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Lacouth P, Majer A, Arizza V, Vazzana M, Mauro M, Custódio MR, Queiroz V. Physiological responses of Holothuria grisea during a wound healing event: An integrated approach combining tissue, cellular and humoral evidence. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 296:111695. [PMID: 38992416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Due to their tissue structure similar to mammalian skin and their close evolutionary relationship with chordates, holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) are particularly interesting for studies on wound healing. However, previous studies dealing with holothuroid wound healing have had limited approaches, being restricted to tissue repair or perivisceral immune response. In this study, we combined tissue, cellular and humoral parameters to study the wound healing process of Holothuria grisea. The immune responses of the perivisceral coelom were assessed by analyzing the number, proportion and viability of coelomocytes and the volume and protein concentration of the coelomic fluid. Additionally, the morphology of the healing tissue and number of coelomocytes in the connective tissue of different body wall layers were examined over 30 days. Our results showed that perivisceral reactions started 3 h after injury and decreased to baseline levels within 24 h. In contrast, tissue responses were delayed, beginning after 12 h and returning to baseline levels only after day 10. The number of coelomocytes in the connective tissue suggests a potential cooperation between these cells during wound healing: phagocytes and acidophilic spherulocytes act together in tissue clearance/homeostasis, whereas fibroblast-like and morula cells cooperate in tissue remodeling. Finally, our results indicate that the major phases observed in mammalian wound healing are also observed in H. grisea, despite occurring at a different timing, which might provide insights for future studies. Based on these data, we propose a model that explains the entire healing process in H. grisea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Lacouth
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, n. 101, São Paulo (SP) CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Majer
- Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirella Vazzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Manuela Mauro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Márcio Reis Custódio
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, n. 101, São Paulo (SP) CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Queiroz
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, n. 101, São Paulo (SP) CEP 05508-900, Brazil.
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Liu Y, Lu Z, Yan Z, Lin A, Han S, Li Y, Yang X, Li X, Yin X, Zhang R, Li K. Sea Cucumber Viscera Contains Novel Non-Holostane-Type Glycoside Toxins that Possess a Putative Chemical Defense Function. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:185-196. [PMID: 38441803 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Sea cucumbers frequently expel their guts in response to predators and an aversive environment, a behavior perceived as releasing repellents involved in chemical defense mechanisms. To investigate the chemical nature of the repellent, the viscera of stressed sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) in the Yellow Sea of China were collected and chemically analyzed. Two novel non-holostane triterpene glycosides were isolated, and the chemical structures were elucidated as 3ꞵ-O-[ꞵ-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-ꞵ-D-xylopyranosyl]-(20S)-hydroxylanosta-7,25-diene-18(16)-lactone (1) and 3ꞵ-O-[ꞵ-D-quinovopyranosyl-(1→2)-ꞵ-D-xylopyranosyl]-(20S)-hydroxylanosta-7,25-diene-18(16)-lactone (2) by spectroscopic and mass-spectrometric analyses, exemplifying a triterpene glycoside constituent of an oligosaccharide containing two sugar-units and a non-holostane aglycone. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to various doses of 1 and 2 from 4 to 96 hpf. Compound 1 exposure showed 96 h-LC50 41.5 µM and an increased zebrafish mortality rates in roughly in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Compound 2, with different sugar substitution, exhibited no mortality and moderate teratogenic toxicity with a 96 h-EC50 of 173.5 µM. Zebrafish embryos exhibited teratogenic effects, such as reduced hatchability and total body length. The study found that triterpene saponin from A. japonicus viscera had acute toxicity in zebrafish embryos, indicating a potential chemical defense role in the marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Liu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Zhi Yan
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Ainuo Lin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaoshuai Han
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Yaxi Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xiuli Yin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Ranran Zhang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.
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Soltani S, Ghatrami ER, Nabavi SMB, Khorasani N, Naderi M. The correlation between echinoderms diversity and physicochemical parameters in marine pollution: A case study of the Persian Gulf coastline. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115989. [PMID: 38171165 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the correlation between echinoderms diversity and physicochemical parameters in the Persian Gulf coastline in Bushehr province in 4 seasons from March to December 2017. The physicochemical parameters including water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, pH and turbidity were measured at each sampling location. The results showed a significant correlation between echinoderms diversity and physicochemical parameters. The correlation coefficient of the Astropecten polyacanthus species with the parameters of temperature, DO, EC, salinity and turbidity was reported as -0.41, 0.64, -0.25, -0.44 and 0.60 respectively. This coefficient for the Ophiothrix fragilis species was reported as -0.68, 0.70, -0.21, -0.36 and -0.55 respectively. The results demonstrated that the most sensitive species were Astropecten polyacanthus and Ophiothrix fragilis respectively. The different species of echinoderms can be used as biological indicators of pollution in evaluating the physicochemical quality of marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Soltani
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rajabzadeh Ghatrami
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramashahr, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Bagher Nabavi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Nematollah Khorasani
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Naderi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ji N, Wang Q, Li S, Wen J, Wang L, Ding X, Zhao S, Feng H. Metabolic profile and transcriptome reveal the mystery of petal blotch formation in rose. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:46. [PMID: 36670355 PMCID: PMC9854060 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Petal blotch is a unique ornamental trait in angiosperm families, and blotch in rose petal is rare and has great esthetic value. However, the cause of the formation of petal blotch in rose is still unclear. The influence of key enzyme genes and regulatory genes in the pigment synthesis pathways needs to be explored and clarified. RESULTS In this study, the rose cultivar 'Sunset Babylon Eyes' with rose-red to dark red blotch at the base of petal was selected as the experimental material. The HPLC-DAD and UPLC-TQ-MS analyses indicated that only cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (Cy3G5G) contributed to the blotch pigmentation of 'Sunset Babylon Eyes', and the amounts of Cy3G5G varied at different developmental stages. Only flavonols but no flavone were found in blotch and non-blotch parts. As a consequence, kaempferol and its derivatives as well as quercetin and its derivatives may act as background colors during flower developmental stages. Despite of the differences in composition, the total content of carotenoids in blotch and non-blotch parts were similar, and carotenoids may just make the petals show a brighter color. Transcriptomic data, quantitative real-time PCR and promoter sequence analyses indicated that RC7G0058400 (F3'H), RC6G0470600 (DFR) and RC7G0212200 (ANS) may be the key enzyme genes for the early formation and color deepening of blotch at later stages. As for two transcription factor, RC7G0019000 (MYB) and RC1G0363600 (WRKY) may bind to the promoters of critical enzyme genes, or RC1G0363600 (WRKY) may bind to the promoter of RC7G0019000 (MYB) to activate the anthocyanin accumulation in blotch parts of 'Sunset Babylon Eyes'. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the understanding of the chemical and molecular mechanism for the formation of petal blotch in rose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naizhe Ji
- Beijing Key Lab of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Qianyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Wen
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohao Ding
- College of Food Science, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Shiwei Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Beijing, China.
| | - Hui Feng
- Beijing Key Lab of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Beijing, China.
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Jobson S, Hamel JF, Mercier A. Rainbow bodies: Revisiting the diversity of coelomocyte aggregates and their synthesis in echinoderms. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:352-365. [PMID: 35167932 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The innate immunity of echinoderms has been a research focus since the early twentieth century, consistently providing ever deeper knowledge of its complexity and evolutionary aspects. At its core are coelomocytes, which are diverse cells collectively known to respond in a variety of ways, including via movement, phagocytosis, and aggregation. However, features of cellular immunity have never been compared in echinoderms from phylogenetic and distributional perspectives, to provide insight into ecological and evolutionary patterns. The present study catalyzed and characterized the formation of coelomocyte aggregates in members of all five extant classes of echinoderms. The morphological characteristics of these aggregates (including their colour, shape, texture, size) were assessed, as well as the major cells composing them. Coelomocyte diversity (both as free and aggregated forms) was determined to be maximum in class Holothuroidea, followed by Echinoidea, with the other classes showing similar levels of diversity. The colours of coelomocyte aggregates appeared to be more closely linked to phylogeny (classes, orders) rather than geographic range, or external colour of the species themselves. Asteroids and ophiuroids displayed primarily light-coloured aggregates, from transparent to green; while holothuroids, echinoids and crinoids demonstrated more vivid variants, from red to deep purple. The kinetics of aggregate formation and expulsion were monitored in selected species, showing immediate cellular response to foreign particulate matter in the form of encapsulation and various methods of expulsion, including through the dermal papillae of asteroids and the anus (cloaca) of holothuroids. The findings support that coelomocyte aggregate formation is a conserved immune response across all five extant classes of echinoderms with variations in their cell catalysts, complexity, shape, colour, and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jobson
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
| | - Jean-François Hamel
- Society for the Exploration and Valuing of the Environment, St. Philips, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Annie Mercier
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Abstract
We propose an expansion of neuroecological comparisons to include the capabilities of brainless and non-neural organisms. We begin this enterprise by conducting a systematic search for studies on learning in echinoderms. Echinodermata are marine invertebrates comprising starfish, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, and sea lilies. Animals in this phylum lack any centralized brain and instead possess diffuse neural networks known as nerve nets. The learning abilities of these animals are of particular interest as, within the bilaterian clade, they are close evolutionary neighbors to chordates, a phylum whose members exhibit complex feats in learning and contain highly specialized brains. The learning capacities and limitations of echinoderms can inform the evolution of nervous systems and learning in Bilateria. We find evidence of both non-associative and associative learning (in the form of classical conditioning) in echinoderms, which was primarily focused on starfish. Additional evidence of learning is documented in brittle stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins. We then discuss the evolutionary significance of learning capabilities without a brain, the presence of embodied cognition across multiple groups, and compare the learning present in echinoderms with the impressive cognitive abilities documented in the oldest linage group within vertebrates (the major group within the phylum of chordates), fish.
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Goldstein DS. Stress and the "extended" autonomic system. Auton Neurosci 2021; 236:102889. [PMID: 34656967 PMCID: PMC10699409 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review updates three key concepts of autonomic neuroscience-stress, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and homeostasis. Hans Selye popularized stress as a scientific idea. He defined stress variously as a stereotyped response pattern, a state that evokes this pattern, or a stimulus that evokes the state. According to the "homeostat" theory stress is a condition where a comparator senses a discrepancy between sensed afferent input and a response algorithm, the integrated error signal eliciting specific patterns of altered effector outflows. Scientific advances since Langley's definition of the ANS have incited the proposal here of the "extended autonomic system," or EAS, for three reasons. (1) Several neuroendocrine systems are bound inextricably to Langley's ANS. The first to be described, by Cannon in the early 1900s, involves the hormone adrenaline, the main effector chemical of the sympathetic adrenergic system. Other neuroendocrine systems are the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system, the arginine vasopressin system, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (2) An evolving body of research links the ANS complexly with inflammatory/immune systems, including vagal anti-inflammatory and catecholamine-related inflammasomal components. (3) A hierarchical network of brain centers (the central autonomic network, CAN) regulates ANS outflows. Embedded within the CAN is the central stress system conceptualized by Chrousos and Gold. According to the allostasis concept, homeostatic input-output curves can be altered in an anticipatory, feed-forward manner; and prolonged or inappropriate allostatic adjustments increase wear-and-tear (allostatic load), resulting in chronic, stress-related, multi-system disorders. This review concludes with sections on clinical and therapeutic implications of the updated concepts offered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Autonomic Medicine Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Autonomic Medicine Section, CNP/DIR/NINDS/NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike MSC-1620, Building 10 Room 8N260, Bethesda, MD 20892-1620, USA..
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