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Cao Y, Zhang Z, Qin BW, Sang W, Li H, Wang T, Tan F, Gan Y, Zhang X, Liu T, Xiang D, Lin W, Liu Q. Physical Reservoir Computing Using van der Waals Ferroelectrics for Acoustic Keyword Spotting. ACS NANO 2024; 18:23265-23276. [PMID: 39140427 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Acoustic keyword spotting (KWS) plays a pivotal role in the voice-activated systems of artificial intelligence (AI), allowing for hands-free interactions between humans and smart devices through information retrieval of the voice commands. The cloud computing technology integrated with the artificial neural networks has been employed to execute the KWS tasks, which however suffers from propagation delay and the risk of privacy breach. Here, we report a single-node reservoir computing (RC) system based on the CuInP2S6 (CIPS)/graphene heterostructure planar device for implementing the KWS task with low computation cost. Through deliberately tuning the Schottky barrier height at the ferroelectric CIPS interfaces for the thermionic injection and transport of the electrons, the typical nonlinear current response and fading memory characteristics are achieved in the device. Additionally, the device exhibits diverse synaptic plasticity with an excellent separation capability of the temporal information. We construct a RC system through employing the ferroelectric device as the physical node to spot the acoustic keywords, i.e., the natural numbers from 1 to 9 based on simulation, in which the system demonstrates outstanding performance with high accuracy rate (>94.6%) and recall rate (>92.0%). Our work promises physical RC in single-node configuration as a prospective computing platform to process the acoustic keywords, promoting its applications in the artificial auditory system at the edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zefeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bo-Wei Qin
- Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Weihui Sang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics and Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Honghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feixia Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yang Gan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics and Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xumeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics and Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Du Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai 200232, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, SCMS, SCAM, and CCSB, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Shougat MREU, Li X, Perkins E. Self-learning physical reservoir computer. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:064205. [PMID: 39020948 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.064205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
A self-learning physical reservoir computer is demonstrated using an adaptive oscillator. Whereas physical reservoir computing repurposes the dynamics of a physical system for computation through machine learning, adaptive oscillators can innately learn and store information in plastic dynamic states. The adaptive state(s) can be used directly as physical node(s), but these plastic states can also be used to self-learn the optimal reservoir parameters for more complex tasks requiring virtual nodes from the base oscillator. Both this self-learning property for reconfigurable computing and the morphable logic gate property of the adaptive oscillator make this an ideal candidate for a multipurpose neuromorphic processor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - XiaoFu Li
- LAB2701, Atwood, Oklahoma 74827, USA
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Shougat MREU, Li X, Perkins E. Multiplex-free physical reservoir computing with an adaptive oscillator. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:024203. [PMID: 38491684 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.024203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Nonlinear oscillators can often be used as physical reservoir computers, in which the oscillator's dynamics simultaneously performs computation and stores information. Typically, the dynamic states are multiplexed in time, and then machine learning is used to unlock this stored information into a usable form. This time multiplexing is used to create virtual nodes, which are often necessary to capture enough information to perform different tasks, but this multiplexing procedure requires a relatively high sampling rate. Adaptive oscillators, which are a subset of nonlinear oscillators, have plastic states that learn and store information through their dynamics in a human readable form, without the need for machine learning. Highlighting this ability, adaptive oscillators have been used as analog frequency analyzers, robotic controllers, and energy harvesters. Here, adaptive oscillators are considered as a physical reservoir computer without the cumbersome time multiplexing procedure. With this multiplex-free physical reservoir computer architecture, the fundamental logic gates can be simultaneously calculated through dynamics without modifying the base oscillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Raf E Ul Shougat
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - XiaoFu Li
- LAB2701: Nonlinear Dynamics Laboratory, Atwood, Oklahoma 74827, USA
| | - Edmon Perkins
- LAB2701: Nonlinear Dynamics Laboratory, Atwood, Oklahoma 74827, USA
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Shougat MREU, Li X, Shao S, McGarvey K, Perkins E. Hopf physical reservoir computer for reconfigurable sound recognition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8719. [PMID: 37253968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hopf oscillator is a nonlinear oscillator that exhibits limit cycle motion. This reservoir computer utilizes the vibratory nature of the oscillator, which makes it an ideal candidate for reconfigurable sound recognition tasks. In this paper, the capabilities of the Hopf reservoir computer performing sound recognition are systematically demonstrated. This work shows that the Hopf reservoir computer can offer superior sound recognition accuracy compared to legacy approaches (e.g., a Mel spectrum + machine learning approach). More importantly, the Hopf reservoir computer operating as a sound recognition system does not require audio preprocessing and has a very simple setup while still offering a high degree of reconfigurability. These features pave the way of applying physical reservoir computing for sound recognition in low power edge devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Raf E Ul Shougat
- Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, 1840 Entrepreneur Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | | | - Siyao Shao
- TandemLaunch, 780 Av. Brewster, Montreal, H4C2K1, Canada
- echosonic, 780 Av. Brewster, Montreal, H4C2K1, Canada
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Hu W, Zhang Z, Liao Y, Li Q, Shi Y, Zhang H, Zhang X, Niu C, Wu Y, Yu W, Zhou X, Guo H, Wang W, Xiao J, Yin L, Liu Q, Shen J. Distinguishing artificial spin ice states using magnetoresistance effect for neuromorphic computing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2562. [PMID: 37142614 PMCID: PMC10160026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial spin ice (ASI) consisting patterned array of nano-magnets with frustrated dipolar interactions offers an excellent platform to study frustrated physics using direct imaging methods. Moreover, ASI often hosts a large number of nearly degenerated and non-volatile spin states that can be used for multi-bit data storage and neuromorphic computing. The realization of the device potential of ASI, however, critically relies on the capability of transport characterization of ASI, which has not been demonstrated so far. Using a tri-axial ASI system as the model system, we demonstrate that transport measurements can be used to distinguish the different spin states of the ASI system. Specifically, by fabricating a tri-layer structure consisting a permalloy base layer, a Cu spacer layer and the tri-axial ASI layer, we clearly resolve different spin states in the tri-axial ASI system using lateral transport measurements. We have further demonstrated that the tri-axial ASI system has all necessary required properties for reservoir computing, including rich spin configurations to store input signals, nonlinear response to input signals, and fading memory effect. The successful transport characterization of ASI opens up the prospect for novel device applications of ASI in multi-bit data storage and neuromorphic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Zefeng Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems and ISTBI, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanghui Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xumeng Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Weichao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hangwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Lifeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China.
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qi Liu
- Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China.
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China.
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Shanghai, China.
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Nathe C, Pappu C, Mecholsky NA, Hart J, Carroll T, Sorrentino F. Reservoir computing with noise. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2023; 33:041101. [PMID: 37097967 PMCID: PMC10132850 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates in detail the effects of measurement noise on the performance of reservoir computing. We focus on an application in which reservoir computers are used to learn the relationship between different state variables of a chaotic system. We recognize that noise can affect the training and testing phases differently. We find that the best performance of the reservoir is achieved when the strength of the noise that affects the input signal in the training phase equals the strength of the noise that affects the input signal in the testing phase. For all the cases we examined, we found that a good remedy to noise is to low-pass filter the input and the training/testing signals; this typically preserves the performance of the reservoir, while reducing the undesired effects of noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Nathe
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Chandra Pappu
- Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering Department, Union College, Schenectady, New York 12309, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Mecholsky
- Department of Physics and Vitreous State Laboratory, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Joe Hart
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | | | - Francesco Sorrentino
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Shougat MREU, Li X, Perkins E. Dynamic effects on reservoir computing with a Hopf oscillator. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:044212. [PMID: 35590621 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.044212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Limit cycle oscillators have the potential to be resourced as reservoir computers due to their rich dynamics. Here, a Hopf oscillator is used as a physical reservoir computer by discarding the delay line and time-multiplexing procedure. A parametric study is used to uncover computational limits imposed by the dynamics of the oscillator using parity and chaotic time-series prediction benchmark tasks. Resonance, frequency ratios from the Farey sequence, and Arnold tongues were found to strongly affect the computation ability of the reservoir. These results provide insights into fabricating physical reservoir computers from limit cycle systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Raf E Ul Shougat
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, LAB2701: Nonlinear Dynamics Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - XiaoFu Li
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, LAB2701: Nonlinear Dynamics Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Edmon Perkins
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, LAB2701: Nonlinear Dynamics Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Sun J, Yang W, Zheng T, Xiong X, Guo X, Zou X. Enhancing the Recognition Task Performance of MEMS Resonator-Based Reservoir Computing System via Nonlinearity Tuning. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020317. [PMID: 35208441 PMCID: PMC8875144 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reservoir computing (RC) is a potential neuromorphic paradigm for physically realizing artificial intelligence systems in the Internet of Things society, owing to its well-known low training cost and compatibility with nonlinear devices. Micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) resonators exhibiting rich nonlinear dynamics and fading behaviors are promising candidates for high-performance hardware RC. Previously, we presented a non-delay-based RC using one single micromechanical resonator with hybrid nonlinear dynamics. Here, we innovatively introduce a nonlinear tuning strategy to analyze the computing properties (the processing speed and recognition accuracy) of the presented RC. Meanwhile, we numerically and experimentally analyze the influence of the hybrid nonlinear dynamics using the image classification task. Specifically, we study the transient nonlinear saturation phenomenon by fitting quality factors under different vacuums, as well as searching the optimal operating point (the edge of chaos) by the static bifurcation analysis and dynamic vibration numerical models of the Duffing nonlinearity. Our results in the optimal operation conditions experimentally achieved a high classification accuracy of (93 ± 1)% and several times faster than previous work on the handwritten digits recognition benchmark, profit from the perfect high signal-to-noise ratios (quality factor) and the nonlinearity of the dynamical variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.S.); (T.Z.); (X.G.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (W.Y.); (X.X.)
| | - Wuhao Yang
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (W.Y.); (X.X.)
| | - Tianyi Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.S.); (T.Z.); (X.G.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (W.Y.); (X.X.)
| | - Xingyin Xiong
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (W.Y.); (X.X.)
| | - Xiaowei Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.S.); (T.Z.); (X.G.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (W.Y.); (X.X.)
| | - Xudong Zou
- The State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (J.S.); (T.Z.); (X.G.)
- QILU Aerospace Information Research Institute, Jinan 250101, China
- Correspondence:
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