulating energy homeostasis, mitochondria are responsible for calcium homeostasis, signal transmission, and the fate of cellular survival in case of injury and pathologies. Accumulating reports have suggested multiple roles of mitochondria in neuropathologies, neurodegeneration, and immune activation under physiological and pathological conditions. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which occurs at the initial phase of brain injury, involves oxidative stress, inflammation, deficits in mitochondrial bioenergetics, biogenesis, transport, and autophagy. Thus, development of targeted therapeutics to protect mitochondria may improve functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH). In this review, we summarize mitochondrial dysfunction related to TBI and ICH, including the mechanisms involved, and discuss therapeutic approaches with special emphasis on past and current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Ahluwalia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Pankaj Ahluwalia
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Scott Rahimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - John R Vender
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Raghavan P Raju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David C Hess
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Fernando L Vale
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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23
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Wang H, Fu X, Shi J, Li L, Sun J, Zhang X, Han Q, Deng Y, Gan X. Nutrient Element Decorated Polyetheretherketone Implants Steer Mitochondrial Dynamics for Boosted Diabetic Osseointegration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101778. [PMID: 34396715 PMCID: PMC8529468 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As a chronic metabolic disease, diabetes mellitus (DM) creates a hyperglycemic micromilieu around implants, resulting inthe high complication and failure rate of implantation because of mitochondrial dysfunction in hyperglycemia. To address the daunting issue, the authors innovatively devised and developed mitochondria-targeted orthopedic implants consisted of nutrient element coatings and polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Dual nutrient elements, in the modality of ZnO and Sr(OH)2 , are assembled onto the sulfonated PEEK surface (Zn&Sr-SPEEK). The results indicate the synergistic liberation of Zn2+ and Sr2+ from coating massacres pathogenic bacteria and dramatically facilitates cyto-activity of osteoblasts upon the hyperglycemic niche. Intriguingly, Zn&Sr-SPEEK implants are demonstrated to have a robust ability to recuperate hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial dynamic disequilibrium and dysfunction by means of Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) gene down-regulation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) resurgence, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) elimination, ultimately enhancing osteogenicity of osteoblasts. In vivo evaluations utilizing diabetic rat femoral/tibia defect model at 4 and 8 weeks further confirm that nutrient element coatings substantially augment bone remodeling and osseointegration. Altogether, this study not only reveals the importance of Zn2+ and Sr2+ modulation on mitochondrial dynamics that contributes to bone formation and osseointegration, but also provides a novel orthopedic implant for diabetic patients with mitochondrial modulation capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Xinliang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Jiacheng Shi
- School of Chemical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065China
| | - Limei Li
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation CenterKunming Medical UniversityKunming650500China
| | - Jiyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Xidan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Qiuyang Han
- School of Chemical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065China
| | - Yi Deng
- School of Chemical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065China
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Xueqi Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
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