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Kim T, Goh MS, Moon H, Shin H, Lee J, Jeong H, Joo SW, Kim YS, Im Y, Kang M. Enhanced battery capacity and cycle life due to suppressed side reactions on the surface of Ni-rich LiNi 0.8Co 0.1Mn 0.1O 2 cathode materials coated with Co 3(PO 4) 2. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 670:729-741. [PMID: 38788440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
This study explores a strategy to mitigate capacity fading in secondary batteries, which is primarily attributed to side reactions caused by residual Li impurities (LiOH or Li2CO3) on the surface of Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) layered cathode materials. By applying a 1.5 wt% Co3(PO4)2 coating, we successfully formed a thin and stable LiF cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) layer, which resulted in decreased battery resistance and enhanced diffusion of Li+ ions within the electrolyte. This coating significantly improved the interface stability of NCM811, leading to superior battery performance. Specifically, the discharge capacity of uncoated NCM811 was 190 mA h g-1 at a charge of 4.3 V and a rate of 0.1C, whereas the 1.5Co3(PO4)2/NCM811 exhibited an increased capacity of 213 mA h g-1. Furthermore, the Co3(PO4)2 coating effectively reduced the levels of LiOH and Li2CO3 on the NCM811 surface to only 0.1 %, thereby minimizing adverse side reactions with the electrolyte salt (LiPF6), cation mixing between Ni2+ and Li+, and defects at the NCM811 interface. As a result, battery lifespan was significantly extended. This study presents a robust approach for enhancing battery stability and performance by efficiently reducing residual Li+ ions on the surface of NCM811 through strategic Co3(PO4)2 coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeseung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Seok Goh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojun Moon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsub Shin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Harim Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Joo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Soo Kim
- Jeonju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Im
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Misook Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Malavekar D, Pujari S, Jang S, Bachankar S, Kim JH. Recent Development on Transition Metal Oxides-Based Core-Shell Structures for Boosted Energy Density Supercapacitors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2312179. [PMID: 38593336 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202312179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, nanomaterials exploration and synthesis have played a crucial role in advancing energy storage research, particularly in supercapacitor development. Researchers have diversified materials, including metal oxides, chalcogenides, and composites, as well as carbon materials, to enhance energy and power density. Balancing energy density with electrochemical stability remains challenging, driving intensified efforts in advancing electrode materials. This review focuses on recent progress in designing and synthesizing core-shell materials tailored for supercapacitors. The core-shell architecture offers advantages such as increased surface area, redox active sites, electrical conductivity, ion diffusion kinetics, specific capacitance, and cyclability. The review explores the impact of core and shell materials, specifically transition metal oxides (TMOs), on supercapacitor electrochemical behavior. Metal oxide choices, such as cobalt oxide as a preferred core and manganese oxide as a shell, are discussed. The review also highlights characterization techniques for assessing structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of core-shell materials. Overall, it provides a comprehensive overview of ongoing TMOs-based core-shell material research for supercapacitors, showcasing their potential to enhance energy storage for applications ranging from gadgets to electric vehicles. The review outlines existing challenges and future opportunities in evolving TMOs-based core-shell materials for supercapacitor advancements, holding promise for high-efficiency energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanaji Malavekar
- Optoelectronics Convergence Research Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 300, Yongbong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Sachin Pujari
- Department of Physics, Yashwantrao Chavan Warana Mahavidyalaya, Warananagar, Kolhapur, 416113, India
| | - Suyoung Jang
- Optoelectronics Convergence Research Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 300, Yongbong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Shital Bachankar
- Department of Physics, Yashwantrao Chavan Warana Mahavidyalaya, Warananagar, Kolhapur, 416113, India
| | - Jin Hyeok Kim
- Optoelectronics Convergence Research Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 300, Yongbong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
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Shao Y, Xu J, Amardeep A, Xia Y, Meng X, Liu J, Liao S. Lithium-Ion Conductive Coatings for Nickel-Rich Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400256. [PMID: 38708816 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Nickel (Ni)-rich cathodes are among the most promising cathode materials of lithium batteries, ascribed to their high-power density, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness, having extensive applications from portable electronics to electric vehicles and national grids. They can boost the wide implementation of renewable energies and thereby contribute to carbon neutrality and achieving sustainable prosperity in the modern society. Nevertheless, these cathodes suffer from significant technical challenges, leading to poor cycling performance and safety risks. The underlying mechanisms are residual lithium compounds, uncontrolled lithium/nickel cation mixing, severe interface reactions, irreversible phase transition, anisotropic internal stress, and microcracking. Notably, they have become more serious with increasing Ni content and have been impeding the widespread commercial applications of Ni-rich cathodes. Various strategies have been developed to tackle these issues, such as elemental doping, adding electrolyte additives, and surface coating. Surface coating has been a facile and effective route and has been investigated widely among them. Of numerous surface coating materials, have recently emerged as highly attractive options due to their high lithium-ion conductivity. In this review, a thorough and comprehensive review of lithium-ion conductive coatings (LCCs) are made, aimed at probing their underlying mechanisms for improved cell performance and stimulating new research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province & the Key Laboratory of New Energy Technology of Guangdong Universities, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Amardeep Amardeep
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Yakang Xia
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Xiangbo Meng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Shijun Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province & the Key Laboratory of New Energy Technology of Guangdong Universities, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
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Gao X, Hai F, Chen W, Yi Y, Guo J, Xue W, Tang W, Li M. Improving Fast-Charging Capability of High-Voltage Spinel LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 Cathode under Long-Term Cyclability through Co-Doping Strategy. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301759. [PMID: 38381109 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Co-free spinel LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 (LNMO) is emerging as a promising contender for designing next generation high-energy-density and fast-charging Li-ion batteries, due to its high operating voltage and good Li+ diffusion rate. However, further improvement of the Li+ diffusion ability and simultaneous resolution of Mn dissolution still pose significant challenges for their practical application. To tackle these challenges, a simple co-doping strategy is proposed. Compared to Pure-LNMO, the extended lattice in resulting LNMO-SbF sample provides wider Li+ migration channels, ensuring both enhanced Li+ transport kinetics, and lower energy barrier. Moreover, Sb creating structural pillar and stronger TM─F bond together provides a stabilized spinel structure, which stems from the suppression of detrimental irreversible phase transformation during cycling related to Mn dissolution. Benefiting from the synergistic effect, the LNMO-SbF material exhibits a superior reversible capacity (111.4 mAh g-1 at 5C, and 70.2 mAh g-1 after 450 cycles at 10C) and excellent long-term cycling stability at high current density (69.4% capacity retention at 5C after 1000 cycles). Furthermore, the LNMO-SbF//graphite full cell delivers an exceptional retention rate of 96.9% after 300 cycles, and provides a high energy density at 3C even with a high loading. This work provides valuable insight into the design of fast-charging cathode materials for future high energy density lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Feng Hai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Wenting Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Yikun Yi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Jingyu Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Weicheng Xue
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710049, China
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Meenu PC, Samanta PK, Datta SP, Singh SA, Dinda S, Chakraborty C, Roy S. Electro-Oxidation Reaction of Methanol over La 2-xSr xNi 1-y(Mn/Fe/Co) yO 4+δ Ruddlesden-Popper Oxides. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:526-536. [PMID: 38109558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Solution combustion-synthesized Ruddlesden-Popper oxides La1.4Sr0.6Ni0.9(Mn/Fe/Co)0.1O4+δ were explored for the methanol electro-oxidation reaction. With optimal doping of Sr2+ in the A site and Co2+ in the B site, Ni3+ with t2g6 d x 2 - y 2 1 configuration in La1.4Sr0.6Ni0.9Co0.1O4+δ exhibited a tetragonal distortion with compression in axial bonds and elongation in equatorial bonds. This structural modification fostered an augmented overlap of d z 2 orbitals with axial O 2p orbitals, leading to a heightened density of states at the Fermi level. Consequently, this facilitated not only elevated electrical conductivity but also a noteworthy reduction in the charge transfer resistance. These effects collectively contributed to the exceptional methanol oxidation activity of La1.4Sr0.6Ni0.9Co0.1O4+δ, as evidenced by an impressive current density of 21.4 mA cm-2 and retention of 95% of initial current density even after 10 h of prolonged reaction. The presence of Ni3+ further played a pivotal role in the creation of NiOOH, a crucial intermediate species, facilitated by the presence of surface oxygen vacancies. These factors synergistically enabled efficient methanol oxidation. In summary, our present study not only yields substantial insights but also paves the way for a novel avenue to fine-tune the activity of Ruddlesden-Popper oxides for the successful electro-oxidation of methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Chandrasekharan Meenu
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Pralok K Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM University, Hyderabad 502329, India
| | - Santanu Prasad Datta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Satyapaul A Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Srikanta Dinda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Chanchal Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Sounak Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
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6
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Tubtimkuna S, Danilov DL, Sawangphruk M, Notten PHL. Review of the Scalable Core-Shell Synthesis Methods: The Improvements of Li-Ion Battery Electrochemistry and Cycling Stability. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300345. [PMID: 37231555 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The demand for lithium-ion batteries has significantly increased due to the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). However, these batteries have a limited lifespan, which needs to be improved for the long-term use needs of EVs expected to be in service for 20 years or more. In addition, the capacity of lithium-ion batteries is often insufficient for long-range travel, posing challenges for EV drivers. One approach that has gained attention is using core-shell structured cathode and anode materials. That approach can provide several benefits, such as extending the battery lifespan and improving capacity performance. This paper reviews various challenges and solutions by the core-shell strategy adopted for both cathodes and anodes. The highlight is scalable synthesis techniques, including solid phase reactions like the mechanofusion process, ball-milling, and spray-drying process, which are essential for pilot plant production. Due to continuous operation with a high production rate, compatibility with inexpensive precursors, energy and cost savings, and an environmentally friendly approach that can be carried out at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperatures. Future developments in this field may focus on optimizing core-shell materials and synthesis techniques for improved Li-ion battery performance and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchakree Tubtimkuna
- Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering School of Energy Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Dmitri L Danilov
- Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Montree Sawangphruk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering School of Energy Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Peter H L Notten
- Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
- University of Technology Sydney Broadway, Sydney, NS, 2007, Australia
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7
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Patil S, Koirala KP, Crafton MJ, Yang G, Tsai WY, McCloskey BD, Wang C, Nanda J, Self EC. Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes Enabled by a Graphite Conductive Additive. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:39253-39264. [PMID: 37565767 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt-free cation-disordered rocksalt (DRX) cathodes are a promising class of materials for next-generation Li-ion batteries. Although they have high theoretical specific capacities (>300 mA h/g) and moderate operating voltages (∼3.5 V vs Li/Li+), DRX cathodes typically require a high carbon content (up to 30 wt %) to fully utilize the active material which has a detrimental impact on cell-level energy density. To assess pathways to reduce the electrode's carbon content, the present study investigates how the carbon's microstructure and loading (10-20 wt %) influence the performance of DRX cathodes with the nominal composition Li1.2Mn0.5Ti0.3O1.9F0.1. While electrodes prepared with conventional disordered carbon additives (C65 and ketjenblack) exhibit rapid capacity fade due to an unstable cathode/electrolyte interface, DRX cathodes containing 10 wt % graphite show superior cycling performance (e.g., reversible capacities ∼260 mA h/g with 85% capacity retention after 50 cycles) and rate capability (∼135 mA h/g at 1000 mA/g). A suite of characterization tools was employed to evaluate the performance differences among these composite electrodes. Overall, these results indicate that the superior performance of the graphite-based cathodes is largely attributed to the: (i) formation of a uniform graphitic coating on DRX particles which protects the surface from parasitic reactions at high states of charge and (ii) homogeneous dispersion of the active material and carbon throughout the composite cathode which provides a robust electronically conductive network that can withstand repeated charge-discharge cycles. Overall, this study provides key scientific insights on how the carbon microstructure and electrode processing influence the performance of DRX cathodes. Based on these results, exploration of alternative routes to apply graphitic coatings is recommended to further optimize the material performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shripad Patil
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Krishna Prasad Koirala
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Matthew J Crafton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Guang Yang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Wan-Yu Tsai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jagjit Nanda
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ethan C Self
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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Lin Y, Välikangas J, Sliz R, Molaiyan P, Hu T, Lassi U. Optimized Morphology and Tuning the Mn 3+ Content of LiNi 0.5Mn 1.5O 4 Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3116. [PMID: 37109953 PMCID: PMC10142292 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The advantages of cobalt-free, high specific capacity, high operating voltage, low cost, and environmental friendliness of spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) material make it one of the most promising cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. The disproportionation reaction of Mn3+ leads to Jahn-Teller distortion, which is the key issue in reducing the crystal structure stability and limiting the electrochemical stability of the material. In this work, single-crystal LNMO was synthesized successfully by the sol-gel method. The morphology and the Mn3+ content of the as-prepared LNMO were tuned by altering the synthesis temperature. The results demonstrated that the LNMO_110 material exhibited the most uniform particle distribution as well as the presence of the lowest concentration of Mn3+, which was beneficial to ion diffusion and electronic conductivity. As a result, this LNMO cathode material had an optimized electrochemical rate performance of 105.6 mAh g-1 at 1 C and cycling stability of 116.8 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C after 100 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Juho Välikangas
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
- Kokkola University Consortium Chydenius, University of Jyvaskyla, 67100 Kokkola, Finland
| | - Rafal Sliz
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Unit, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Palanivel Molaiyan
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Tao Hu
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulla Lassi
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
- Kokkola University Consortium Chydenius, University of Jyvaskyla, 67100 Kokkola, Finland
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