1
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Brean J, Rowell A, Beddows DC, Weinhold K, Mettke P, Merkel M, Tuch T, Rissanen M, Maso MD, Kumar A, Barua S, Iyer S, Karppinen A, Wiedensohler A, Shi Z, Harrison RM. Road Traffic Emissions Lead to Much Enhanced New Particle Formation through Increased Growth Rates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10664-10674. [PMID: 38850427 PMCID: PMC11191591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) is a major source of atmospheric aerosol particles, including cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), by number globally. Previous research has highlighted that NPF is less frequent but more intense at roadsides compared to urban background. Here, we closely examine NPF at both background and roadside sites in urban Central Europe. We show that the concentration of oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) is greater at the roadside, and the condensation of OOMs along with sulfuric acid onto new particles is sufficient to explain the growth at both sites. We identify a hitherto unreported traffic-related OOM source contributing 29% and 16% to total OOMs at the roadside and background, respectively. Critically, this hitherto undiscovered OOM source is an essential component of urban NPF. Without their contribution to growth rates and the subsequent enhancements to particle survival, the number of >50 nm particles produced by NPF would be reduced by a factor of 21 at the roadside site. Reductions to hydrocarbon emissions from road traffic may thereby reduce particle numbers and CCN counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brean
- Division
of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography,
Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Rowell
- Division
of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography,
Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David C.S. Beddows
- Division
of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography,
Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Weinhold
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Peter Mettke
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Maik Merkel
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thomas Tuch
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol
Physics laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Miikka Dal Maso
- Aerosol
Physics laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Aerosol
Physics laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Shawon Barua
- Aerosol
Physics laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol
Physics laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | | | | | - Zongbo Shi
- Division
of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography,
Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- Division
of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography,
Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and
Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Fink L, Karl M, Matthias V, Weigelt A, Irjala M, Simonen P. Using the Multicomponent Aerosol FORmation Model (MAFOR) to Determine Improved VOC Emission Factors in Ship Plumes. TOXICS 2024; 12:432. [PMID: 38922112 PMCID: PMC11209450 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
International shipping's particulate matter primary emissions have a share in global anthropogenic emissions of between 3% and 4%. Ship emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can play an important role in the formation of fine particulate matter. Using an aerosol box model for the near-plume scale, this study investigated how the changing VOC emission factor (EF) for ship engines impacts the formation of secondary PM2.5 in ship exhaust plumes that were detected during a measurement campaign. The agreement between measured and modeled particle number size distribution was improved by adjusting VOC emissions, in particular of intermediate-, low-, and extremely low-volatility compounds. The scaling of the VOC emission factor showed that the initial emission factor, based on literature data, had to be multiplied by 3.6 for all VOCs. Information obtained from the box model was integrated into a regional-scale chemistry transport model (CTM) to study the influence of changed VOC ship emissions over the Mediterranean Sea. The regional-scale CTM run with adjusted ship emissions indicated a change in PM2.5 of up to 5% at the main shipping routes and harbor cities in summer. Nevertheless, overall changes due to a change in the VOC EF were rather small, indicating that the size of grid cells in CTMs leads to a fast dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Fink
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Department of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, 21052 Geesthacht, Germany; (L.F.); (V.M.)
| | - Matthias Karl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Department of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, 21052 Geesthacht, Germany; (L.F.); (V.M.)
| | - Volker Matthias
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Department of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, 21052 Geesthacht, Germany; (L.F.); (V.M.)
| | - Andreas Weigelt
- Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
| | | | - Pauli Simonen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland;
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3
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Simeone D, Tissot O, Garcia P, Luneville L. Dynamics of Nucleation in Solids: A Self-Consistent Phase Field Approach. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:117101. [PMID: 37774291 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.117101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
We derive a phase field method for computing rigorously the nucleation rate and the incubation time from the sole knowledge of the free energy of the system in the metastable regime. Our theoretical results are assessed against experimental data relative to demixing of an iron-chromium alloy. Our work clarifies the notions of nucleation rate and incubation time extensively used in classical nucleation theory (CNT) processes in solids. Our work thus emerges as an alternative to CNT but of more general applicability, and enables us to model the nucleation process across the whole range of condition encountered in first order phase transitions, an aspect in which CNT fails.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Simeone
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, DES-Service de Recherche Métallurgie Appliquée, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - O Tissot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, DES-Service de Recherche Métallurgie Appliquée, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P Garcia
- CEA, DES, IRESNE, DEC, Cadarache F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - L Luneville
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, DES-Service de Recherche en Mathématiques Appliquées, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Hulkkonen M, Kaaronen RO, Kokkola H, Mielonen T, Clusius P, Xavier C, Hellén H, Niemi JV, Malila J. Modeling non-linear changes in an urban setting: From pro-environmental affordances to responses in behavior, emissions and air quality. AMBIO 2023; 52:976-994. [PMID: 36735103 PMCID: PMC9897621 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-022-01827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Interactions in urban environment were investigated using a multidisciplinary model combination, with focus on traffic, emissions and atmospheric particles. An agent-based model was applied to simulate the evolution of unsustainable human behavior (usage of combustion-based personal vehicles) as a function of pro-environmental affordances (opportunities for sustainable choices). Scenarios regarding changes in multi-pollutant emissions were derived, and the non-linear implications to atmospheric particles were simulated with a box model. Based on the results for a Nordic city, increasing pro-environmental affordances by 10%, 50% or 100% leads to emission reductions of 15%, 30% and 40% within 2 years. To reduce ambient particle mass, emissions from traffic should decrease by > 15%, while the lung deposited surface area decreases in all scenarios ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], correspondingly). The presented case is representative of one season, but the approach is generic and applicable to simulating a full year, given meteorological and pollution data that reflects seasonal variation. This work emphasizes the necessity to consider feedback mechanisms and non-linearities in both human behavior and atmospheric processes, when predicting the outcomes of changes in an urban system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Hulkkonen
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. BOX 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Roope O. Kaaronen
- Past Present Sustainability Research Unit, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. BOX 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Kokkola
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tero Mielonen
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Clusius
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlton Xavier
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Hellén
- Atmospheric Composition Research Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko V. Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), 00066 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Malila
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. BOX 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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David E, Niculescu VC. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) as Environmental Pollutants: Occurrence and Mitigation Using Nanomaterials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:13147. [PMID: 34948756 PMCID: PMC8700805 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) comprise various organic chemicals which are released as gases from different liquids or solids. The nature and impact of the health effects are dependent on the VOCs concentrations and, also, on the exposure time. VOCs are present in different household, industrial or commercial and products, but their accumulation in air and water has primarily gained attention. Among VOCs, trichloroethylene and vinyl chloride are the most toxic and carcinogenic compounds. In order to improve the indoor air and water quality, VOCs can be removed via efficient approaches involving nanomaterials, by using techniques such as adsorption, catalysis or photocatalysis. In the recent years, the development of manufacturing procedures, characterization techniques and testing processes has resulted in the growth of na-nomaterials obtaining and applications, creating great possibilities and also a tremendous prov-ocation in applying them for highly efficient VOCs removal. This review is intended to contrib-ute to the improvement of awareness and knowledge on the great potential that nanomaterials have in VOCs removal, in order a to improve indoor and outdoor environment, but also the worldwide water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Violeta-Carolina Niculescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI Ramnicu Valcea, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania;
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Advancing the science of dynamic airborne nanosized particles using Nano-DIHM. Commun Chem 2021; 4:170. [PMID: 36697661 PMCID: PMC9814397 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ and real-time characterization of aerosols is vital to several fundamental and applied research domains including atmospheric chemistry, air quality monitoring, or climate change studies. To date, digital holographic microscopy is commonly used to characterize dynamic nanosized particles, but optical traps are required. In this study, a novel integrated digital in-line holographic microscope coupled with a flow tube (Nano-DIHM) is demonstrated to characterize particle phase, shape, morphology, 4D dynamic trajectories, and 3D dimensions of airborne particles ranging from the nanoscale to the microscale. We demonstrate the application of Nano-DIHM for nanosized particles (≤200 nm) in dynamic systems without optical traps. The Nano-DIHM allows observation of moving particles in 3D space and simultaneous measurement of each particle's three dimensions. As a proof of concept, we report the real-time observation of 100 nm and 200 nm particles, i.e. polystyrene latex spheres and the mixture of metal oxide nanoparticles, in air and aqueous/solid/heterogeneous phases in stationary and dynamic modes. Our observations are validated by high-resolution scanning/transmission electron microscopy and aerosol sizers. The complete automation of software (Octopus/Stingray) with Nano-DIHM permits the reconstruction of thousands of holograms within an hour with 62.5 millisecond time resolution for each hologram, allowing to explore the complex physical and chemical processes of aerosols.
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7
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Yang S, Liu Z, Li J, Zhao S, Xu Z, Gao W, Hu B, Wang Y. Insights into the chemistry of aerosol growth in Beijing: Implication of fine particle episode formation during wintertime. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129776. [PMID: 33549884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleation particle growth plays a major role in the occurrence of fine particles, yet the mechanism of new particle formation (NPF) remains ambiguous in the complex atmosphere of megacities and hinders the development of measures to mitigate PM2.5 pollution. In this study, the chemistry of ultrafine particles during the growth phase of nucleation events was investigated in urban Beijing from Nov. 15, 2018 to Jan. 15, 2019, using two scanning mobility particle spectrometers (SMPS) systems and an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). During this intense campaign, 11 NPF events were observed and the growth rate (GR) of nanoparticles ranged from 12.5 to 24.5 nm h-1. Four periodic cycles of PM2.5 episodes that included aerosol particle growth to particulate matter pollution were identified. Based on the QGR - QAMS theoretical frame that exploring the balance between the source rate of condensable vapors and the observed growth rate of nanoparticles, we clearly showed the physical and chemical evolution of nano-particle during the growth processes to ambient-atmosphere sizes (>100 nm). Generally, the modal diameter of aerosol particles grew by more than 100 nm (7 out of 11 NPF events) when the nitrate concentration and less-oxidized oxygenated organic aerosol (LO-OOA) were high; however, another class of aerosol particle growth was limited to 50-100 nm (3 out of 11 NPF events) when sulfate was high. Note that the remaining one NPF event could not be identified if it can grow up to 100 nm or not due to the unavailable of observation data during the late growth stage. By linking the aerosol growth with chemical compositions, sulfate and organics were found to be the main contributors during the initial stage of the aerosol growth, while cooking-related OA (COA) enhanced the transition stage, and nitrate and more-oxidized OOA (MO-OOA) dominated the subsequent growth of aerosol to ambient-atmosphere sizes. An important portion of aerosol growth in PM2.5 was controlled by semi-volatile organic vapors, which can partition into the externally condensed phase of the accumulation mode and coarse mode via the physical process of adsorption. Through quantifying the physical and chemical properties of aerosol particle growth, the detail processes of nucleation initiated PM2.5 pollution episodes were evaluated and provided observational evidence on the formation mechanism of winter haze pollution in the megacity of Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghong Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jiayun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuman Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhongjun Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China.
| | - Wenkang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
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