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Zhang P, Li P, Ping Y, Xu H, Zhang Z, Zhao F, Zeng G, Huang P, Yang Z. Anionic surfactant-activated remediation of Pb, Cd, As contaminated soil by electrochemical technology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 952:175889. [PMID: 39216763 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) contamination in soils show a growing environmental concern. However, owing to the significant differences in chemical characteristics, remediating heavy metal(loid)s of Pb, Cd and As is challenging. Herein, anionic surfactant-activated electrochemical approach was proposed to realize efficient immobilization of As, Cd and Pb heavy metal(loid)s from contaminated soils. In this innovative method, calcium lignosulfonate (CL) as anionic surfactant was used to activate Cd and Pb from contaminated soils into solution, afterwards anodically generated Fe (II) ions by the electrochemical process react with Pb and Cd to form precipitates. Meanwhile, owing to the strong binding capacities of Fe (II) ions, As contaminations were remediated. Moreover, via various characterizations and cyclic voltammetric method, the reaction kinetics and phase transformation process during the electrochemical process were analyzed in detail. These findings show great potential in optimizing the design of electrochemical treatment, which will be applied in remediating multi-component heavy metal(loid) polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Penggang Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yang Ping
- Power China Eco-Environmental Group Co., LTD., Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Power China Eco-Environmental Group Co., LTD., Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Zhenzhou Zhang
- Power China Eco-Environmental Group Co., LTD., Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Feiping Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Gai Zeng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Peicheng Huang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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Bin Mobarak M, Pinky NS, Mustafi S, Chowdhury F, Nahar A, Akhtar US, Quddus MS, Yasmin S, Alam MA. Unveiling the reactor effect: a comprehensive characterization of biochar derived from rubber seed shell via pyrolysis and in-house reactor. RSC Adv 2024; 14:29848-29859. [PMID: 39301242 PMCID: PMC11411254 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra05562d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Utilization of agricultural waste to produce biochar has already proven to be an efficient method for transforming waste into valuable resources. In this study, rubber seed shell (RSS) was utilized to prepare two biochar samples via an in-house built reactor (RSSBC-1) and a pyrolysis reactor (RSSBC-2) under identical conditions (600 °C for 3 h at a heating rate of 10 °C per min). A comprehensive characterization of the prepared biochar samples was carried out to reveal the reactor effect on the biochar properties. For this, proximate and ultimate analyses were carried out which estimated the carbon stability, polarity, and aromaticity of the biochar samples. For RSSBC-1, C and N content were higher, whereas H and O content were higher for RSSBC-2, as found from elemental, EDX, and XPS analyses. Point of zero charge (PZC) values of 7.65 and 6.14 for RSSBC-1 and RSSBC-2, respectively, emphasized the importance of pH in the removal of ionic contaminants. Furthermore, the superiority of RSSBC-1 in terms of specific surface area of 336.02 m2 g-1 compared to 299.09 m2 g-1 of RSSBC-2 was articulated by BET analysis. XPS and FESEM analyses revealed the chemical state of surface elements and surface morphology, respectively of the biochar samples. XRD patterns assured the amorphous nature of biochar samples, and functional groups were well depicted by FTIR analysis. DLS showed a larger average hydrodynamic diameter for RSSBC-2 (248.68 nm) with a zeta potential of -14.91 mV compared to RSSBC-1 (115.23 nm) with a heterogeneous charge distribution (-16.72 mV and +37.61 mV). TGA analysis revealed the thermal stability of both biochar samples. Overall, the results explicitly depict a distinction in the properties of biochar samples prepared in two different reactors, where RSSBC-1, with its superior properties suggests the in-house built reactor as a promising alternative to expensive pyrolytic reactors for waste valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashrafi Bin Mobarak
- Institute of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing (IGCRT), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka-1205 Bangladesh
| | - Nigar Sultana Pinky
- Institute of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing (IGCRT), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka-1205 Bangladesh
| | - Sonjida Mustafi
- Institute of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing (IGCRT), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka-1205 Bangladesh
| | - Fariha Chowdhury
- Biomedical and Toxicological Research Institute (BTRI), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka-1205 Bangladesh
| | - Aynun Nahar
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka-1205 Bangladesh
| | - Umme Sarmeen Akhtar
- Institute of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing (IGCRT), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka-1205 Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Quddus
- Institute of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing (IGCRT), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka-1205 Bangladesh
| | - Sabina Yasmin
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka-1205 Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashraful Alam
- Institute of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing (IGCRT), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhaka-1205 Bangladesh
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Vadakkan K, Sathishkumar K, Raphael R, Mapranathukaran VO, Mathew J, Jose B. Review on biochar as a sustainable green resource for the rehabilitation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 941:173679. [PMID: 38844221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Petroleum pollution is one of the primary threats to the environment and public health. Therefore, it is essential to create new strategies and enhance current ones. The process of biological reclamation, which utilizes a biological agent to eliminate harmful substances from polluted soil, has drawn much interest. Biochars are inexpensive, environmentally beneficial carbon compounds extensively employed to remove petroleum hydrocarbons from the environment. Biochar has demonstrated an excellent capability to remediate soil pollutants because of its abundant supply of the required raw materials, sustainability, affordability, high efficacy, substantial specific surface area, and desired physical-chemical surface characteristics. This paper reviews biochar's methods, effectiveness, and possible toxic effects on the natural environment, amended biochar, and their integration with other remediating materials towards sustainable remediation of petroleum-polluted soil environments. Efforts are being undertaken to enhance the effectiveness of biochar in the hydrocarbon-based rehabilitation approach by altering its characteristics. Additionally, the adsorption, biodegradability, chemical breakdown, and regenerative facets of biochar amendment and combined usage culminated in augmenting the remedial effectiveness. Lastly, several shortcomings of the prevailing methods and prospective directions were provided to overcome the constraints in tailored biochar studies for long-term performance stability and ecological sustainability towards restoring petroleum hydrocarbon adultered soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayeen Vadakkan
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Mary's College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala 680020, India.
| | - Kuppusamy Sathishkumar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India.
| | - Rini Raphael
- Department of Zoology, Carmel College (Autonomous), Mala, Kerala 680732, India
| | | | - Jennees Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, Morning Star Home Science College, Angamaly, Kerala 683589, India
| | - Beena Jose
- Department of Chemistry, Vimala College (Autonomous), Thrissur 680009, Kerala, India
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Nguyen NTH, Tran GT, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen DTC, Tran TV. Synthesis of MnFe 2O 4/activated carbon derived from durian shell waste for removal of indole in water: Optimization, modelling, and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 254:118883. [PMID: 38583658 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
While durian shell is often discharged into landfills, this waste can be a potential and zero-cost raw material to synthesize carbon-based adsorbents with purposes of saving costs and minimizing environmental contamination. Indole (IDO) is one of serious organic pollutants that influence aquatic species and human health; hence, the necessity for IDO removal is worth considering. Here, we synthesized a magnetic composite, denoted as MFOAC, based on activated carbon (AC) derived from durian shell waste incorporated with MnFe2O4 (MFO) to adsorb IDO in water. MFOAC showed a microporous structure, along with a high surface area and pore volume, at 518.9 m2/g, and 0.106 cm3/g, respectively. Optimization of factors affecting the IDO removal of MFOAC were implemented by Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms suggested a suitable model for MFOAC to remove IDO. MFOAC was recyclable with 3 cycles. Main interactions involving in the IDO adsorption mechanism onto MFOAC were clarified, including pore filling, n-π interaction, π-π interaction, Yoshida H-bonding, H-bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu Thi Huynh Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam; Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Giang Thanh Tran
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam; Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | | | - Duyen Thi Cam Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam.
| | - Thuan Van Tran
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam.
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Eltaweil AS, Al Harby N, El Batouti M, Abd El-Monaem EM. Engineering a sustainable cadmium sulfide/polyethyleneimine-functionalized biochar/chitosan composite for effective chromium adsorption: optimization, co-interfering anions, and mechanisms. RSC Adv 2024; 14:22266-22279. [PMID: 39010926 PMCID: PMC11247309 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel eco-friendly adsorbent was fabricated by mixing mushroom-derived cadmium sulfide and polyethyleneimine-functionalized biochar that was fabricated from coffee waste with a chitosan biopolymer. The green-synthesized CdS/PEI-BC/CTS composite was analyzed using several characterization methods to identify its morphological, compositional, and structural characteristics. In addition, the adsorption property of the composite was investigated for hexavalent chromium as a model for anionic heavy metals. The best adsorption conditions to efficiently adsorb Cr(vi) onto CdS/PEI-BC/CTS were scrutinized in the batch mode. The experimental results elucidated that the higher adsorption efficacy for Cr(vi) was 97.89% at pH = 3, Cr(vi) concentration = 50 mg L-1, CdS/PEI-BC/CTS dose = 0.01 g, and temperature = 20 °C. The impact of co-interfering anionic species on Cr(vi) adsorption was identified in simulated wastewater. The recycling property of the CdS/PEI-BC/CTS composite was assessed for ten runs to ensure the applicability of the green composite. The adsorption mechanism and interaction types were proposed on the basis of kinetic and isotherm studies, along with analysis tools. The mechanistic study proposed that the Cr(vi) adsorption onto CdS/PEI-BC/CTS occurred via chemical and physical pathways, including protonation, electrostatic interactions, reduction, and coordination bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelazeem S Eltaweil
- Department of Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences Sultanate of Oman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University 21934 Alexandria Egypt Mervette.elbatouti@.alexu.edu.eg
| | - Nouf Al Harby
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University Buraidah 51452 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mervette El Batouti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University 21934 Alexandria Egypt Mervette.elbatouti@.alexu.edu.eg
| | - Eman M Abd El-Monaem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University 21934 Alexandria Egypt Mervette.elbatouti@.alexu.edu.eg
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Hamdi S, Mosbahi M, Issaoui M, Barreiro A, Cela-Dablanca R, Brahmi J, Tlili A, Jamoussi F, J Fernández-Sanjurjo M, Núñez-Delgado A, Álvarez-Rodríguez E, Gharbi-Khelifi H. Experimental data and modeling of sulfadiazine adsorption onto raw and modified clays from Tunisia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118309. [PMID: 38301763 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the increasing detection of emerging pollutants (particularly antibiotics, such as sulfonamides) in agricultural soils and water bodies has raised growing concern about related environmental and health problems. In the current research, sulfadiazine (SDZ) adsorption was studied for three raw and chemically modified clays. The experiments were carried out for increasing doses of the antibiotic (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μmol L-1) at ambient temperature and natural pH with a contact time of 24 h. The eventual fitting to Freundlich, Langmuir and Linear adsorption models, as well as residual concentrations of antibiotics after adsorption, was assessed. The results obtained showed that one of the clays (HJ1) adsorbed more SDZ (reaching 99.9 % when 40 μmol L-1 of SDZ were added) than the other clay materials, followed by the acid-activated AM clay (which reached 99.4 % for the same SDZ concentration added). The adsorption of SDZ followed a linear adsorption isotherm, suggesting that hydrophobic interactions, rather than cation exchange, played a significant role in SDZ retention. Concerning the adsorption data, the best adjustment corresponded to the Freundlich model. The highest Freundlich KF scores were obtained for the AM acid-treated and raw HJ1 clays (606.051 and 312.969 Ln μmol1-n kg-1, respectively). The Freundlich n parameter ranged between 0.047 and 1.506. Regarding desorption, the highest value corresponded to the AM clay, being generally <10 % for raw clays, <8 % for base-activated clays, and <6 % for acid-activated clays. Chemical modifications contributed to improve the adsorption capacity of the AM clay, especially when the highest concentrations of the antibiotic were added. The results of this research can be considered relevant as regard environmental and public health assessment since they estimate the feasibility of three Tunisian clays in SDZ removal from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiha Hamdi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology of Sidi Bouzid, University of Kairouan, 9100, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia; Department Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; Laboratory of Nutrition - Functional Foods and Health (NAFS)-LR12ES05, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia; Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances LR99ES27 Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Mosbahi
- Dpartment of Geology, GEOGLOB Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology of Sfax, Sokra Street 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Issaoui
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology of Sidi Bouzid, University of Kairouan, 9100, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia; Laboratory of Nutrition - Functional Foods and Health (NAFS)-LR12ES05, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ana Barreiro
- Department Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Raquel Cela-Dablanca
- Department Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Jihen Brahmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology of Sidi Bouzid, University of Kairouan, 9100, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia
| | - Ali Tlili
- Dpartment of Geology, GEOGLOB Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology of Sfax, Sokra Street 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Faker Jamoussi
- Georesources Laboratory, CERTE, Borj Cedria, Bp 273, 8020, Solimen, Tunisia
| | - María J Fernández-Sanjurjo
- Department Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Avelino Núñez-Delgado
- Department Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Esperanza Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Department Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Hakima Gharbi-Khelifi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology of Sidi Bouzid, University of Kairouan, 9100, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia; Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances LR99ES27 Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
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Viana RDSR, Figueiredo CCD, Chagas JKM, Paz-Ferreiro J. Combined use of biochar and phosphate rocks on phosphorus and heavy metal availability: A meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 353:120204. [PMID: 38278116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) and phosphate rocks (PR) are alternative nutrient sources with multiple benefits for sustainable agriculture. The combination of these soil amendments serves two main purposes: to increase soil phosphorus (P) availability and to remediate heavy metal (HM) contamination. However, a further demonstration of the benefits and risks associated with the combined use of BC and PR (BC + PR) is needed, considering the specific characteristics of raw materials, soil types, experimental conditions, and climatic contexts. This meta-analysis is based on data from 28 selected studies, including 581 paired combinations evaluating effects on extraction and fractionation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), and 290 paired combinations for soil labile and non-labile P. The results reveal that BC, PR, and BC + PR significantly increase soil labile and non-labile P, with BC + PR showing a 150% greater increase compared to BC alone. In tropical regions, substantial increases in P levels were observed with BC, PR, and BC + PR exhibiting increments of 317, 798, and 288%, respectively. In contrast, temperate climate conditions showed lower increases, with BC, PR, and BC + PR indicating 54, 123, and 88% rises in soil P levels. Moreover, BC, PR, and BC + PR effectively reduce the bioavailability of Cd and Pb in soil, with BC + PR demonstrating the highest efficacy in immobilizing Cd. The synergistic effect of BC + PR highlights their potential for Cd remediation. BC + PR effectively reduces the exchangeable fraction of Cd and Pb in soil, leading to their immobilization in more stable forms, such as the residual fraction. This study provides valuable insights into the remediation potential and P management benefits of BC and PR, highlighting their importance for sustainable agriculture and soil remediation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jhon Kenedy Moura Chagas
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, 70910-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Jorge Paz-Ferreiro
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, 3001, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Maqbool Z, Shahbaz Farooq M, Rafiq A, Uzair M, Yousuf M, Ramzan Khan M, Huo S. Unlocking the potential of biochar in the remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals for sustainable agriculture. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23257. [PMID: 38310926 DOI: 10.1071/fp23257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Agricultural soils contaminated with heavy metals (HMs) impose a threat to the environmental and to human health. Amendment with biochar could be an eco-friendly and cost-effective option to decrease HMs in contaminated soil. This paper reviews the application of biochar as a soil amendment to immobilise HMs in contaminated soil. We discuss the technologies of its preparation, their specific properties, and effect on the bioavailability of HMs. Biochar stabilises HMs in contaminated soil, enhance the overall quality of the contaminated soil, and significantly reduce HM uptake by plants, making it an option in soil remediation for HM contamination. Biochar enhances the physical (e.g. bulk density, soil structure, water holding capacity), chemical (e.g. cation exchange capacity, pH, nutrient availability, ion exchange, complexes), and biological properties (e.g. microbial abundance, enzymatic activities) of contaminated soil. Biochar also enhances soil fertility, improves plant growth, and reduces the plant availability of HMs. Various field studies have shown that biochar application reduces the bioavailability of HMs from contaminated soil while increasing crop yield. The review highlights the positive effects of biochar by reducing HM bioavailability in contaminated soils. Future work is recommended to ensure that biochars offer a safe and sustainable solution to remediate soils contaminated with HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubaira Maqbool
- School of Food Science and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; and Department of Soil Science and Environmental Science, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz Farooq
- School of Food Science and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; and Rice Research Program, Crop Sciences Institute (CSI), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Anum Rafiq
- Institute Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Muhammad Uzair
- National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agriculture Research Center (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yousuf
- Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC), G5, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agriculture Research Center (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shuhao Huo
- School of Food Science and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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