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Gustad LT, Holand AM, Hynnekleiv T, Bjerkeset O, Berk M, Romundstad S. The bidirectional association between depressive symptoms, assessed by the HADS, and albuminuria–A longitudinal population-based cohort study with repeated measures from the HUNT2 and HUNT3 Study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274271. [PMID: 36107876 PMCID: PMC9477298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both albuminuria and depression are associated with cardiovascular disease, reflecting low-grade systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. They share risk factors including weight, blood pressure, smoking and blood glucose levels. This longitudinal study aimed to examine bidirectional associations between depression symptoms, indexed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS), and the inflammation marker albuminuria. Methods 2909 persons provided urine samples in both the second (HUNT2, 1995–97) and third wave (HUNT3, 2006–2008) of the Trøndelag Health Survey, Norway. We used a generalized linear regression model (GLM) and ANOVA to assess the association between albuminuria levels (exposure HUNT2) with depression symptoms (outcome in HUNT3); and between depression symptoms (exposure HUNT2) with albuminuria (outcome HUNT3). Depression symptoms were measured with the HADS Depression Scale, analyzed utilising the full 7 items version and analyses restricted to the first 4 items (HADS-D and HADS-4). We accounted for confounders including baseline individual levels of the exposure variables. Results In this 10-years follow-up study, we found no statistical evidence for an association between baseline depression symptoms and subsequent albuminuria, nor between baseline albuminuria and subsequent depression symptoms. For albuminuria, only 0.04% was explained by prior depression, and for depression, only 0.007% was explained by previous albuminuria levels. The results were essentially the same for the shorter HADS-4 measure. Conclusion There does not appear to be a longitudinal association between albuminuria and depression measured by the HADS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Tuset Gustad
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger Hospital, Levanger, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Marie Holand
- Faculty of Education and Arts, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torfinn Hynnekleiv
- Division of Mental Health, Department of Acute Psychiatry and Psychosis Treatment, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Reinsvoll, Norway
| | - Ottar Bjerkeset
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Mental Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT–the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Solfrid Romundstad
- Department of Medicine, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger Hospital, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
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