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Lingwood C. Is cholesterol both the lock and key to abnormal transmembrane signals in Autism Spectrum Disorder? Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:114. [PMID: 38643132 PMCID: PMC11032007 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in cholesterol homeostasis have been associated with ASD. Lipid rafts are central in many transmembrane signaling pathways (including mTOR) and changes in raft cholesterol content affect their order function. Cholesterol levels are controlled by several mechanisms, including endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) of the rate limiting HMGCoA reductase. A new approach to increase cholesterol via temporary ERAD blockade using a benign bacterial toxin-derived competitor for the ERAD translocon is suggested.A new lock and key model for cholesterol/lipid raft dependent signaling is proposed in which the rafts provide both the afferent and efferent 'tumblers' across the membrane to allow 'lock and key' receptor transmembrane signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Lingwood
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Departments of Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Morris CW, Watkins DS, Shah NR, Pennington T, Hens B, Qi G, Doud EH, Mosley AL, Atwood BK, Baucum AJ. Spinophilin Limits Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Scaffolding to the Postsynaptic Density and Cell Type Specifically Mediates Excessive Grooming. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:976-988. [PMID: 36822932 PMCID: PMC10191892 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grooming dysfunction is a hallmark of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder trichotillomania. Numerous preclinical studies have utilized SAPAP3-deficient mice for understanding the neurobiology of repetitive grooming, suggesting that excessive grooming is caused by increased metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) activity in striatal direct- and indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (MSNs). However, the MSN subtype-specific signaling mechanisms that mediate mGluR5-dependent adaptations underlying excessive grooming are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the MSN subtype-specific roles of the striatal signaling hub protein spinophilin in mediating repetitive motor dysfunction associated with mGluR5 function. METHODS Quantitative proteomics and immunoblotting were utilized to identify how spinophilin impacts mGluR5 phosphorylation and protein interaction changes. Plasticity and repetitive motor dysfunction associated with mGluR5 action were measured using our novel conditional spinophilin mouse model in which spinophilin was knocked out from striatal direct-pathway MSNs and/or indirect-pathway MSNs. RESULTS Loss of spinophilin only in indirect-pathway MSNs decreased performance of a novel motor repertoire, but loss of spinophilin in either MSN subtype abrogated striatal plasticity associated with mGluR5 function and prevented excessive grooming caused by SAPAP3 knockout mice or treatment with the mGluR5-specific positive allosteric modulator VU0360172 without impacting locomotion-relevant behavior. Biochemically, we determined that the spinophilin-mGluR5 interaction correlates with grooming behavior and that loss of spinophilin shifts mGluR5 interactions from lipid raft-associated proteins toward postsynaptic density proteins implicated in psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS These results identify spinophilin as a novel striatal signaling hub molecule in MSNs that cell subtype specifically mediates behavioral, functional, and molecular adaptations associated with repetitive motor dysfunction in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron W Morris
- Medical Neurosciences Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Darryl S Watkins
- Medical Neurosciences Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nikhil R Shah
- Medical Neurosciences Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Medical Scientists Training Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Taylor Pennington
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Basant Hens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Guihong Qi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Center for Proteome Analysis, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Emma H Doud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Center for Proteome Analysis, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Amber L Mosley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Center for Proteome Analysis, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brady K Atwood
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Anthony J Baucum
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Luo L, Yang L, Zhang K, Zhou SM, Wang Y, Yang LK, Feng B, Liu SB, Wu YM, Zhao MG, Yang Q. Caveolin-1-Mediated Cholesterol Accumulation Contributes to Exaggerated mGluR-Dependent Long-Term Depression and Impaired Cognition in Fmr1 Knockout Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3379-3395. [PMID: 36854997 PMCID: PMC10122623 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is one of the most common inherited mental retardation diseases and is caused by the loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) theory of FXS states that enhanced mGluR-dependent long-term depression (LTD) due to FMRP loss is involved in aberrant synaptic plasticity and autistic-like behaviors, but little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism. Here, we found that only hippocampal mGluR-LTD was exaggerated in adolescent Fmr1 KO mice, while N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-LTD was intact in mice of all ages. This development-dependent alteration was related to the differential expression of caveolin-1 (Cav1), which is essential for caveolae formation. Knockdown of Cav1 restored the enhanced mGluR-LTD in Fmr1 KO mice. Moreover, hippocampal Cav1 expression in Fmr1 KO mice induced excessive endocytosis of the α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor subunit GluA2. This process relied on mGluR1/5 activation rather than NMDAR. Interference with Cav1 expression reversed these changes. Furthermore, massive cholesterol accumulation contributed to redundant caveolae formation, which provided the platform for mGluR-triggered Cav1 coupling to GluA2. Importantly, injection of the cholesterol scavenger methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Mβ-CD) recovered AMPA receptor trafficking and markedly alleviated hyperactivity, hippocampus-dependent fear memory, and spatial memory defects in Fmr1 KO mice. Together, our findings elucidate the important role of Cav1 in mediating mGluR-LTD enhancement and further inducing AMPA receptor endocytosis and suggest that cholesterol depletion by Mβ-CD during caveolae formation may be a novel and safe strategy to treat FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Le Yang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Shi-Meng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Center, Fourth Military Medical University, No.986 Hospital, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Liu-Kun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Shui-Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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Abolghasemi A, Carullo MP, Aguilera EC, Laroui A, Plantefeve R, Rojas D, Benachenhou S, Ramírez MV, Proteau-Lemieux M, Lepage JF, Corbin F, Plourde M, Farez M, Cogram P, Çaku A. Alteration of Fatty Acid Profile in Fragile X Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810815. [PMID: 36142726 PMCID: PMC9502195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the most prevalent monogenic cause of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). Despite a common genetic etiology, the affected individuals display heterogenous metabolic abnormalities including hypocholesterolemia. Although changes in the metabolism of fatty acids (FAs) have been reported in various neuropsychiatric disorders, it has not been explored in humans with FXS. In this study, we investigated the FA profiles of two different groups: (1) an Argentinian group, including FXS individuals and age- and sex-matched controls, and (2) a French-Canadian group, including FXS individuals and their age- and sex-matched controls. Since phospholipid FAs are an indicator of medium-term diet and endogenous metabolism, we quantified the FA profile in plasma phospholipids using gas chromatography. Our results showed significantly lower levels in various plasma FAs including saturated, monosaturated, ω-6 polyunsaturated, and ω-3 polyunsaturated FAs in FXS individuals compared to the controls. A decrease in the EPA/ALA (eicosapentaenoic acid/alpha linoleic acid) ratio and an increase in the DPA/EPA (docosapentaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid) ratio suggest an alteration associated with desaturase and elongase activity, respectively. We conclude that FXS individuals present an abnormal profile of FAs, specifically FAs belonging to the ω-3 family, that might open new avenues of treatment to improve core symptoms of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita Abolghasemi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Maria Paulina Carullo
- Department of Child Neurology, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Buenos Aires C1428AQK, Argentina
| | - Ester Cisneros Aguilera
- Centre de Recherche sur le Vieillissement, Departments of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Asma Laroui
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Rosalie Plantefeve
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Daniela Rojas
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Serine Benachenhou
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - María Victoria Ramírez
- Department of Child Neurology, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Buenos Aires C1428AQK, Argentina
| | - Mélodie Proteau-Lemieux
- Department of Pediatrics and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-François Lepage
- Department of Pediatrics and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - François Corbin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Centre de Recherche sur le Vieillissement, Departments of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Mauricio Farez
- Department of Child Neurology, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Buenos Aires C1428AQK, Argentina
| | - Patricia Cogram
- Biomedicine Division, Centre for Systems Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Chile Research Foundation, Santiago 7500588, Chile
| | - Artuela Çaku
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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