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Qiu Y, Guitian J, Webster JP, Musallam I, Haider N, Drewe JA, Song J. Global prioritization of endemic zoonotic diseases for conducting surveillance in domestic animals to protect public health. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220407. [PMID: 37598706 PMCID: PMC10440161 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases (zoonoses) originating from domestic animals pose a significant risk to people's health and livelihoods, in addition to jeopardizing animal health and production. Effective surveillance of endemic zoonoses at the animal level is crucial to assessing the disease burden and risk, and providing early warning to prevent epidemics in animals and spillover to humans. Here we aimed to prioritize and characterize zoonoses for which surveillance in domestic animals is important to prevent human infections at a global scale. A multi-criteria qualitative approach was used, where disease-specific information was obtained across literature of the leading international health organizations. Thirty-two zoonoses were prioritized, all of which have multi-regional spread, cause unexceptional human infections and have domestic animal hosts as important sources or sentinels of zoonotic infections. Most diseases involve multiple animal hosts and/or modes of zoonotic transmission, where a lack of specific clinical signs in animals further complicates surveillance. We discuss the challenges of animal health surveillance in endemic and resource-limited settings, as well as potential avenues for improvement such as the multi-disease, multi-sectoral and digital surveillance approaches. Our study will support global capacity-building efforts to strengthen the surveillance and control of endemic zoonoses at their animal sources. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenges and opportunities in the fight against neglected tropical diseases: a decade from the London Declaration on NTDs'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qiu
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Headquarters, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Javier Guitian
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, FAO Reference Centre in Veterinary Epidemiology, World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Herts AL9 9TA, UK
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, FAO Reference Centre in Veterinary Epidemiology, World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Herts AL9 9TA, UK
| | - Imadidden Musallam
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, FAO Reference Centre in Veterinary Epidemiology, World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Herts AL9 9TA, UK
| | - Najmul Haider
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, FAO Reference Centre in Veterinary Epidemiology, World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Herts AL9 9TA, UK
| | - Julian A. Drewe
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, FAO Reference Centre in Veterinary Epidemiology, World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Collaborating Centre in Risk Analysis and Modelling, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Herts AL9 9TA, UK
| | - Junxia Song
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Headquarters, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
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Hamilton KA, Njoroge SM, Momanyi K, Murungi MK, Odinga CO, Bor N, Ogendo AF, Odaba J, Ogola JG, Fèvre EM, Falzon LC. Antimicrobial Resistance in Slaughterhouses, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2155-2158. [PMID: 37735786 PMCID: PMC10521590 DOI: 10.3201/eid2910.230017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Slaughterhouses are hotspots for the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. We conducted stakeholder discussions on antimicrobial-resistant pathogens within the slaughterhouse setting. Butchers were described as powerful stakeholders; challenges included limited funding and staff, inadequate infrastructure, and limited laboratory capacity. Slaughterhouse workers understood that their work increased their risk for exposure.
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Mutwiri T, Muigai AWT, Magambo J, Mulinge E, Gitau L, Muinde P, Bettridge JM, Rogan M, Fèvre EM, Falzon LC. The potential role of roaming dogs in establishing a geographically novel life cycle of taeniids (Echinococcus spp. and Taenia spp.) in a non-endemic area. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 38:100829. [PMID: 36725161 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is endemic in humans and livestock in many pastoral communities in Kenya. The distribution of the disease is enhanced by several factors, including livestock trade, which has allowed for the spread of CE to non-endemic areas such as western Kenya. Dogs' roaming behaviour, with consequent contamination of the environment with intestinal parasites, could then lead to parasite establishment. This study examined dogs' infection levels with taeniid eggs and their potential role in contaminating the environment with intestinal parasites. METHODOLOGY We selected sixteen ruminant slaughterhouses in Busia and Bungoma Counties, and around each slaughterhouse we identified ten homesteads owning free-roaming dogs. We administered a questionnaire on dog management practices to the homestead owner and collected a faecal sample from the dog's rectum. In homesteads around 8 of the 16 slaughterhouses, we collared dogs with a GPS tracker to assess their movement patterns. The faecal samples were examined microscopically following zinc-chloride sieving-floatation technique for the presence of taeniid eggs and other canine intestinal parasites. Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene and sequencing were used to confirm taeniid eggs identified during microscopy. Additionally, the Coproantigen-ELISA was used to detect the presence of taeniid antigen in a sub-set of the faecal samples. RESULTS Helminths detected in the 155 dogs sampled included hookworms (n = 92; 59.4%), ascarids (n = 15; 9.7%), and taeniids (n = 1; 0.6%). Through Copro-PCR, 13 eggs extracted from the sample of the only taeniid infected dog were sequenced and identified as E. canadensis (G6/7) [n = 1], Taenia multiceps [n = 1], and Taenia serialis [n = 6]; the remaining were indeterminate. Of the 77 faecal samples tested for E. granulosus sensu lato (s. l.) with the Copro-ELISA, 64 (83.1%) were negative, 12 (15.6%) were positive, while 1 (1.3%) was suspicious. The dogs travelled a median of 13.5 km daily, and 28 dogs visited the slaughterhouses during the 5-day recording period. CONCLUSION The results indicate a relatively high carriage of zoonotic parasites by free-roaming domestic dogs in western Kenya, which poses a risk to human and livestock populations. We report for the first time a domestic lifecycle of Echinococcus canadensis and Taenia multiceps in western Kenya, as well as a presumptive sylvatic cycle of coenurosis by T. serialis. We recommend an extensive and ongoing Copro-antigen survey of dog faeces, broader assessment of dog parasites with zoonotic potential, adherence to slaughterhouse management practices, and dog-ownership programmes to highlight the importance of deworming and restricted dog movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus Mutwiri
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 60200, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Methodist University, P.O. Box 45240, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Anne W T Muigai
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 60200, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Japhet Magambo
- Meru University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 972, 60200 Meru, Kenya
| | - Erastus Mulinge
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucy Gitau
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patrick Muinde
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; World Animal Protection, P.O. Box 66580, 00800 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Judy M Bettridge
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Rogan
- School of Science, Engineering, and Environment, University of Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Laura C Falzon
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Gerken KN, Ndenga BA, Owuor KO, Winter CA, Seetah K, LaBeaud AD. Leveraging livestock movements to urban slaughterhouses for wide-spread Rift Valley fever virus surveillance in Western Kenya. One Health 2022; 15:100457. [PMID: 36532672 PMCID: PMC9754961 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an economically devastating, zoonotic arbovirus endemic across Africa with potential to cause severe disease in livestock and humans. Viral spread is primarily driven by movement of domestic ruminants and there is a high potential for transboundary spread. Despite influx of livestock to urban areas in response to the high demand for meat and animal products, RVFV has not been detected in any urban center. The objectives of this study were to determine the feasibility of assessing risk of RVFV introduction to urban Kisumu, Kenya, by testing slaughtered livestock for RVFV exposure and mapping livestock origins. Blood was collected from cattle, sheep, and goats directly after slaughter and tested for anti-RVFV IgG antibodies. Slaughterhouse businessmen responded to a questionnaire on their individual animals' origin, marketplace, and transport means. Thereafter, we mapped livestock flow from origin to slaughterhouse using participatory methods in focus group discussions with stakeholders. Qualitative data on route choice and deviations were spatially integrated into the map. A total of 304 blood samples were collected from slaughtered livestock in October and November 2021. Most (99%) of animals were purchased from 28 different markets across eight counties in Western Kenya. The overall RVFV seroprevalence was 9% (19% cattle, 3% in sheep, and 7% in goats). Migori County bordering Tanzania had the highest county-level seroprevalence (34%) and 80% of all seropositive cattle were purchased at the Suba Kuria market in Migori County. Road quality and animal health influenced stakeholders' decisions for choice of transport means. Overall, this proof-of-concept study offers a sampling framework for RVFV that can be locally implemented and rapidly deployed in response to regional risk. This system can be used in conjunction with participatory maps to improve active livestock surveillance and monitoring of RVFV in Western Kenya, and these methods could be extrapolated to other urban centers or livestock diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Nicole Gerken
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Corresponding author at: LaBeaud Research Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Biomedical Innovation BMI Building, 2 Floor, Room 2400, 1291 Welch Road, Stanford, CA -, USA.
| | | | - Kevin Omondi Owuor
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Krish Seetah
- Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, USA
| | - Angelle Desiree LaBeaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Mutwiri T, Magambo J, Zeyhle E, Muigai AWT, Alumasa L, Amanya F, Fèvre EM, Falzon LC. Findings of a community screening programme for human cystic echinococcosis in a non-endemic area. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000235. [PMID: 36962714 PMCID: PMC10022381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by infection with the larval stages of the taeniid cestodes of the species complex Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. It is prevalent among transhumant communities in East Africa, including those residing in northern Kenya. The movement of livestock from these regions of high incidence to areas of low incidence creates an indirect risk of disease spill-over to humans. To assess possible establishment of the CE life cycle outside known endemic regions, we used a portable ultrasound scanner to screen for the presence of human CE in Bungoma County of western Kenya, an area which imports substantial numbers of cattle for slaughter from neighbouring pastoralist regions. Eight sentinel sites were purposively selected based on their proximity to slaughterhouses handling animals introduced from pastoralist regions, and necessary permissions to conduct the study were sought. Regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors associated with the presence of abdominal and cystic lesions (CL). In total, 1002 participants were screened; of these, 654 (65.3%) were female and the median age was 43. Farming (n = 403; 43.4%) was the most frequent occupation, followed by professional (i.e. on regular salary) (n = 215; 23.1%), and business (n = 207; 22.3%) categories. Sixty-seven participants (6.7%) had abnormal ultrasound findings, of these, 7 (1.1%) had simple liver cysts/CL, as per WHO classification. As such, their outcome was inconclusive and they were not put on treatment but advised to attend follow-up investigations in a referral health facility. Other abnormal findings included splenomegaly (n = 14), ovarian cysts (n = 14), uterine fibroids (n = 10), polycystic kidneys (n = 6), and benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 6). Age was unconditionally associated with the presence of presumptive CL. These results contribute to CE baseline data while providing insights on the implementation of ultrasound diagnosis in the field, as recommended by the WHO for targeted control of echinococcosis by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus Mutwiri
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Methodist University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Anne W T Muigai
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lorren Alumasa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laura C Falzon
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Chiuya T, Villinger J, Masiga DK, Ondifu DO, Murungi MK, Wambua L, Bastos ADS, Fèvre EM, Falzon LC. Molecular prevalence and risk factors associated with tick-borne pathogens in cattle in western Kenya. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:363. [PMID: 34838023 PMCID: PMC8627057 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are of global importance, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where they represent a major constraint to livestock production. Their association with human disease is also increasingly recognized, signalling their zoonotic importance. It is therefore crucial to investigate TBPs prevalence in livestock populations and the factors associated with their presence. We set out to identify TBPs present in cattle and to determine associated risk factors in western Kenya, where smallholder livestock production is important for subsistence and market-driven income. Results Tick-borne pathogen infections in blood samples collected from cattle at livestock markets and slaughterhouses between May 2017 and January 2019 were identified by high-resolution melting analysis and sequencing of PCR products of genus-specific primers. Of the 422 cattle sampled, 30.1% (127/422) were infected with at least one TBP, while 8.8% (37/422) had dual infections. Anaplasma spp. (19.7%) were the most prevalent, followed by Theileria (12.3%), Ehrlichia (6.6%), and Babesia (0.2%) spp. Sequence analysis of the TBPs revealed them to be Anaplasma platys-like organisms (13.5%), Theileria velifera (7.4%), Anaplasma marginale (4.9%), Theileria mutans (3.1%), Theileria parva (1.6%), and Babesia bigemina (0.2%). Ehrlichia ruminantium, Rickettsia spp., and arboviruses were not detected. Exotic breeds of cattle were more likely to be infected with A. marginale compared to local breeds (OR: 7.99, 95% CI: 3.04–22.02, p < 0.001). Presence of ticks was a significant predictor for Anaplasma spp. (OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.32–3.69, p = 0.003) and Ehrlichia spp. (OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.22–7.23, p = 0.022) infection. Cattle sampled at slaughterhouses were more likely to be positive for Anaplasma spp. (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.01–2.70, p = 0.048) and A. marginale (OR: 3.84, 95% CI: 1.43–12.21, p = 0.012), compared to those sampled at livestock markets. Conclusion This study reports TBP prevalence and associated risk factors in western Kenya, factors which are key to informing surveillance and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatenda Chiuya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag 20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel K Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dickens O Ondifu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurice K Murungi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Lillian Wambua
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Armanda D S Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag 20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Laura C Falzon
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya. .,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.
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