1
|
Kim J, Roh H, Moon S, Jeon C, Baek S, Cho W, Sim JY, Jeong U. Wireless breathable face mask sensor for spatiotemporal 2D respiration profiling and respiratory diagnosis. Biomaterials 2024; 309:122579. [PMID: 38670033 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Owing to air pollution and the pandemic outbreak, the need for quantitative pulmonary monitoring has greatly increased. The COVID-19 outbreak has aroused attention for comfortable wireless monitoring of respiratory profiles and more real-time diagnosis of respiratory diseases. Although respiration sensors have been investigated extensively with single-pixel sensors, 2D respiration profiling with a pixelated array sensor has not been demonstrated for both exhaling and inhaling. Since the pixelated array sensor allowed for simultaneous profiling of the nasal breathing and oral breathing, it provides essential respiratory information such as breathing patterns, respiration habit, breathing disorders. In this study, we introduced an air-permeable, stretchable, and a pixelated pressure sensor that can be integrated into a commercial face mask. The mask sensor showed a strain-independent pressure-sensing performance, providing 2D pressure profiles for exhalation and inhalation. Real-time 2D respiration profiles could monitor various respiratory behaviors, such as oral/nasal breathing, clogged nose, out-of-breath, and coughing. Furthermore, they could detect respiratory diseases, such as rhinitis, sleep apnea, and pneumonia. The 2D respiratory profiling mask sensor is expected to be employed for remote respiration monitoring and timely patient treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Heesung Roh
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Sungmin Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Cheonhoo Jeon
- School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 16890, South Korea
| | - Seunggoo Baek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Woosung Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jae-Yoon Sim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Signore MA, Rescio G, Francioso L, Casino F, Leone A. Aluminum Nitride Thin Film Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor for Respiratory Rate Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2071. [PMID: 38610281 PMCID: PMC11014281 DOI: 10.3390/s24072071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a low-cost piezoelectric flexible pressure sensor fabricated on Kapton® (Kapton™ Dupont) substrate by using aluminum nitride (AlN) thin film, designed for the monitoring of the respiration rate for a fast detection of respiratory anomalies. The device was characterized in the range of 15-30 breaths per minute (bpm), to simulate moderate difficult breathing, borderline normal breathing, and normal spontaneous breathing. These three breathing typologies were artificially reproduced by setting the expiratory to inspiratory ratios (E:I) at 1:1, 2:1, 3:1. The prototype was able to accurately recognize the breath states with a low response time (~35 ms), excellent linearity (R2 = 0.997) and low hysteresis. The piezoelectric device was also characterized by placing it in an activated carbon filter mask to evaluate the pressure generated by exhaled air through breathing acts. The results indicate suitability also for the monitoring of very weak breath, exhibiting good linearity, accuracy, and reproducibility, in very low breath pressures, ranging from 0.09 to 0.16 kPa. These preliminary results are very promising for the future development of smart wearable devices able to monitor different patients breathing patterns, also related to breathing diseases, providing a suitable real-time diagnosis in a non-invasive and fast way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele Rescio
- The National Research Council, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR IMM), Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.A.S.); (L.F.); (F.C.); (A.L.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Z, Su J, Zhou K, Yu B, Lin Y, Li KH. Fully Integrated Patch Based on Lamellar Porous Film Assisted GaN Optopairs for Wireless Intelligent Respiratory Monitoring. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10674-10681. [PMID: 37712616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory pattern is one of the most crucial indicators for accessing human health, but there has been limited success in implementing fast-responsive, affordable, and miniaturized platforms with the capability for smart recognition. Herein, a fully integrated and flexible patch for wireless intelligent respiratory monitoring based on a lamellar porous film functionalized GaN optoelectronic chip with a desirable response to relative humidity (RH) variation is reported. The submillimeter-sized GaN device exhibits a high sensitivity of 13.2 nA/%RH at 2-70%RH and 61.5 nA/%RH at 70-90%RH, and a fast response/recovery time of 12.5 s/6 s. With the integration of a wireless data transmission module and the assistance of machine learning based on 1-D convolutional neural networks, seven breathing patterns are identified with an overall classification accuracy of >96%. This integrated and flexible on-mask sensing platform successfully demonstrates real-time and intelligent respiratory monitoring capability, showing great promise for practical healthcare applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zecong Liu
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Su
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Kemeng Zhou
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Binlu Yu
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Yuanjing Lin
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Kwai Hei Li
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hussain T, Ullah S, Fernández-García R, Gil I. Wearable Sensors for Respiration Monitoring: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7518. [PMID: 37687977 PMCID: PMC10490703 DOI: 10.3390/s23177518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of flexible and wearable respiration sensors with emphasis on their significance in healthcare applications. The paper classifies these sensors based on their operating frequency distinguishing between high-frequency sensors, which operate above 10 MHz, and low-frequency sensors, which operate below this level. The operating principles of breathing sensors as well as the materials and fabrication techniques employed in their design are addressed. The existing research highlights the need for robust and flexible materials to enable the development of reliable and comfortable sensors. Finally, the paper presents potential research directions and proposes research challenges in the field of flexible and wearable respiration sensors. By identifying emerging trends and gaps in knowledge, this review can encourage further advancements and innovation in the rapidly evolving domain of flexible and wearable sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tauseef Hussain
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (R.F.-G.); (I.G.)
| | - Sana Ullah
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnico di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Raúl Fernández-García
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (R.F.-G.); (I.G.)
| | - Ignacio Gil
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (R.F.-G.); (I.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheraghi Bidsorkhi H, Faramarzi N, Ali B, Ballam LR, D'Aloia AG, Tamburrano A, Sarto MS. Wearable Graphene-based smart face mask for Real-Time human respiration monitoring. MATERIALS & DESIGN 2023; 230:111970. [PMID: 37162811 PMCID: PMC10151252 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.111970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
After the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, the use of face-masks is considered the most effective way to prevent the spread of virus-containing respiratory fluid. As the virus targets the lungs directly, causing shortness of breath, continuous respiratory monitoring is crucial for evaluating health status. Therefore, the need for a smart face mask (SFM) capable of wirelessly monitoring human respiration in real-time has gained enormous attention. However, some challenges in developing these devices should be solved to make practical use of them possible. One key issue is to design a wearable SFM that is biocompatible and has fast responsivity for non-invasive and real-time tracking of respiration signals. Herein, we present a cost-effective and straightforward solution to produce innovative SFMs by depositing graphene-based coatings over commercial surgical masks. In particular, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are integrated into a polycaprolactone (PCL) polymeric matrix. The resulting SFMs are characterized morphologically, and their electrical, electromechanical, and sensing properties are fully assessed. The proposed SFM exhibits remarkable durability (greater than1000 cycles) and excellent fast response time (∼42 ms), providing simultaneously normal and abnormal breath signals with clear differentiation. Finally, a developed mobile application monitors the mask wearer's breathing pattern wirelessly and provides alerts without compromising user-friendliness and comfort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Cheraghi Bidsorkhi
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical, and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Negin Faramarzi
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical, and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Babar Ali
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical, and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lavanya Rani Ballam
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical, and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giuseppe D'Aloia
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical, and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Tamburrano
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical, and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Sabrina Sarto
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical, and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu YH, Wang JJ, Wang HZ, Liu S, Wu YC, Hu SG, Yu Q, Liu Z, Chen TP, Yin Y, Liu Y. Braille recognition by E-skin system based on binary memristive neural network. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5437. [PMID: 37012399 PMCID: PMC10070348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31934-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Braille system is widely used worldwide for communication by visually impaired people. However, there are still some visually impaired people who are unable to learn Braille system due to various factors, such as the age (too young or too old), brain damage, etc. A wearable and low-cost Braille recognition system may substantially help these people recognize Braille or assist them in Braille learning. In this work, we fabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based flexible pressure sensors to construct an electronic skin (E-skin) for the application of Braille recognition. The E-skin mimics human touch sensing function for collecting Braille information. Braille recognition is realized with a neural network based on memristors. We utilize a binary neural network algorithm with only two bias layers and three fully connected layers. Such neural network design remarkably reduces the calculation burden and, thus, the system cost. Experiments show that the system can achieve a recognition accuracy of up to 91.25%. This work demonstrates the possibility of realizing a wearable and low-cost Braille recognition system and a Braille learning-assistance system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - J J Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China.
| | - H Z Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - S Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Y C Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - S G Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Q Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - T P Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Y Yin
- Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Y Liu
- Deepcreatic Technologies Ltd, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|