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Wang H, Wang Q, Cui L, Feng X, Dong P, Tan L, Lin L, Lian H, Cao S, Huang H, Cao P, Li XM. A molecularly defined amygdala-independent tetra-synaptic forebrain-to-hindbrain pathway for odor-driven innate fear and anxiety. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:514-526. [PMID: 38347199 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Fear-related disorders (for example, phobias and anxiety) cause a substantial public health problem. To date, studies of the neural basis of fear have mostly focused on the amygdala. Here we identify a molecularly defined amygdala-independent tetra-synaptic pathway for olfaction-evoked innate fear and anxiety in male mice. This pathway starts with inputs from the olfactory bulb mitral and tufted cells to pyramidal neurons in the dorsal peduncular cortex that in turn connect to cholecystokinin-expressing (Cck+) neurons in the superior part of lateral parabrachial nucleus, which project to tachykinin 1-expressing (Tac1+) neurons in the parasubthalamic nucleus. Notably, the identified pathway is specifically involved in odor-driven innate fear. Selective activation of this pathway induces innate fear, while its inhibition suppresses odor-driven innate fear. In addition, the pathway is both necessary and sufficient for stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors. These findings reveal a forebrain-to-hindbrain neural substrate for sensory-triggered fear and anxiety that bypasses the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine / Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liuzhe Cui
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Feng
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Dong
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liheng Tan
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Lian
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuxia Cao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiqian Huang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Cao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Center of Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Research Units for Emotion and Emotion Disorders, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences / Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China.
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Sato S, Magaji AM, Tominaga M, Sokabe T. Avoidance of thiazoline compound depends on multiple sensory pathways mediated by TrpA1 and ORs in Drosophila. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1249715. [PMID: 38188198 PMCID: PMC10771277 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1249715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are primary sensory molecules in animals and are involved in detecting a diverse range of physical and chemical cues in the environments. Considering the crucial role of TRPA1 channels in nocifensive behaviors and aversive responses across various insect species, activators of TRPA1 are promising candidates for insect pest control. In this study, we demonstrate that 2-methylthiazoline (2MT), an artificial volatile thiazoline compound originally identified as a stimulant for mouse TRPA1, can be utilized as a novel repellent for fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster. We observed that 2MT induced strong, dose-dependent avoidance behaviors in adult males, regardless of their feeding states, as well as egg laying behavior in females. These aversive responses were mediated by contact chemosensation via TrpA1 and olfaction via odorant receptors. Knocking down TrpA1 revealed the essential roles of bitter taste neurons and nociceptive neurons in the legs and labellum. Furthermore, among five isoforms, TrpA1-C and TrpA1-D exclusively contributed to the aversiveness of 2MT. We also discovered that these isoforms were directly activated by 2MT through covalent modification of evolutionarily conserved cysteine residues. In conclusion, we have identified 2MT as a stimulant for multiple sensory pathways, triggering aversive behaviors in fruit flies. We propose that 2MT and related chemicals may serve as potential resources for developing novel insect repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoma Sato
- Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Aliyu Mudassir Magaji
- Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sokabe
- Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
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Zhao J, Song Q, Wu Y, Yang L. Advances in neural circuits of innate fear defense behavior. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2023; 52:653-661. [PMID: 37899403 PMCID: PMC10630063 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Fear, a negative emotion triggered by dangerous stimuli, can lead to psychiatric disorders such as phobias, anxiety disorders, and depression. Investigating the neural circuitry underlying congenital fear can offer insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of related psychiatric conditions. Research on innate fear primarily centers on the response mechanisms to various sensory signals, including olfactory, visual and auditory stimuli. Different types of fear signal inputs are regulated by distinct neural circuits. The neural circuits of the main and accessory olfactory systems receive and process olfactory stimuli, mediating defensive responses like freezing. Escape behaviors elicited by visual stimuli are primarily regulated through the superior colliculus and hypothalamic projection circuits. Auditory stimuli-induced responses, including escape, are mainly mediated through auditory cortex projection circuits. In this article, we review the research progress on neural circuits of innate fear defensive behaviors in animals. We further discuss the different sensory systems, especially the projection circuits of olfactory, visual and auditory systems, to provide references for the mechanistic study of related mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhao
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine School of Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Qi Song
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine School of Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yongye Wu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine School of Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine School of Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Horváth K, Juhász B, Kuti D, Ferenczi S, Kovács KJ. Recruitment of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Neurons in Categorically Distinct Stress Reactions in the Mouse Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11736. [PMID: 37511494 PMCID: PMC10380650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) are in the position to integrate stress-related information and initiate adaptive neuroendocrine-, autonomic-, metabolic- and behavioral responses. In addition to hypophyseotropic cells, CRH is widely expressed in the CNS, however its involvement in the organization of the stress response is not fully understood. In these experiments, we took advantage of recently available Crh-IRES-Cre;Ai9 mouse line to study the recruitment of hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic CRH neurons in categorically distinct, acute stress reactions. A total of 95 brain regions in the adult male mouse brain have been identified as containing putative CRH neurons with significant expression of tdTomato marker gene. With comparison of CRH mRNA and tdTomato distribution, we found match and mismatch areas. Reporter mice were then exposed to restraint, ether, high salt, lipopolysaccharide and predator odor stress and neuronal activation was revealed by FOS immunocytochemistry. In addition to a core stress system, stressor-specific areas have been revealed to display activity marker FOS. Finally, activation of CRH neurons was detected by colocalization of FOS in tdTomato expressing cells. All stressors resulted in profound activation of CRH neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus; however, a differential activation of pattern was observed in CRH neurons in extrahypothalamic regions. This comprehensive description of stress-related CRH neurons in the mouse brain provides a starting point for a systematic functional analysis of the brain stress system and its relation to stress-induced psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Horváth
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Juhász
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Kuti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilamér Ferenczi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina J Kovács
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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Scott KA, Tan Y, Johnson DN, Elsaafien K, Baumer-Harrison C, Eikenberry SA, Sa JM, de Lartigue G, de Kloet AD, Krause EG. Mechanosensation of the heart and gut elicits hypometabolism and vigilance in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.29.547073. [PMID: 37425814 PMCID: PMC10327188 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.29.547073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Interoception broadly refers to awareness of one's internal milieu. Vagal sensory afferents monitor the internal milieu and maintain homeostasis by engaging brain circuits that alter physiology and behavior. While the importance of the body-to-brain communication that underlies interoception is implicit, the vagal afferents and corresponding brain circuits that shape perception of the viscera are largely unknown. Here, we use mice to parse neural circuits subserving interoception of the heart and gut. We determine vagal sensory afferents expressing the oxytocin receptor, hereafter referred to as NDGOxtr, send projections to the aortic arch or stomach and duodenum with molecular and structural features indicative of mechanosensation. Chemogenetic excitation of NDGOxtr significantly decreases food and water consumption, and remarkably, produces a torpor-like phenotype characterized by reductions in cardiac output, body temperature, and energy expenditure. Chemogenetic excitation of NDGOxtr also creates patterns of brain activity associated with augmented hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and behavioral indices of vigilance. Recurrent excitation of NDGOxtr suppresses food intake and lowers body mass, indicating that mechanosensation of the heart and gut can exert enduring effects on energy balance. These findings suggest that the sensation of vascular stretch and gastrointestinal distention may have profound effects on whole body metabolism and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A. Scott
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yalun Tan
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Dominique N. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Khalid Elsaafien
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Caitlin Baumer-Harrison
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sophia A. Eikenberry
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jessica M. Sa
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Annette D. de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Eric G. Krause
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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6
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Lu B, Fan P, Li M, Wang Y, Liang W, Yang G, Mo F, Xu Z, Shan J, Song Y, Liu J, Wu Y, Cai X. Detection of neuronal defensive discharge information transmission and characteristics in periaqueductal gray double-subregions using PtNP/PEDOT:PSS modified microelectrode arrays. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:70. [PMID: 37275263 PMCID: PMC10232427 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Threatened animals respond with appropriate defensive behaviors to survive. It has been accepted that midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) plays an essential role in the circuitry system and organizes defensive behavioral responses. However, the role and correlation of different PAG subregions in the expression of different defensive behaviors remain largely unexplored. Here, we designed and manufactured a microelectrode array (MEA) to simultaneously detect the activities of dPAG and vPAG neurons in freely behaving rats. To improve the detection performance of the MEAs, PtNP/PEDOT:PSS nanocomposites were modified onto the MEAs. Subsequently, the predator odor was used to induce the rat's innate fear, and the changes and information transmission in neuronal activities were detected in the dPAG and vPAG. Our results showed that the dPAG and vPAG participated in innate fear, but the activation degree was distinct in different defense behaviors. During flight, neuronal responses were stronger and earlier in the dPAG than the vPAG, while vPAG neurons responded more strongly during freezing. By applying high-performance MEA, it was revealed that neural information spread from the activated dPAG to the weakly activated vPAG. Our research also revealed that dPAG and vPAG neurons exhibited different defensive discharge characteristics, and dPAG neurons participated in the regulation of defense responses with burst-firing patterns. The slow activation and continuous firing of vPAG neurons cooresponded with the regulation of long-term freezing responses. The results demonstrated the important role of PAG neuronal activities in controlling different aspects of defensive behaviors and provided novel insights for investigating defense from the electrophysiological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Penghui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yiding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Gucheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Fan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zhaojie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yilin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Juntao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yirong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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7
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Silverman HA, Tynan A, Hepler TD, Chang EH, Gunasekaran M, Li JH, Huerta TS, Tsaava T, Chang Q, Addorisio ME, Chen AC, Thompson DA, Pavlov VA, Brines M, Tracey KJ, Chavan SS. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1-expressing vagus nerve fibers mediate IL-1β induced hypothermia and reflex anti-inflammatory responses. Mol Med 2023; 29:4. [PMID: 36650454 PMCID: PMC9847185 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation, the physiological response to infection and injury, is coordinated by the immune and nervous systems. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and other cytokines produced during inflammatory responses activate sensory neurons (nociceptors) to mediate the onset of pain, sickness behavior, and metabolic responses. Although nociceptors expressing Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) can initiate inflammation, comparatively little is known about the role of TRPA1 nociceptors in the physiological responses to specific cytokines. METHODS To monitor body temperature in conscious and unrestrained mice, telemetry probes were implanted into peritoneal cavity of mice. Using transgenic and tissue specific knockouts and chemogenetic techniques, we recorded temperature responses to the potent pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Using calcium imaging, whole cell patch clamping and whole nerve recordings, we investigated the role of TRPA1 during IL-1β-mediated neuronal activation. Mouse models of acute endotoxemia and sepsis were used to elucidate how specific activation, with optogenetics and chemogenetics, or ablation of TRPA1 neurons can affect the outcomes of inflammatory insults. All statistical tests were performed with GraphPad Prism 9 software and for all analyses, P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Here, we describe a previously unrecognized mechanism by which IL-1β activates afferent vagus nerve fibers to trigger hypothermia, a response which is abolished by selective silencing of neuronal TRPA1. Afferent vagus nerve TRPA1 signaling also inhibits endotoxin-stimulated cytokine storm and significantly reduces the lethality of bacterial sepsis. CONCLUSION Thus, IL-1β activates TRPA1 vagus nerve signaling in the afferent arm of a reflex anti-inflammatory response which inhibits cytokine release, induces hypothermia, and reduces the mortality of infection. This discovery establishes that TRPA1, an ion channel known previously as a pro-inflammatory detector of cold, pain, itch, and a wide variety of noxious molecules, also plays a specific anti-inflammatory role via activating reflex anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Silverman
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Aisling Tynan
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Tyler D Hepler
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Eric H Chang
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Manojkumar Gunasekaran
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Jian Hua Li
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Tomás S Huerta
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Tea Tsaava
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Meghan E Addorisio
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Adrian C Chen
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Dane A Thompson
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Michael Brines
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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8
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Kondev V, Morgan A, Najeed M, Winters ND, Kingsley PJ, Marnett L, Patel S. The Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Bidirectionally Modulates Acute and Protracted Effects of Predator Odor Exposure. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:739-749. [PMID: 35961791 PMCID: PMC9827751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress-related disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, characterized by excess fear and enhanced avoidance of trauma triggers. Elucidating the mechanisms regulating temporally distinct aspects of innate and conditioned fear responses could facilitate novel therapeutic development for stress-related disorders. One potential target that has recently emerged is the endocannabinoid system, which has been reported to mediate the physiological response to stress and represents an important substrate underlying individual differences in stress susceptibility. METHODS Here, we exposed male and female CD-1 mice to an innate predator stressor, 2MT (2-methyl-2-thiazoline), to investigate the ability of endocannabinoid signaling to modulate temporally distinct innate and conditioned fear behaviors. RESULTS We found that 2MT exposure increased amygdala 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol) content and selectively increased excitability in central, but not basolateral, amygdala neurons. We also found that pharmacological 2-AG augmentation during stress exposure exacerbated both acute freezing responses and central amygdala hyperexcitability via cannabinoid receptor type 1- and type 2-dependent mechanisms. Finally, 2-AG augmentation during stress exposure reduced long-term contextual conditioned freezing, and 2-AG augmentation 24 hours after stress exposure reduced conditioned avoidance behavior. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a bidirectional effect of 2-AG augmentation on innate and conditioned fear behavior, with enhancement of 2-AG levels during stress promoting innate fear responses but ultimately resulting in long-term conditioned fear reduction. These data could reconcile contradictory data on the role of 2-AG in the regulation of innate and conditioned fear-related behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kondev
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Amanda Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mustafa Najeed
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nathan D Winters
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Philip J Kingsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lawrence Marnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sachin Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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9
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Onoe A, Muroya T, Nakamura F, Ikegawa H, Kuwagata Y, Kobayakawa R, Kobayakawa K. EFFECTS OF 2-METHYL-2-THIAZOLINE ON CIRCULATORY DYNAMICS AND INTESTINAL VASCULAR SYSTEM IN RABBITS WITH ENDOTOXIC SHOCK. Shock 2022; 58:341-347. [PMID: 36256628 PMCID: PMC9584048 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We hypothesized that circulatory and jejunal mucosal blood flow would improve after 2-methyl-2thiazoline (2MT) administration in endotoxic shock. This study aimed to evaluate changes in systemic circulation and in superior mesenteric venous (SMV) blood flow and jejunal mucosal tissue blood flow of the intestinal vascular system over time after administration of 2MT in rabbits with endotoxic shock. We created four groups (n = 6 each): control group, LPS (1 mg/kg) group, 2MT (80 mg/kg) group, and LPS-2MT group. As indicators of circulation, we measured MAP, heart rate, cardiac index, lactic acid level, SMV blood flow, and jejunal mucosal tissue blood flow every 30 min from 0 to 240 min. The drop in MAP observed in the LPS group was suppressed by 2MT administration. Superior mesenteric venous blood flow dropped temporarily with LPS administration but then rose thereafter. After administration of 2MT to the LPS group, SMV blood flow began to rise earlier than that in the LPS group and did not decline below that of the control group thereafter. In the LPS group, jejunal mucosal tissue blood flow transiently decreased and then increased but at a lower level than that in the control group. However, in the LPS-2MT group, although a transient decrease in jejunal mucosal tissue blood flow was observed, its flow then improved to the level of the control group. An interaction between 2MT and LPS was observed for jejunal mucosal tissue blood flow from 90 to 180 min and at 240 min (P < 0.05). We showed that 2MT maintained MAP and improved SMV blood flow and jejunal mucosal tissue blood flow. In a rabbit model of endotoxic shock, 2MT had a positive effect on MAP and jejunal mucosal tissue blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Onoe
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Muroya
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiko Nakamura
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ikegawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kuwagata
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Reiko Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ko Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Nishi M, Ogata T, Kobayakawa K, Kobayakawa R, Matsuo T, Cannistraci CV, Tomita S, Taminishi S, Suga T, Kitani T, Higuchi Y, Sakamoto A, Tsuji Y, Soga T, Matoba S. Energy-sparing by 2-methyl-2-thiazoline protects heart from ischaemia/reperfusion injury. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 9:428-441. [PMID: 34854235 PMCID: PMC8787978 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains a critical issue in the therapeutic management of ischaemic heart failure. Although mild hypothermia has a protective effect on cardiac I/R injury, more rapid and safe methods that can obtain similar results to hypothermia therapy are required. 2-Methyl-2-thiazoline (2MT), an innate fear inducer, causes mild hypothermia resulting in resistance to critical hypoxia in cutaneous or cerebral I/R injury. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the protective effect of systemically administered 2MT on cardiac I/R injury and to elucidate the mechanism underlying this effect. METHODS AND RESULTS A single subcutaneous injection of 2MT (50 mg/kg) was given prior to reperfusion of the I/R injured 10 week-old male mouse heart and its efficacy was evaluated 24 h after the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. 2MT preserved left ventricular systolic function following I/R injury (ejection fraction, %: control 37.9 ± 6.7, 2MT 54.1 ± 6.4, P < 0.01). 2MT also decreased infarct size (infarct size/ischaemic area at risk, %: control 48.3 ± 12.1, 2MT 25.6 ± 4.2, P < 0.05) and serum cardiac troponin levels (ng/mL: control 8.9 ± 1.1, 2MT 1.9 ± 0.1, P < 0.01) after I/R. Moreover, 2MT reduced the oxidative stress-exposed area within the heart (%: control 25.3 ± 4.7, 2MT 10.8 ± 1.4, P < 0.01). These results were supported by microarray analysis of the mouse hearts. 2MT induced a transient, mild decrease in core body temperature (°C: -2.4 ± 1.4), which gradually recovered over several hours. Metabolome analysis of the mouse hearts suggested that 2MT minimized energy metabolism towards suppressing oxidative stress. Furthermore, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging revealed that 2MT reduced the activity of brown adipose tissue (standardized uptake value: control 24.3 ± 6.4, 2MT 18.4 ± 5.8, P < 0.05). 2MT also inhibited mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in rat cardiomyoblasts. CONCLUSIONS We identified the cardioprotective effect of systemically administered 2MT on cardiac I/R injury by sparing energy metabolism with reversible hypothermia. Our results highlight the potential of drug-induced hypothermia therapy as an adjunct to coronary intervention in severe ischaemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Takehiro Ogata
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ko Kobayakawa
- Functional Neuroscience Lab, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Reiko Kobayakawa
- Functional Neuroscience Lab, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Matsuo
- Functional Neuroscience Lab, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Carlo Vittorio Cannistraci
- Center for Complex Network Intelligence (CCNI), Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence (THBI), Department of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, China.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Shinya Tomita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunta Taminishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaomi Suga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kitani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Higuchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Sakamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumika Tsuji
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Liu C, Lee CY, Asher G, Cao L, Terakoshi Y, Cao P, Kobayakawa R, Kobayakawa K, Sakurai K, Liu Q. Posterior subthalamic nucleus (PSTh) mediates innate fear-associated hypothermia in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2648. [PMID: 33976193 PMCID: PMC8113537 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22914-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural mechanisms of fear-associated thermoregulation remain unclear. Innate fear odor 2-methyl-2-thiazoline (2MT) elicits rapid hypothermia and elevated tail temperature, indicative of vasodilation-induced heat dissipation, in wild-type mice, but not in mice lacking Trpa1-the chemosensor for 2MT. Here we report that Trpa1-/- mice show diminished 2MT-evoked c-fos expression in the posterior subthalamic nucleus (PSTh), external lateral parabrachial subnucleus (PBel) and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Whereas tetanus toxin light chain-mediated inactivation of NTS-projecting PSTh neurons suppress, optogenetic activation of direct PSTh-rostral NTS pathway induces hypothermia and tail vasodilation. Furthermore, selective opto-stimulation of 2MT-activated, PSTh-projecting PBel neurons by capturing activated neuronal ensembles (CANE) causes hypothermia. Conversely, chemogenetic suppression of vGlut2+ neurons in PBel or PSTh, or PSTh-projecting PBel neurons attenuates 2MT-evoked hypothermia and tail vasodilation. These studies identify PSTh as a major thermoregulatory hub that connects PBel to NTS to mediate 2MT-evoked innate fear-associated hypothermia and tail vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-NIBS Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China
| | - Chia-Ying Lee
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Greg Asher
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Liqin Cao
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuka Terakoshi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Peng Cao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research (TIMBR), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Reiko Kobayakawa
- Department of Functional Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ko Kobayakawa
- Department of Functional Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuyasu Sakurai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Qinghua Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China.
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research (TIMBR), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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12
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Matsuo T, Isosaka T, Hayashi Y, Tang L, Doi A, Yasuda A, Hayashi M, Lee CY, Cao L, Kutsuna N, Matsunaga S, Matsuda T, Yao I, Setou M, Kanagawa D, Higasa K, Ikawa M, Liu Q, Kobayakawa R, Kobayakawa K. Thiazoline-related innate fear stimuli orchestrate hypothermia and anti-hypoxia via sensory TRPA1 activation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2074. [PMID: 33824316 PMCID: PMC8024280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiazoline-related innate fear-eliciting compounds (tFOs) orchestrate hypothermia, hypometabolism, and anti-hypoxia, which enable survival in lethal hypoxic conditions. Here, we show that most of these effects are severely attenuated in transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (Trpa1) knockout mice. TFO-induced hypothermia involves the Trpa1-mediated trigeminal/vagal pathways and non-Trpa1 olfactory pathway. TFOs activate Trpa1-positive sensory pathways projecting from trigeminal and vagal ganglia to the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5) and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and their artificial activation induces hypothermia. TFO presentation activates the NTS-Parabrachial nucleus pathway to induce hypothermia and hypometabolism; this activation was suppressed in Trpa1 knockout mice. TRPA1 activation is insufficient to trigger tFO-mediated anti-hypoxic effects; Sp5/NTS activation is also necessary. Accordingly, we find a novel molecule that enables mice to survive in a lethal hypoxic condition ten times longer than known tFOs. Combinations of appropriate tFOs and TRPA1 command intrinsic physiological responses relevant to survival fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Matsuo
- Department of Functional Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Isosaka
- Department of Functional Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hayashi
- Department of Functional Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lijun Tang
- Department of Functional Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Doi
- Department of Functional Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aiko Yasuda
- Department of Functional Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikio Hayashi
- Department of Cellular and Functional Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chia-Ying Lee
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Liqin Cao
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Natsumaro Kutsuna
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
- LPixel Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsuda
- Department of Optical Imaging, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, PMPERC and IMIC, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yao
- Department of Optical Imaging, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, PMPERC and IMIC, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Setou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy and IMIC, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Dai Kanagawa
- Department of Functional Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Higasa
- Department of Genome Analysis, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Qinghua Liu
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Reiko Kobayakawa
- Department of Functional Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Ko Kobayakawa
- Department of Functional Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.
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