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Dai S, Zhang GCX, Xiang Y, Liu Y, Wang H, Zhao F, Shu Q. Taxus chinensis var. mairei (Lemée et Lévl) Cheng et L.K. Fu overcomes the resistance to osimertinib in EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer via suppression of ERK1/2-related cholesterol biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118586. [PMID: 39032664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acquired resistance to osimertinib limits its clinical efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with EGFR mutations. The widespread recognition of Taxus chinensis var. Mairei (Lemée et Lévl) Cheng et L.K. Fu (Chinese yew) as a natural anti-cancer medication is well-established. However, the specific contribution of Taxus chinensis var. Mairei (Lemée et Lévl) Cheng et L.K. Fu in addressing resistance to osimertinib is still uncertain. AIM OF THE STUDY Based on the biological behaviors and lipid metabolism, we investigated whether aqueous extract of Taxus chinensis var. Mairei (Lemée et Lévl) Cheng et L.K. Fu (AETC) could enhance the antitumor effect of osimertinib in NSCLC with an investigation on the precise mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of AETC on enhancing osimertinib sensitivity was assessed via cell viability measurements, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and lipid levels. Western blotting was used to verify the mechanisms of AETC responsible for overcoming the resistance to osimertinib via ERK1/2 overexpression and knockdown models. In vivo validation was conducted using subcutaneous xenografts from osimertinib-resistant cells in nude mice. RESULTS Osimertinib-resistant cells exhibited altered cholesterol biosynthesis, which was induced by ERK1/2 activation. The combination of AETC and osimertinib can synergistically decrease the levels of ROS in cells, enhance apoptosis, and inhibit the growth of osimertinib-resistant cells. Mechanistic experiments demonstrated that AETC can downregulate the key regulators of cholesterol biosynthesis by regulating ERK1/2, inhibiting the endogenous synthesis rate of cholesterol, and suppressing the level of lipids in osimertinib-resistant cells and xenograft tumors when combined with osimertinib, ultimately reversing resistance to osimertinib. CONCLUSIONS The resistance to osimertinib is significantly influenced by cholesterol biosynthesis, highlighting its pivotal role in this context. AETC can enhance osimertinib sensitivity via ERK/SREBP-2/HMGCR-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis. These results provide a promising therapeutic target and potential treatment option for resistance to osimertinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Dai
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China; Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gao-Chen-Xi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yuying Xiang
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Haibing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Fangmin Zhao
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qijin Shu
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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Cho D, Lee HM, Kim JA, Song JG, Hwang SH, Lee B, Park J, Tran KM, Kim J, Vo PNL, Bae J, Pimt T, Lee K, Gsponer J, Kim HW, Na D. Autoinhibited Protein Database: a curated database of autoinhibitory domains and their autoinhibition mechanisms. Database (Oxford) 2024; 2024:baae085. [PMID: 39192607 DOI: 10.1093/database/baae085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Autoinhibition, a crucial allosteric self-regulation mechanism in cell signaling, ensures signal propagation exclusively in the presence of specific molecular inputs. The heightened focus on autoinhibited proteins stems from their implication in human diseases, positioning them as potential causal factors or therapeutic targets. However, the absence of a comprehensive knowledgebase impedes a thorough understanding of their roles and applications in drug discovery. Addressing this gap, we introduce Autoinhibited Protein Database (AiPD), a curated database standardizing information on autoinhibited proteins. AiPD encompasses details on autoinhibitory domains (AIDs), their targets, regulatory mechanisms, experimental validation methods, and implications in diseases, including associated mutations and post-translational modifications. AiPD comprises 698 AIDs from 532 experimentally characterized autoinhibited proteins and 2695 AIDs from their 2096 homologs, which were retrieved from 864 published articles. AiPD also includes 42 520 AIDs of computationally predicted autoinhibited proteins. In addition, AiPD facilitates users in investigating potential AIDs within a query sequence through comparisons with documented autoinhibited proteins. As the inaugural autoinhibited protein repository, AiPD significantly aids researchers studying autoinhibition mechanisms and their alterations in human diseases. It is equally valuable for developing computational models, analyzing allosteric protein regulation, predicting new drug targets, and understanding intervention mechanisms AiPD serves as a valuable resource for diverse researchers, contributing to the understanding and manipulation of autoinhibition in cellular processes. Database URL: http://ssbio.cau.ac.kr/databases/AiPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeahn Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Hyang-Mi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Ji Ah Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Song
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hee Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Bomi Lee
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsil Park
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Kha Mong Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Ngoc Lam Vo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Jooeun Bae
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Teerapat Pimt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Kangseok Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jörg Gsponer
- Center for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2125 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hyung Wook Kim
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyun Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
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Mustafa M, Abbas K, Alam M, Habib S, Zulfareen, Hasan GM, Islam S, Shamsi A, Hassan I. Investigating underlying molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, emerging therapeutic approaches in pancreatic cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1427802. [PMID: 39087024 PMCID: PMC11288929 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1427802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, a clinically challenging malignancy constitutes a significant contributor to cancer-related mortality, characterized by an inherently poor prognosis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by examining its multifaceted etiologies, including genetic mutations and environmental factors. The review explains the complex molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and summarizes current therapeutic strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and emerging modalities such as immunotherapy. Critical molecular pathways driving pancreatic cancer development, including KRAS, Notch, and Hedgehog, are discussed. Current therapeutic strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, are discussed, with an emphasis on their limitations, particularly in terms of postoperative relapse. Promising research areas, including liquid biopsies, personalized medicine, and gene editing, are explored, demonstrating the significant potential for enhancing diagnosis and treatment. While immunotherapy presents promising prospects, it faces challenges related to immune evasion mechanisms. Emerging research directions, encompassing liquid biopsies, personalized medicine, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, and computational intelligence applications, hold promise for refining diagnostic approaches and therapeutic interventions. By integrating insights from genetic, molecular, and clinical research, innovative strategies that improve patient outcomes can be developed. Ongoing research in these emerging fields holds significant promise for advancing the diagnosis and treatment of this formidable malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Kashif Abbas
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mudassir Alam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Safia Habib
- Department of Biochemistry, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Zulfareen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sidra Islam
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research (CMBHSR), Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Nigam M, Devi K, Coutinho HDM, Mishra AP. Exploration of gut microbiome and inflammation: A review on key signalling pathways. Cell Signal 2024; 118:111140. [PMID: 38492625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiome, a crucial component of the human system, is a diverse collection of microbes that belong to the gut of human beings as well as other animals. These microbial communities continue to coexist harmoniously with their host organisms and perform various functions that affect the host's general health. Each person's gut microbiota has a unique makeup. The gut microbiota is well acknowledged to have a part in the local as well as systemic inflammation that underlies a number of inflammatory disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease).The gut microbiota's metabolic products, such as short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, propionate, and acetate) inhibit inflammation by preventing immune system cells like macrophages and neutrophils from producing pro-inflammatory factors, which are triggered by the structural elements of bacteria (like lipopolysaccharide). The review's primary goal is to provide comprehensive and compiled data regarding the contribution of gut microbiota to inflammation and the associated signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Kanchan Devi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
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Pessino G, Scotti C, Maggi M, Immuno-Hub Consortium. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Old and Emerging Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:901. [PMID: 38473265 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer, predominantly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), globally ranks sixth in incidence and third in cancer-related deaths. HCC risk factors include non-viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, environmental exposures, and genetic factors. No specific genetic alterations are unequivocally linked to HCC tumorigenesis. Current standard therapies include surgical options, systemic chemotherapy, and kinase inhibitors, like sorafenib and regorafenib. Immunotherapy, targeting immune checkpoints, represents a promising avenue. FDA-approved checkpoint inhibitors, such as atezolizumab and pembrolizumab, show efficacy, and combination therapies enhance clinical responses. Despite this, the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a challenge, as the complex tumor ecosystem and the immunosuppressive microenvironment associated with it hamper the efficacy of the available therapeutic approaches. This review explores current and advanced approaches to treat HCC, considering both known and new potential targets, especially derived from proteomic analysis, which is today considered as the most promising approach. Exploring novel strategies, this review discusses antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T), and engineered antibodies. It then reports a systematic analysis of the main ligand/receptor pairs and molecular pathways reported to be overexpressed in tumor cells, highlighting their potential and limitations. Finally, it discusses TGFβ, one of the most promising targets of the HCC microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Pessino
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Scotti
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maristella Maggi
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Immuno-Hub Consortium
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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de Oliveira Pereira FS, Oliveira de Souza ME, Viçozzi GP, Caurio AC, Pinton S, Denardin CC, Haas SE, Gasparotto Denardin EL, Ávila DS. Bougainvillea glabra Choisy bracts extract in free and liposomal forms reduce hyperplasia induced by let-60gain-of-function in Caenorhabditis elegans. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202300865. [PMID: 38180793 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the toxicological and antiproliferative effects of B. glabra Choisy bract extract (BGCE) in its free and loaded into liposomes forms administered to C. elegans mutants with let-60 gain-of-function (gf). Our results demonstrated that the concentration up to 75 μg CAE/mL of BGCE was safe for the worms. Notably, we developed BGCE-loaded liposomes to extend the pharmacological window up to 100 μg CAE/mL without toxicity. In addition, the extract and liposomes reduced the number and area of the multivulva formed in let-60 gf mutants. There was also an increase in the apoptotic signaling in the germline cells and increased longevity mediated through DAF-16 nuclear translocation with GST-4 activation in the treated animals. Our findings demonstrated that the BGCE-loaded liposomes possess antitumoral effects due to the activation of the apoptotic signaling and DAF-16 nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Eduarda Oliveira de Souza
- Research Group in Toxicology and Biochemistry in Caenorhabditis elegans, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pedroso Viçozzi
- Research Group in Toxicology and Biochemistry in Caenorhabditis elegans, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Castro Caurio
- Physicochemical Studies and Natural Products Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Pinton
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Casagrande Denardin
- Research Group in Toxicology and Biochemistry in Bioactive Compounds, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Research Group in Toxicology and Biochemistry in Caenorhabditis elegans, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
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Saleh Z, Moccia MC, Ladd Z, Joneja U, Li Y, Spitz F, Hong YK, Gao T. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Signaling Pathways and Epigenetic Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1331. [PMID: 38279330 PMCID: PMC10816436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are characterized by dysregulated signaling pathways that are crucial for tumor formation and progression. The efficacy of traditional therapies is limited, particularly in the treatment of PNETs at an advanced stage. Epigenetic alterations profoundly impact the activity of signaling pathways in cancer development, offering potential opportunities for drug development. There is currently a lack of extensive research on epigenetic regulation in PNETs. To fill this gap, we first summarize major signaling events that are involved in PNET development. Then, we discuss the epigenetic regulation of these signaling pathways in the context of both PNETs and commonly occurring-and therefore more extensively studied-malignancies. Finally, we will offer a perspective on the future research direction of the PNET epigenome and its potential applications in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zena Saleh
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Matthew C. Moccia
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zachary Ladd
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Upasana Joneja
- Department of Pathology, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Yahui Li
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Francis Spitz
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Young Ki Hong
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
- Camden Cancer Research Center, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
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Aruwa CE, Sabiu S. Adipose tissue inflammation linked to obesity: A review of current understanding, therapies and relevance of phyto-therapeutics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23114. [PMID: 38163110 PMCID: PMC10755291 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a current global challenge affecting all ages and is characterized by the up-regulated secretion of bioactive factors/pathways which result in adipose tissue inflammation (ATI). Current obesity therapies are mainly focused on lifestyle (diet/nutrition) changes. This is because many chemosynthetic anti-obesogenic medications cause adverse effects like diarrhoea, dyspepsia, and faecal incontinence, among others. As such, it is necessary to appraise the efficacies and mechanisms of action of safer, natural alternatives like plant-sourced compounds, extracts [extractable phenol (EP) and macromolecular antioxidant (MA) extracts], and anti-inflammatory peptides, among others, with a view to providing a unique approach to obesity care. These natural alternatives may constitute potent therapies for ATI linked to obesity. The potential of MA compounds (analysed for the first time in this review) and extracts in ATI and obesity management is elucidated upon, while also highlighting research gaps and future prospects. Furthermore, immune cells, signalling pathways, genes, and adipocyte cytokines play key roles in ATI responses and are targeted in certain therapies. As a result, this review gives an in-depth appraisal of ATI linked to obesity, its causes, mechanisms, and effects of past, present, and future therapies for reversal and alleviation of ATI. Achieving a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality rates attributed to ATI linked to obesity and related comorbidities is possible as research improves our understanding over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Eleojo Aruwa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Lv JL, Zheng KY, Wang XY, Li MW. Advances in the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway in silkworms, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22054. [PMID: 37700521 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Signaling pathways regulate the transmission of signals during organism growth and development, promoting the smooth and accurate completion of numerous physiological and biochemical reactions. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway is an essential pathway involved in regulating various physiological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, and more. This pathway also contributes to several important physiological processes in silkworms, including protein synthesis, reproduction, and immune defense against pathogens. Organizing related studies on the ERK signaling pathway in silkworms can provide a better understanding of its mechanism in Lepidopterans and develop a theoretical foundation for improving cocoon production and new strategies for pest biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Li Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kai-Yi Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xue-Yang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mu-Wang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhenjiang, China
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Thomas P, Pang Y, Kelder J. Membrane progesterone receptors on the cell membrane: A review highlighting potential export motifs in mPRα regulating its trafficking to the cell surface. Steroids 2023; 199:109295. [PMID: 37558174 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the nongenomic actions, ligand binding, intracellular signaling pathways, and functions of membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) in reproductive and nonreproductive tissues since their discovery 20 years ago. The five mPRs are members of the progestin adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family which also includes adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs). However, unlike AdipoRs, the 3-D structures of mPRs are unknown, and their structural characteristics remain poorly understood. The mechanisms regulating mPR functions and their trafficking to the cell surface have received little attention and have not been systematically reviewed. This paper summarizes some structural aspects of mPRs, including the ligand binding pocket of mPRα recently derived from homology modeling with AdipoRs, and the proposed topology of mPRs from the preponderance of positively charged amino acid residues in their intracellular domains. The mechanisms of trafficking membrane receptors to the cell surface are discussed, including the amino acid motifs involved with their export to the cell surface, the roles of adaptor proteins, and post-translational glycosylation and palmitoylation modifications that promote cell surface expression and retention. Evidence for similar mechanisms regulating the expression and functions of mPRs on the cell surface is discussed, including the identification of potential export motifs on mPRα required for its trafficking to the cell membrane. Collectively, these results have identified several potential mechanisms regulating the expression and functions of mPRs on the cell membrane for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomas
- University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.
| | - Yefei Pang
- University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Jan Kelder
- Theoretical & Computational Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Le MT, Nguyen HT, Nguyen XH, Do XH, Mai BT, Ngoc Nguyen HT, Trang Than UT, Nguyen TH. Regulation and therapeutic potentials of microRNAs to non-small cell lung cancer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22080. [PMID: 38058618 PMCID: PMC10696070 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for 80%-85% of total cases and leading to millions of deaths worldwide. Drug resistance is the primary cause of treatment failure in NSCLC, which urges scientists to develop advanced approaches for NSCLC treatment. Among novel approaches, the miRNA-based method has emerged as a potential approach as it allows researchers to modulate target gene expression. Subsequently, cell behaviors are altered, which leads to the death and the depletion of cancer cells. It has been reported that miRNAs possess the capacity to regulate multiple genes that are involved in various signaling pathways, including the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, receptor tyrosine kinase/rat sarcoma virus/mitogen-activated protein kinase, wingless/integrated, retinoblastoma, p53, transforming growth factor β, and nuclear factor-kappa B pathways. Dysregulation of these signaling pathways in NSCLC results in abnormal cell proliferation, tissue invasion, and drug resistance while inhibiting apoptosis. Thus, understanding the roles of miRNAs in regulating these signaling pathways may enable the development of novel NSCLC treatment therapies. However, a comprehensive review of potential miRNAs in NSCLC treatment has been lacking. Therefore, this review aims to fill the gap by summarizing the up-to-date information on miRNAs regarding their targets, impact on cancer-associated pathways, and prospective outcomes in treating NSCLC. We also discuss current technologies for delivering miRNAs to the target cells, including virus-based, non-viral, and emerging extracellular vesicle-based delivery systems. This knowledge will support future studies to develop an innovative miRNA-based therapy and select a suitable carrier to treat NSCLC effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Thi Le
- Vinmec Hi-tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Huyen-Thu Nguyen
- Vinmec Hi-tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Xuan-Hung Nguyen
- Vinmec Hi-tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- College of Health Sciences, Vin University, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- Vinmec-VinUni Institute of Immunology, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Xuan-Hai Do
- Department of Gastroenterology, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Binh Thanh Mai
- Department of Practical and Experimental Surgery, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung Street, Phuc La, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thi Ngoc Nguyen
- Vinmec Hi-tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Uyen Thi Trang Than
- Vinmec Hi-tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
- Vinmec-VinUni Institute of Immunology, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh-Hong Nguyen
- Vinmec Hi-tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
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12
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Hashimoto R, Koide H, Katoh Y. MEK inhibitors increase the mortality rate in mice with LPS-induced inflammation through IL-12-NO signaling. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:374. [PMID: 37833247 PMCID: PMC10575927 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01674-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin that can cause an acute inflammatory response. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most important innate immune system components and is synthesized by inducible NOS (iNOS) in macrophages in response to stimulation with LPS. LPS activates the RAS-RAF-mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK)-extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade in macrophages. The purpose of this study was to examine how the combination of LPS and MEK inhibitors, which have been used as anticancer agents in recent years, affects inflammation. We showed that MEK inhibitors enhanced iNOS expression and NO production in LPS-stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. A MEK inhibitor increased the mortality rate in mice with LPS-induced inflammation. The expression of the cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) in macrophages was enhanced by the MEK inhibitor, as shown by a cytokine array and ELISA. IL-12 enhanced iNOS expression and NO production in response to LPS. We also showed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) was secreted by macrophage after stimulation with LPS and that TNF-α and IL-12 synergistically induced iNOS expression and NO production. An anti-IL-12 neutralizing antibody prevented NO production and mortality in an LPS-induced inflammation mouse model in the presence of a MEK inhibitor. These results suggest that the MEK inhibitor increases the mortality rate in mice with LPS-induced inflammation through IL-12-NO signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Koide
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Research, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Youichi Katoh
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Juntendo University Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8421, Japan.
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13
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Reynolds SB, Pettit K, Kandarpa M, Talpaz M, Li Q. Exploring the Molecular Landscape of Myelofibrosis, with a Focus on Ras and Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4654. [PMID: 37760623 PMCID: PMC10527328 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelofibrosis (MF) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) characterized clinically by cytopenias, fatigue, and splenomegaly stemming from extramedullary hematopoiesis. MF commonly arises from mutations in JAK2, MPL, and CALR, which manifests as hyperactive Jak/Stat signaling. Triple-negative MF is diagnosed in the absence of JAK2, MPL, and CALR but when clinical, morphologic criteria are met and other mutation(s) is/are present, including ASXL1, EZH2, and SRSF2. While the clinical and classic molecular features of MF are well-established, emerging evidence indicates that additional mutations, specifically within the Ras/MAP Kinase signaling pathway, are present and may play important role in disease pathogenesis and treatment response. KRAS and NRAS mutations alone are reportedly present in up to 15 and 14% of patients with MF (respectively), and other mutations predicted to activate Ras signaling, such as CBL, NF1, BRAF, and PTPN11, collectively exist in as much as 21% of patients. Investigations into the prevalence of RAS and related pathway mutations in MF and the mechanisms by which they contribute to its pathogenesis are critical in better understanding this condition and ultimately in the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Reynolds
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (K.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Kristen Pettit
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (K.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Malathi Kandarpa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Moshe Talpaz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (K.P.); (M.T.)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Qing Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (K.P.); (M.T.)
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14
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Bazgir F, Nau J, Nakhaei-Rad S, Amin E, Wolf MJ, Saucerman JJ, Lorenz K, Ahmadian MR. The Microenvironment of the Pathogenesis of Cardiac Hypertrophy. Cells 2023; 12:1780. [PMID: 37443814 PMCID: PMC10341218 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is a key risk factor for the development of heart failure and predisposes individuals to cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death. While physiological cardiac hypertrophy is adaptive, hypertrophy resulting from conditions comprising hypertension, aortic stenosis, or genetic mutations, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is maladaptive. Here, we highlight the essential role and reciprocal interactions involving both cardiomyocytes and non-myocardial cells in response to pathological conditions. Prolonged cardiovascular stress causes cardiomyocytes and non-myocardial cells to enter an activated state releasing numerous pro-hypertrophic, pro-fibrotic, and pro-inflammatory mediators such as vasoactive hormones, growth factors, and cytokines, i.e., commencing signaling events that collectively cause cardiac hypertrophy. Fibrotic remodeling is mediated by cardiac fibroblasts as the central players, but also endothelial cells and resident and infiltrating immune cells enhance these processes. Many of these hypertrophic mediators are now being integrated into computational models that provide system-level insights and will help to translate our knowledge into new pharmacological targets. This perspective article summarizes the last decades' advances in cardiac hypertrophy research and discusses the herein-involved complex myocardial microenvironment and signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Bazgir
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (J.N.)
| | - Julia Nau
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (J.N.)
| | - Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- Stem Cell Biology, and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, Iran;
| | - Ehsan Amin
- Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Matthew J. Wolf
- Department of Medicine and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Jeffry J. Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (J.N.)
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15
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Bardwell AJ, Paul M, Yoneda KC, Andrade-Ludeña MD, Nguyen OT, Fruman DA, Bardwell L. The WW domain of IQGAP1 binds directly to the p110α catalytic subunit of PI 3-kinase. Biochem J 2023; 480:BCJ20220493. [PMID: 37145016 PMCID: PMC10625650 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
IQGAP1 is a multi-domain cancer-associated protein that serves as a scaffold protein for multiple signaling pathways. Numerous binding partners have been found for the calponin homology, IQ and GAP-related domains in IQGAP1. Identification of a binding partner for its WW domain has proven elusive, however, even though a cell-penetrating peptide derived from this domain has marked anti-tumor activity. Here, using in vitro binding assays with human proteins and co-precipitation from human cells, we show that the WW domain of human IQGAP1 binds directly to the p110α catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). In contrast, the WW domain does not bind to ERK1/2, MEK1/2, or the p85α regulatory subunit of PI3K when p85α is expressed alone. However, the WW domain is able to bind to the p110α/p85α heterodimer when both subunits are co-expressed, as well as to the mutationally activated p110α/p65α heterodimer. We present a model of the structure of the IQGAP1 WW domain, and experimentally identify key residues in the hydrophobic core and beta strands of the WW domain that are required for binding to p110α. These findings contribute to a more precise understanding of IQGAP1-mediated scaffolding, and of how IQGAP1-derived therapeutic peptides might inhibit tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Jane Bardwell
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
| | - Madhuri Paul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
| | - Kiku C. Yoneda
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
| | | | - Oanh T. Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
| | - David A. Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
| | - Lee Bardwell
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
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16
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Tahermanesh K, Hakimpour S, Govahi A, Rokhgireh S, Mehdizadeh M, Minaeian S, Barati M, Chaichian S, Kashi AM, Nassiri S, Eslahi N, Ajdary M, Ahmadi M. Evaluation of expression of biomarkers of PLAGL1 (ZAC1), microRNA, and their non-coding RNAs in patients with endometriosis. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2023; 52:102568. [PMID: 36868502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2023.102568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the PLAGL1 (ZAC1) gene is expressed in the human endometrium. It may be involved in the etiology of endometrial disorders by its abnormal regulation and expression. This study aimed to investigate the Zac1 gene and related microRNA and LncRNA and its alterations in patients with endometriosis. Blood plasma, ectopic (EC) and eutopic (EU) endometrial samples were gathered from 30 patients with endometriosis and 30 healthy fertile women, and the Q-PCR technique was used to determine the expression level of Zac1 mRNA and microRNAs (miR-1271-5p, hsa-miR-490-3pin) and LncRNAs (TONSL-AS1 TONSL, KCNQ1OT1 KCNQ1). According to the results, the Zac1 gene and KCNQ1OT1 KCNQ1, TONSL-AS1 TONSL LncRNA expression were significantly decreased in the endometriosis group versus the control group (P < 0.05). MiR-1271-5p and hsa-miR-490-3pin microRNA expression were significantly raised in the endometriosis group as opposed to the control group (P < 0.05). In summary, this research for the first time revealed that identifying Zac1 expression provides us with new indicators for evaluating endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Tahermanesh
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Hakimpour
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azam Govahi
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Rokhgireh
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Minaeian
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Barati
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahla Chaichian
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Setare Nassiri
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Eslahi
- Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Ajdary
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Ahmadi
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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17
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Testicular germ cell tumors: Genomic alternations and RAS-dependent signaling. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 183:103928. [PMID: 36717007 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are a common malignancy occurring in young adult men. The various genetic risk factors have been suggested to contribute to TGCT pathogenesis, however, they have a distinct mutational profile with a low rate of somatic point mutations, more frequent chromosomal gains, and aneuploidy. The most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancers are RAS oncogenes, while their impact on testicular carcinogenesis and refractory disease is still poorly understood. In this mini-review, we summarize current knowledge on genetic alternations of RAS signaling-associated genes (the single nucleotide polymorphisms and point mutations) in this particular cancer type and highlight their link to chemotherapy resistance mechanisms. We also mention the impact of epigenetic changes on TGCT progression. Lastly, we propose a model for RAS-dependent signaling networks, regulation, cross-talks, and outcomes in TGCTs.
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18
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Nakhaei-Rad S, Fejtova A. Editorial: Identifying the isoform-specific roles of RAS paralogs in health and disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1199356. [PMID: 37123419 PMCID: PMC10133564 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1199356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad, ; Anna Fejtova,
| | - Anna Fejtova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad, ; Anna Fejtova,
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19
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Yu C, Lyn N, Li D, Mei S, Liu L, Shang Q. Clinical analysis of Noonan syndrome caused by RRAS2 mutations and literature review. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 66:104675. [PMID: 36460282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome is a common developmental disorder characterized by distinctive facial dysmorphism, short stature, congenital heart defects, pectus deformity, and developmental delay. It is related to the abnormal activation of genes involved in the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, more than a dozen of which can be affected. However, mutations of the RRAS2 gene are rare, with only 6 different RRAS2 variants in 13 patients reported to date. In this case report, whole-exome sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous variant in the RRAS2 gene NM_012250: c.212G > A, p.(Gly71Glu). Phenotypically, our patient had typical Noonan syndrome-related clinical manifestations consistent with published reports, such as short stature, facial dysmorphism, short neck, patent foramen ovale, moderate global developmental delay, and hearing impairment. In addition, our patient also had a distal middle finger deformity and hair defect, which have not been reported in previous cases. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of all patients with Noonan syndrome caused by RRAS2 variants and reviewed the literature. This discovery expands the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of Noonan syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Yu
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Nan Lyn
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - ShiYue Mei
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Qing Shang
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450018, China.
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20
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Kang S, Zhu X, Wu Q, Wang S, Crickmore N, Zhang Y, Guo Z. Critical Analysis of Multi-Omic Data from a Strain of Plutella xylostella Resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Toxin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11419-11428. [PMID: 36040024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid evolution of resistance in crop pests to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products threatens their widespread use, especially as pests appear to develop resistance through a range of different physiological adaptations. With such a diverse range of mechanisms reported, researchers have resorted to multi-omic approaches to understand the molecular basis of resistance. Such approaches generate a lot of data making it difficult to establish where causal links between physiological changes and resistance exist. In this study, a combination of RNA-Seq and iTRAQ was used with a strain of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), whose resistance mechanism is well understood. While some of the causal molecular changes in the resistant strain were detected, other previously verified changes were not detected. We suggest that while multi-omic studies have use in validating a proposed resistance mechanism, they are of limited value in identifying such a mechanism in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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21
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Chilamakuri R, Agarwal S. Direct Targeting of the Raf-MEK-ERK Signaling Cascade Inhibits Neuroblastoma Growth. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:6508-6522. [PMID: 36135081 PMCID: PMC9497977 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29090512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Raf-MEK-ERK signaling network has been the subject of intense research due to its role in the development of human cancers, including pediatric neuroblastoma (NB). MEK and ERK are the central components of this signaling pathway and are attractive targets for cancer therapy. Approximately 3–5% of the primary NB samples and about 80% of relapsed samples contain mutations in the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway. In the present study, we analyzed the NB patient datasets and revealed that high RAF and MEK expression leads to poor overall survival and directly correlates with cancer progression and relapse. Further, we repurposed a specific small-molecule MEK inhibitor CI-1040 to inhibit the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway in NB. Our results show that CI-1040 potently inhibits NB cell proliferation and clonogenic growth in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway by CI-1040 significantly enhances apoptosis, blocks cell cycle progression at the S phase, inhibits expression of the cell cycle-related genes, and significantly inhibits phosphorylation and activation of the ERK1/2 protein. Furthermore, CI-1040 significantly inhibits tumor growth in different NB 3D spheroidal tumor models in a dose-dependent manner and by directly inhibiting spheroidal tumor cells. Overall, our findings highlight that direct inhibition of the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway is a novel therapeutic approach for NB, and further developing repurposing strategies using CI-1040 is a clinically tractable strategy for effectively treating NB.
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22
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Signaling pathways in obesity: mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:298. [PMID: 36031641 PMCID: PMC9420733 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex, chronic disease and global public health challenge. Characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the body, obesity sharply increases the risk of several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and is linked to lower life expectancy. Although lifestyle intervention (diet and exercise) has remarkable effects on weight management, achieving long-term success at weight loss is extremely challenging, and the prevalence of obesity continues to rise worldwide. Over the past decades, the pathophysiology of obesity has been extensively investigated, and an increasing number of signal transduction pathways have been implicated in obesity, making it possible to fight obesity in a more effective and precise way. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the pathogenesis of obesity from both experimental and clinical studies, focusing on signaling pathways and their roles in the regulation of food intake, glucose homeostasis, adipogenesis, thermogenesis, and chronic inflammation. We also discuss the current anti-obesity drugs, as well as weight loss compounds in clinical trials, that target these signals. The evolving knowledge of signaling transduction may shed light on the future direction of obesity research, as we move into a new era of precision medicine.
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23
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Evaluation of the relationship between miR-1271 and GRB2 gene in endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2022; 277:12-15. [PMID: 35970002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a common gynecological condition with a substantial economic burden on society. It is known that both genetic and environmental factors are contributing to the phenotypic development of the disease. MicroRNAs have a vital role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. miR-1271 and its direct target gene, GRB2 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 2), expression have been studied in gynecologic cancers, while their role in endometriosis has not been studied. OBJECTIVE We measured miR-1271 and GRB2 gene expression in the eutopic and ectopic tissues of patients (endometrial tissues) in contrast to the control samples from healthy women. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a total of 45 samples (15 control samples, 15 eutopic samples and 15 ectopic samples) were collected. We used qRT-PCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) to evaluate the expression levels of the miR-1271 and GRB2 gene. RESULTS We observed inverse expression of miR-1271 and GRB2 gene. MiR-1271 expression was significantly reduced in patients with endometriosis compared with healthy women. While there was a noticeable increase in the expression level of its target gene, GRB2, in tissues of endometriosis patients compared with normal control samples. CONCLUSION We have shown an inverse relationship between the reduction of miR-1271 expression level and increase in the expression level of GRB2, therefore, increased GRB2 expression in endometriosis tissues can be due to decreased expression of this microRNA. Our findings suggested that miR-1271 maybe play a role as a biomarker in the diagnosis of patients with endometriosis.
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24
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CDC42-IQGAP Interactions Scrutinized: New Insights into the Binding Properties of the GAP-Related Domain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168842. [PMID: 36012107 PMCID: PMC9408373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein (IQGAP) family composes of three highly-related and evolutionarily conserved paralogs (IQGAP1, IQGAP2 and IQGAP3), which fine tune as scaffolding proteins numerous fundamental cellular processes. IQGAP1 is described as an effector of CDC42, although its effector function yet re-mains unclear. Biophysical, biochemical and molecular dynamic simulation studies have proposed that IQGAP RASGAP-related domains (GRDs) bind to the switch regions and the insert helix of CDC42 in a GTP-dependent manner. Our kinetic and equilibrium studies have shown that IQGAP1 GRD binds, in contrast to its C-terminal 794 amino acids (called C794), CDC42 in a nucleotide-independent manner indicating a binding outside the switch regions. To resolve this discrepancy and move beyond the one-sided view of GRD, we carried out affinity measurements and a systematic mutational analysis of the interfacing residues between GRD and CDC42 based on the crystal structure of the IQGAP2 GRD-CDC42Q61L GTP complex. We determined a 100-fold lower affinity of the GRD1 of IQGAP1 and of GRD2 of IQGAP2 for CDC42 mGppNHp in comparison to C794/C795 proteins. Moreover, partial and major mutation of CDC42 switch regions substantially affected C794/C795 binding but only a little GRD1 and remarkably not at all the GRD2 binding. However, we clearly showed that GRD2 contributes to the overall affinity of C795 by using a 11 amino acid mutated GRD variant. Furthermore, the GRD1 binding to the CDC42 was abolished using specific point mutations within the insert helix of CDC42 clearly supporting the notion that CDC42 binding site(s) of IQGAP GRD lies outside the switch regions among others in the insert helix. Collectively, this study provides further evidence for a mechanistic framework model that is based on a multi-step binding process, in which IQGAP GRD might act as a ‘scaffolding domain’ by binding CDC42 irrespective of its nucleotide-bound forms, followed by other IQGAP domains downstream of GRD that act as an effector domain and is in charge for a GTP-dependent interaction with CDC42.
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The structural basis of BCR-ABL recruitment of GRB2 in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Biophys J 2022; 121:2251-2265. [PMID: 35651316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BCR-ABL drives chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). BCR binding to GRB2 transduces signaling via the Ras/MAPK pathway. Despite considerable data confirming the binding, molecular-level understanding of exactly how the two proteins interact, and especially, what are the determinants of the specificity of the SH2GRB2 domain-pBCR recognition are still open questions. Yet, this is vastly important for understanding binding selectivity, and for predicting the phosphorylated receptors, or peptides, that are likely to bind. Here, we uncover these determinants and ascertain to what extent they relate to the affinity of the interaction. Toward this end, we modeled the complexes of the phosphorylated BCR (pBCR) and SH2GRB2 and other pY/Y-peptide-SH2 complexes and compared their specificity and affinity. We observed that pBCR's 176FpYVNV180 motif is favorable and specific to SH2GRB2, similar to pEGFR, but not other complexes. SH2GRB2 contains two binding pockets: pY-binding recognition pocket triggers binding, and the specificity pocket whose interaction is governed by N179 in pBCR and W121 in SH2GRB2. Our proposed motif with optimal affinity to SH2GRB2 is E/D-pY-E/V-N-I/L. Collectively, we provide the structural basis of BCR-ABL recruitment of GRB2, outline its specificity hallmarks, and delineate a blueprint for prediction of BCR-binding scaffolds and for therapeutic peptide design.
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Yerramilli VS, Ross AH, Scarlata S, Gericke A. IQGAP1 scaffolding links phosphoinositide kinases to cytoskeletal reorganization. Biophys J 2022; 121:793-807. [PMID: 35077666 PMCID: PMC8943696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
IQGAP1 is a multidomain scaffold protein that coordinates the direction and impact of multiple signaling pathways by scaffolding its various binding partners. However, the spatial and temporal resolution of IQGAP1 scaffolding remains unclear. Here, we use fluorescence imaging and correlation methods that allow for real-time live-cell changes in IQGAP1 localization and complex formation during signaling. We find that IQGAP1 and PIPKIγ interact on both the plasma membrane and in cytosol. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation, which can initiate cytoskeletal changes, drives the movement of the cytosolic pool toward the plasma membrane to promote cytoskeletal changes. We also observe that a significant population of cytosolic IQGAP1-PIPKIγ complexes localize to early endosomes, and in some instances form aggregated clusters which become highly mobile upon EGF stimulation. Our imaging studies show that PIPKIγ and PI3K bind simultaneously to IQGAP1, which may accelerate conversion of PI4P to PI(3,4,5)P3 that is required for cytoskeletal changes. Additionally, we find that IQGAP1 is responsible for PIPKIγ association with two proteins associated with cytoskeletal changes, talin and Cdc42, during EGF stimulation. These results directly show that IQGAP1 provides a physical link between phosphoinositides (through PIPKIγ), focal adhesion formation (through talin), and cytoskeletal reorganization (through Cdc42) upon EGF stimulation. Taken together, our results support the importance of IQGAP1 in regulating cell migration by linking phosphoinositide lipid signaling with cytoskeletal reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Siddartha Yerramilli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Alonzo H. Ross
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Suzanne Scarlata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Arne Gericke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts.
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Stagi S, Ferrari V, Ferrari M, Priolo M, Tartaglia M. Inside the Noonan "universe": Literature review on growth, GH/IGF axis and rhGH treatment: Facts and concerns. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:951331. [PMID: 36060964 PMCID: PMC9434367 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.951331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a disorder characterized by a typical facial gestalt, congenital heart defects, variable cognitive deficits, skeletal defects, and short stature. NS is caused by germline pathogenic variants in genes coding proteins with a role in the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, and it is typically associated with substantial genetic and clinical complexity and variability. Short stature is a cardinal feature in NS, with evidence indicating that growth hormone (GH) deficiency, partial GH insensitivity, and altered response to insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) are contributing events for growth failure in these patients. Decreased IGF-I, together with low/normal responses to GH pharmacological provocation tests, indicating a variable presence of GH deficiency/resistance, in particular in subjects with pathogenic PTPN11 variants, are frequently reported. Nonetheless, short- and long-term studies have demonstrated a consistent and significant increase in height velocity (HV) in NS children and adolescents treated with recombinant human GH (rhGH). While the overall experience with rhGH treatment in NS patients with short stature is reassuring, it is difficult to systematically compare published data due to heterogeneous protocols, potential enrolment bias, the small size of cohorts in many studies, different cohort selection criteria and varying durations of therapy. Furthermore, in most studies, the genetic information is lacking. NS is associated with a higher risk of benign and malignant proliferative disorders and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and rhGH treatment may further increase risk in these patients, especially as dosages vary widely. Herein we provide an updated review of aspects related to growth, altered function of the GH/IGF axis and cell response to GH/IGF stimulation, rhGH treatment and its possible adverse events. Given the clinical variability and genetic heterogeneity of NS, treatment with rhGH should be personalized and a conservative approach with judicious surveillance is recommended. Depending on the genotype, an individualized follow-up and close monitoring during rhGH treatments, also focusing on screening for neoplasms, should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Stagi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- *Correspondence: Stefano Stagi,
| | - Vittorio Ferrari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marta Ferrari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Manuela Priolo
- Medical Genetics Unit, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano “Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli”, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Kazemein Jasemi NS, Reza Ahmadian M. Allosteric regulation of GRB2 modulates RAS activation. Small GTPases 2022; 13:282-286. [PMID: 35703160 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2022.2089001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS activation is a multiple-step process in which linkage of the extracellular stimuli to the RAS activator SOS1 is the main step in RAS activation. GRB2 adaptor protein is the main modulator in SOS1 recruitment to the plasma membrane and its activation. This interaction is well studied but the exact mechanism of GRB2-SOS1 complex formation and SOS1 activation has yet remained obscure. Here, a new allosteric mechanism for the GRB2 regulation is described as a prerequisite for the modulation of SOS1 activation. This regulatory mechanism comprises a series of intramolecular interactions which are potentiated by GRB2 interaction with upstream ligands.Abbreviations: GRB2, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; SOS1, son of sevenless 1; RAS, Rat Sarcoma; GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor; GAP, GTPase-activating protein; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor; SH3, SRC Homology 3; SH2, SRC Homology 2; PRD, proline-rich domain; PRM, proline-rich motif; PRP, proline-rich peptide; RTK, receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda S Kazemein Jasemi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, Building 22.03, 40255 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, Building 22.03, 40255 Düsseldorf, Germany
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IQ-Switch is a QF-based innocuous, silencing-free, and inducible gene switch system in zebrafish. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1405. [PMID: 34916605 PMCID: PMC8677817 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02923-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Though various transgene expression switches have been adopted in a wide variety of organisms for basic and biomedical research, intrinsic obstacles of those existing systems, including toxicity and silencing, have been limiting their use in vertebrate transgenesis. Here we demonstrate a novel QF-based binary transgene switch (IQ-Switch) that is relatively free of driver toxicity and transgene silencing, and exhibits potent and highly tunable transgene activation by the chemical inducer tebufenozide, a non-toxic lipophilic molecule to developing zebrafish with negligible background. The interchangeable IQ-Switch makes it possible to elicit ubiquitous and tissue specific transgene expression in a spatiotemporal manner. We generated a RASopathy disease model using IQ-Switch and demonstrated that the RASopathy symptoms were ameliorated by the specific BRAF(V600E) inhibitor vemurafenib, validating the therapeutic use of the gene switch. The orthogonal IQ-Switch provides a state-of-the-art platform for flexible regulation of transgene expression in zebrafish, potentially applicable in cell-based systems and other model organisms.
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Hyun S, Shin D. Small-Molecule Inhibitors and Degraders Targeting KRAS-Driven Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12142. [PMID: 34830024 PMCID: PMC8621880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance continues to be a major problem associated with cancer treatment. One of the primary causes of anticancer drug resistance is the frequently mutated RAS gene. In particular, considerable efforts have been made to treat KRAS-induced cancers by directly and indirectly controlling the activity of KRAS. However, the RAS protein is still one of the most prominent targets for drugs in cancer treatment. Recently, novel targeted protein degradation (TPD) strategies, such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras, have been developed to render "undruggable" targets druggable and overcome drug resistance and mutation problems. In this study, we discuss small-molecule inhibitors, TPD-based small-molecule chemicals for targeting RAS pathway proteins, and their potential applications for treating KRAS-mutant cancers. Novel TPD strategies are expected to serve as promising therapeutic methods for treating tumor patients with KRAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonsil Hyun
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-21 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si 28160, Korea;
| | - Dongyun Shin
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea
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Mosaddeghzadeh N, Ahmadian MR. The RHO Family GTPases: Mechanisms of Regulation and Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1831. [PMID: 34359999 PMCID: PMC8305018 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been made toward deciphering RHO GTPase functions, and many studies have convincingly demonstrated that altered signal transduction through RHO GTPases is a recurring theme in the progression of human malignancies. It seems that 20 canonical RHO GTPases are likely regulated by three GDIs, 85 GEFs, and 66 GAPs, and eventually interact with >70 downstream effectors. A recurring theme is the challenge in understanding the molecular determinants of the specificity of these four classes of interacting proteins that, irrespective of their functions, bind to common sites on the surface of RHO GTPases. Identified and structurally verified hotspots as functional determinants specific to RHO GTPase regulation by GDIs, GEFs, and GAPs as well as signaling through effectors are presented, and challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Building 22.03.05, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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Pudewell S, Ahmadian MR. Spotlight on Accessory Proteins: RTK-RAS-MAPK Modulators as New Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060895. [PMID: 34208655 PMCID: PMC8234298 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The RTK-RAS-MAPK axis is one of the most extensively studied signaling cascades and is related to the development of both cancers and RASopathies. In the last 30 years, many ideas and approaches have emerged for directly targeting constituent members of this cascade, predominantly in the context of cancer treatment. These approaches are still insufficient due to undesirable drug toxicity, resistance, and low efficacy. Significant advances have been made in understanding the spatiotemporal features of the constituent members of the RTK-RAS-MAPK axis, which are linked and modulated by many accessory proteins. Given that the majority of such modulators are now emerging as attractive therapeutic targets, a very small number of accessory inhibitors have yet to be discovered.
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