1
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Goodspeed A, Bodlak A, Duffy AB, Nelson-Taylor S, Oike N, Porfilio T, Shirai R, Walker D, Treece A, Black J, Donaldson N, Cost C, Garrington T, Greffe B, Luna-Fineman S, Demedis J, Lake J, Danis E, Verneris M, Adams DL, Hayashi M. Characterization of transcriptional heterogeneity and novel therapeutic targets using single cell RNA-sequencing of primary and circulating Ewing sarcoma cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.18.576251. [PMID: 38293103 PMCID: PMC10827204 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.18.576251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone cancer in children, accounting for 2% of pediatric cancer diagnoses. Patients who present with metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis have a dismal prognosis, compared to the >70% 5-year survival of those with localized disease. Here, we utilized single cell RNA-sequencing to characterize the transcriptional landscape of primary Ewing sarcoma tumors and surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME). Copy-number analysis identified subclonal evolution within patients prior to treatment. Primary tumor samples demonstrate a heterogenous transcriptional landscape with several conserved gene expression programs, including those composed of genes related to proliferation and EWS targets. Single cell RNA-sequencing and immunofluorescence of circulating tumor cells at the time of diagnosis identified TSPAN8 as a novel therapeutic target.
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2
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Zou YS, Morsberger L, Hardy M, Ghabrial J, Stinnett V, Murry JB, Long P, Kim A, Pratilas CA, Llosa NJ, Ladle BH, Lemberg KM, Levin AS, Morris CD, Haley L, Gocke CD, Gross JM. Complex/cryptic EWSR1::FLI1/ERG Gene Fusions and 1q Jumping Translocation in Pediatric Ewing Sarcomas. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1139. [PMID: 37372318 PMCID: PMC10298448 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcomas (ES) are rare small round cell sarcomas often affecting children and characterized by gene fusions involving one member of the FET family of genes (usually EWSR1) and a member of the ETS family of transcription factors (usually FLI1 or ERG). The detection of EWSR1 rearrangements has important diagnostic value. Here, we conducted a retrospective review of 218 consecutive pediatric ES at diagnosis and found eight patients having data from chromosome analysis, FISH/microarray, and gene-fusion assay. Three of these eight ES had novel complex/cryptic EWSR1 rearrangements/fusions by chromosome analysis. One case had a t(9;11;22)(q22;q24;q12) three-way translocation involving EWSR1::FLI1 fusion and 1q jumping translocation. Two cases had cryptic EWSR1 rearrangements/fusions, including one case with a cryptic t(4;11;22)(q35;q24;q12) three-way translocation involving EWSR1::FLI1 fusion, and the other had a cryptic EWSR1::ERG rearrangement/fusion on an abnormal chromosome 22. All patients in this study had various aneuploidies with a gain of chromosome 8 (75%), the most common, followed by a gain of chromosomes 20 (50%) and 4 (37.5%), respectively. Recognition of complex and/or cryptic EWSR1 gene rearrangements/fusions and other chromosome abnormalities (such as jumping translocation and aneuploidies) using a combination of various genetic methods is important for accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment outcomes of pediatric ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying S. Zou
- Johns Hopkins Genomics, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA (J.B.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Laura Morsberger
- Johns Hopkins Genomics, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA (J.B.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Melanie Hardy
- Johns Hopkins Genomics, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA (J.B.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jen Ghabrial
- Johns Hopkins Genomics, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA (J.B.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Victoria Stinnett
- Johns Hopkins Genomics, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA (J.B.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jaclyn B. Murry
- Johns Hopkins Genomics, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA (J.B.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Patty Long
- Johns Hopkins Genomics, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA (J.B.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew Kim
- Biotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Christine A. Pratilas
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (C.A.P.); (N.J.L.); (B.H.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Nicolas J. Llosa
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (C.A.P.); (N.J.L.); (B.H.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Brian H. Ladle
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (C.A.P.); (N.J.L.); (B.H.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Kathryn M. Lemberg
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (C.A.P.); (N.J.L.); (B.H.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Adam S. Levin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Carol D. Morris
- Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Lisa Haley
- Johns Hopkins Genomics, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA (J.B.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Christopher D. Gocke
- Johns Hopkins Genomics, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA (J.B.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - John M. Gross
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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3
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Chavan M, Dhakal S, Singh A, Rai V, Arora S, C Mallipeddi M, Das A. Ewing sarcoma genomics and recent therapeutic advancements. PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY ONCOLOGY JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phoj.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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4
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Orth MF, Surdez D, Faehling T, Ehlers AC, Marchetto A, Grossetête S, Volckmann R, Zwijnenburg DA, Gerke JS, Zaidi S, Alonso J, Sastre A, Baulande S, Sill M, Cidre-Aranaz F, Ohmura S, Kirchner T, Hauck SM, Reischl E, Gymrek M, Pfister SM, Strauch K, Koster J, Delattre O, Grünewald TGP. Systematic multi-omics cell line profiling uncovers principles of Ewing sarcoma fusion oncogene-mediated gene regulation. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111761. [PMID: 36476851 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is characterized by EWSR1-ETS fusion transcription factors converting polymorphic GGAA microsatellites (mSats) into potent neo-enhancers. Although the paucity of additional mutations makes EwS a genuine model to study principles of cooperation between dominant fusion oncogenes and neo-enhancers, this is impeded by the limited number of well-characterized models. Here we present the Ewing Sarcoma Cell Line Atlas (ESCLA), comprising whole-genome, DNA methylation, transcriptome, proteome, and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) data of 18 cell lines with inducible EWSR1-ETS knockdown. The ESCLA shows hundreds of EWSR1-ETS-targets, the nature of EWSR1-ETS-preferred GGAA mSats, and putative indirect modes of EWSR1-ETS-mediated gene regulation, converging in the duality of a specific but plastic EwS signature. We identify heterogeneously regulated EWSR1-ETS-targets as potential prognostic EwS biomarkers. Our freely available ESCLA (http://r2platform.com/escla/) is a rich resource for EwS research and highlights the power of comprehensive datasets to unravel principles of heterogeneous gene regulation by chimeric transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Orth
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Didier Surdez
- INSERM Unit 830 "Genetics and Biology of Cancers," Institut Curie Research Center, 75005 Paris, France; Balgrist University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Faehling
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna C Ehlers
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aruna Marchetto
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Sandrine Grossetête
- INSERM Unit 830 "Genetics and Biology of Cancers," Institut Curie Research Center, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Richard Volckmann
- Department of Oncogenomics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danny A Zwijnenburg
- Department of Oncogenomics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julia S Gerke
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Sakina Zaidi
- INSERM Unit 830 "Genetics and Biology of Cancers," Institut Curie Research Center, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Javier Alonso
- Unidad de Tumores Sólidos Infantiles, Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CB06/07/1009, CIBERER-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Sastre
- Unidad Hemato-oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Infantil Universitario La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Martin Sill
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florencia Cidre-Aranaz
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shunya Ohmura
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva Reischl
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Melissa Gymrek
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology, and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IBE), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Olivier Delattre
- INSERM Unit 830 "Genetics and Biology of Cancers," Institut Curie Research Center, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas G P Grünewald
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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5
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Shulman DS, Whittle SB, Surdez D, Bailey KM, de Álava E, Yustein JT, Shlien A, Hayashi M, Bishop AJR, Crompton BD, DuBois SG, Shukla N, Leavey PJ, Lessnick SL, Kovar H, Delattre O, Grünewald TGP, Antonescu CR, Roberts RD, Toretsky JA, Tirode F, Gorlick R, Janeway KA, Reed D, Lawlor ER, Grohar PJ. An international working group consensus report for the prioritization of molecular biomarkers for Ewing sarcoma. NPJ Precis Oncol 2022; 6:65. [PMID: 36115869 PMCID: PMC9482616 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-022-00307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of dose intensified interval compressed therapy has improved event-free survival for patients with localized Ewing sarcoma (EwS) to 78% at 5 years. However, nearly a quarter of patients with localized tumors and 60-80% of patients with metastatic tumors suffer relapse and die of disease. In addition, those who survive are often left with debilitating late effects. Clinical features aside from stage have proven inadequate to meaningfully classify patients for risk-stratified therapy. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop approaches to risk stratify patients with EwS based on molecular features. Over the past decade, new technology has enabled the study of multiple molecular biomarkers in EwS. Preliminary evidence requiring validation supports copy number changes, and loss of function mutations in tumor suppressor genes as biomarkers of outcome in EwS. Initial studies of circulating tumor DNA demonstrated that diagnostic ctDNA burden and ctDNA clearance during induction are also associated with outcome. In addition, fusion partner should be a pre-requisite for enrollment on EwS clinical trials, and the fusion type and structure require further study to determine prognostic impact. These emerging biomarkers represent a new horizon in our understanding of disease risk and will enable future efforts to develop risk-adapted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Shulman
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah B Whittle
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Didier Surdez
- Bone Sarcoma Research Laboratory, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kelly M Bailey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Enrique de Álava
- Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Sevilla/CIBERONC/Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Jason T Yustein
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center and The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adam Shlien
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology/Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine/Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Masanori Hayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alexander J R Bishop
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Brian D Crompton
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven G DuBois
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neerav Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick J Leavey
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Division of Pediatric Heme/Onc/BMT, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Heinrich Kovar
- St. Anna Children´s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI) and Department Pediatrics Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivier Delattre
- INSERM U830, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Center, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Thomas G P Grünewald
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg/Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)/Institut of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cristina R Antonescu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan D Roberts
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Toretsky
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Franck Tirode
- Univ Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Leon Berard, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Division of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine A Janeway
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Damon Reed
- Department of Individualized Cancer Management, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Lawlor
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrick J Grohar
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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6
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Sydow S, Versleijen-Jonkers YMH, Hansson M, van Erp AEM, Hillebrandt-Roeffen MHS, van der Graaf WTA, Piccinelli P, Rissler P, Flucke UE, Mertens F. Genomic and transcriptomic characterization of desmoplastic small round cell tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2021; 60:595-603. [PMID: 33928700 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a highly aggressive soft tissue tumor primarily affecting children and young adults. Most cases display a pathognomonic EWSR1-WT1 gene fusion, presumably constituting the primary driver event. Little is, however, known about secondary genetic changes that may affect tumor progression. We here studied 25 samples from 19 DSRCT patients using single nucleotide polymorphism arrays and found that all samples had copy number alterations. The most common imbalances were gain of chromosomes/chromosome arms 1/1q and 5/5p and loss of 6/6q and 16/16q, all occurring in at least eight of the patients. Five cases showed homozygous deletions, affecting a variety of known tumor suppressor genes, for example, CDKN2A and NF1. As almost all patients died of their disease, the impact of individual imbalances on survival could not be evaluated. Global gene expression analysis using mRNA sequencing on fresh-frozen samples from seven patients revealed a distinct transcriptomic profile, with enrichment of genes involved in neural differentiation. Two genes - GJB2 and GAL - that showed higher expression in DSRCT compared to control tumors could be further investigated for their potential as diagnostic markers at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Sydow
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Hansson
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anke E M van Erp
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Paul Piccinelli
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, University and Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pehr Rissler
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, University and Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Uta E Flucke
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Mertens
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, University and Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
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7
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Dehner C, Moon CI, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Miller C, Xu H, Wan X, Yang K, Mashl J, Gosline SJ, Wang Y, Zhang X, Godec A, Jones PA, Dahiya S, Bhatia H, Primeau T, Li S, Pollard K, Rodriguez FJ, Ding L, Pratilas CA, Shern JF, Hirbe AC. Chromosome 8 gain is associated with high-grade transformation in MPNST. JCI Insight 2021; 6:146351. [PMID: 33591953 PMCID: PMC8026192 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common malignancies affecting adults with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is the malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), an aggressive and often fatal sarcoma that commonly arises from benign plexiform neurofibromas. Despite advances in our understanding of MPNST pathobiology, there are few effective therapeutic options, and no investigational agents have proven successful in clinical trials. To further understand the genomic heterogeneity of MPNST, and to generate a preclinical platform that encompasses this heterogeneity, we developed a collection of NF1-MPNST patient-derived xenografts (PDX). These PDX were compared with the primary tumors from which they were derived using copy number analysis, whole exome sequencing, and RNA sequencing. We identified chromosome 8 gain as a recurrent genomic event in MPNST and validated its occurrence by FISH in the PDX and parental tumors, in a validation cohort, and by single-cell sequencing in the PDX. Finally, we show that chromosome 8 gain is associated with inferior overall survival in soft-tissue sarcomas. These data suggest that chromosome 8 gain is a critical event in MPNST pathogenesis and may account for the aggressive nature and poor outcomes in this sarcoma subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chang In Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhaohe Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chris Miller
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nangchang, China
| | - Xiaodan Wan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nangchang, China
| | - Kuangying Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jay Mashl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sara Jc Gosline
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Abigail Godec
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul A Jones
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sonika Dahiya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and.,Siteman Cancer Center Division of Pediatric Oncology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Himanshi Bhatia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tina Primeau
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shunqiang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center Division of Pediatric Oncology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kai Pollard
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fausto J Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center Division of Pediatric Oncology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christine A Pratilas
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack F Shern
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Angela C Hirbe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center Division of Pediatric Oncology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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8
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Yanagiya R, Ishikawa D, Toubai T, Ichikawa T, Kawaguchi N, Sugasawa K, Ishizawa K, Saito S. A Rare Chromosome Abnormality with der(16)t(1;16)(q12;q11.2) in Blast Crisis of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Case Rep Oncol 2020; 13:1020-1025. [PMID: 32999666 PMCID: PMC7506380 DOI: 10.1159/000509642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors markedly improve the clinical outcome of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), blast crisis in CML (CML-BC) still has a poor prognosis. Many chromosomal abnormalities have been reported in CML-BC and may contribute to therapeutic resistance, disease progression, and prognosis. Herein, we report a rare chromosome abnormality with der(16)t(1;16)(q12;q11.2) in CML-BC. It has been demonstrated that this chromosomal abnormality is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis in other malignancies, such as Ewing sarcoma. A 70-year-old man with CML who had been treated with imatinib and dasatinib was admitted to our hospital after complaining for several weeks of fatigue and dyspnea and diagnosed with CML-BC. His tumor cells presented additional chromosomal abnormality with der(16)t(1;16)(q12;q11.2), which has never been reported in CML cases. We successfully treated him using cytotoxic agents combined with ponatinib, and this chromosome abnormality was detected via G-banding. Our patient has lived for over 8 months without any progression with ponatinib treatment alone. Although the biological function of this chromosomal abnormality remains unclear, the satellite DNA of 1q12, which induces genomic instability in other malignancies, and the loss of 16q may contribute to the disease progression of CML in this case. In conclusion, this paper is the first to report on the case of CML-BC with der(16)t(1;16)(q12;q11.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yanagiya
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology (3rd Internal Medicine), Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Nihonkai General Hospital, Sakata, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ishikawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Nihonkai General Hospital, Sakata, Japan
| | - Tomomi Toubai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nihonkai General Hospital, Sakata, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Ichikawa
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology (3rd Internal Medicine), Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Nihonkai General Hospital, Sakata, Japan
| | | | - Kunie Sugasawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nihonkai General Hospital, Sakata, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ishizawa
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology (3rd Internal Medicine), Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Soichi Saito
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nihonkai General Hospital, Sakata, Japan
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9
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Precision medicine in Ewing sarcoma: a translational point of view. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:1440-1454. [PMID: 32026343 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a rare tumor that arises in bones of children and teenagers but, in 15% of the patients it is presented as a primary soft tissue tumor. Balanced reciprocal chimeric translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12), which encodes an oncogenic protein fusion (EWSR1/FLI1), is the most generalized and characteristic molecular event. Using conventional treatments, (chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy) long-term overall survival rate is 30% for patients with disseminated disease and 65-75% for patients with localized tumors. Urgent new effective drug development is a challenge. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical investigational knowledge about prognostic and targetable biomarkers in Ewing sarcoma, finally suggesting a workflow for precision medicine committees.
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10
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Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a rare tumor developed in bone and soft tissues of children and teenagers. This entity is biologically led by a chromosomal translocation, typically including EWS and FLI1 genes. Little is known about Ewing sarcoma predisposition, although the role of environmental factors, ethnicity and certain polymorphisms on Ewing sarcoma susceptibility has been studied during the last few years. Its prevalence among cancer predisposition syndromes has also been thoroughly examined. This review summarizes the available evidence on predisposing factors involved in Ewing sarcoma susceptibility. On the basis of these data, an integrated approach of the most influential factors on Ewing sarcoma predisposition is proposed.
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11
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Anderson ND, de Borja R, Young MD, Fuligni F, Rosic A, Roberts ND, Hajjar S, Layeghifard M, Novokmet A, Kowalski PE, Anaka M, Davidson S, Zarrei M, Id Said B, Schreiner LC, Marchand R, Sitter J, Gokgoz N, Brunga L, Graham GT, Fullam A, Pillay N, Toretsky JA, Yoshida A, Shibata T, Metzler M, Somers GR, Scherer SW, Flanagan AM, Campbell PJ, Schiffman JD, Shago M, Alexandrov LB, Wunder JS, Andrulis IL, Malkin D, Behjati S, Shlien A. Rearrangement bursts generate canonical gene fusions in bone and soft tissue tumors. Science 2018; 361:eaam8419. [PMID: 30166462 PMCID: PMC6176908 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are cancers of the bone and soft tissue often defined by gene fusions. Ewing sarcoma involves fusions between EWSR1, a gene encoding an RNA binding protein, and E26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors. We explored how and when EWSR1-ETS fusions arise by studying the whole genomes of Ewing sarcomas. In 52 of 124 (42%) of tumors, the fusion gene arises by a sudden burst of complex, loop-like rearrangements, a process called chromoplexy, rather than by simple reciprocal translocations. These loops always contained the disease-defining fusion at the center, but they disrupted multiple additional genes. The loops occurred preferentially in early replicating and transcriptionally active genomic regions. Similar loops forming canonical fusions were found in three other sarcoma types. Chromoplexy-generated fusions appear to be associated with an aggressive form of Ewing sarcoma. These loops arise early, giving rise to both primary and relapse Ewing sarcoma tumors, which can continue to evolve in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D Anderson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard de Borja
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew D Young
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Fabio Fuligni
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrej Rosic
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicola D Roberts
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Simon Hajjar
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehdi Layeghifard
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Novokmet
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul E Kowalski
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Anaka
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott Davidson
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Badr Id Said
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Christine Schreiner
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Remi Marchand
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Sitter
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nalan Gokgoz
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ledia Brunga
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Garrett T Graham
- Department of Oncology and Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anthony Fullam
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- University College London Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, UK
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
| | - Jeffrey A Toretsky
- Department of Oncology and Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Markus Metzler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gino R Somers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mary Shago
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Bioengineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jay S Wunder
- University Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam Shlien
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Grünewald TGP, Cidre-Aranaz F, Surdez D, Tomazou EM, de Álava E, Kovar H, Sorensen PH, Delattre O, Dirksen U. Ewing sarcoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4:5. [PMID: 29977059 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-018-0003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is the second most frequent bone tumour of childhood and adolescence that can also arise in soft tissue. Ewing sarcoma is a highly aggressive cancer, with a survival of 70-80% for patients with standard-risk and localized disease and ~30% for those with metastatic disease. Treatment comprises local surgery, radiotherapy and polychemotherapy, which are associated with acute and chronic adverse effects that may compromise quality of life in survivors. Histologically, Ewing sarcomas are composed of small round cells expressing high levels of CD99. Genetically, they are characterized by balanced chromosomal translocations in which a member of the FET gene family is fused with an ETS transcription factor, with the most common fusion being EWSR1-FLI1 (85% of cases). Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 protein (EWSR1)-Friend leukaemia integration 1 transcription factor (FLI1) is a tumour-specific chimeric transcription factor (EWSR1-FLI1) with neomorphic effects that massively rewires the transcriptome. Additionally, EWSR1-FLI1 reprogrammes the epigenome by inducing de novo enhancers at GGAA microsatellites and by altering the state of gene regulatory elements, creating a unique epigenetic signature. Additional mutations at diagnosis are rare and mainly involve STAG2, TP53 and CDKN2A deletions. Emerging studies on the molecular mechanisms of Ewing sarcoma hold promise for improvements in early detection, disease monitoring, lower treatment-related toxicity, overall survival and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G P Grünewald
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium, partner site Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Florencia Cidre-Aranaz
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium, partner site Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Didier Surdez
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisé LNCC, PSL Université, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Eleni M Tomazou
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrique de Álava
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville/CIBERONC, Seville, Spain
| | - Heinrich Kovar
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Olivier Delattre
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisé LNCC, PSL Université, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Uta Dirksen
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Cooperative Ewing Sarcoma Study group, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, partner site Essen, Essen, Germany
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13
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Tanabe Y, Suehara Y, Kohsaka S, Hayashi T, Akaike K, Mukaihara K, Kurihara T, Kim Y, Okubo T, Ishii M, Kazuno S, Kaneko K, Saito T. IRE1α-XBP1 inhibitors exerted anti-tumor activities in Ewing's sarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14428-14443. [PMID: 29581854 PMCID: PMC5865680 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is the second-most frequent pediatric bone tumor. Chromosomal translocation t(11;22)(q24:q12) results in the formation of EWS/FLI1 gene fusion, which is detected in approximately 90% of tumors of the Ewing family. Several transcriptome studies have provided lists of genes associated with EWS/FLI1 expression. However, the protein expression profiles associated with EWS/FLI1 have yet to be elucidated. In this study, to identify the regulated proteins associated with EWS/FLI1 and therapeutic targets in ES, we conducted proteomic studies using EWS/FLI1 knockdown in four Ewing's sarcoma cell lines and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) expressing EWS/FLI1. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (i-TRAQ) analyses identified more than 2,000 proteins regulated by the EWS/FLI1 fusion. In addition, the network analyses identified several critical pathways, including XBP1, which was ranked the highest. XBP1 is a protein well known to play an important role in the unfolded protein response (UPR) to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway. We confirmed the high mRNA expression of XBP1 (spliced XBP1 and unspliced XBPl) in surgical samples and cell lines in ES. The silencing of XBP1 significantly suppressed the cell viabilities in ES cell lines. In the inhibitor assays using IRE1α-XBP1 inhibitors, including toyocamycin, we confirmed that these agents significantly suppressed the cell viabilities, leading to apoptosis in ES cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggested that IRE1α-XBP1 inhibitors might be useful for developing novel therapeutic strategies in ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tanabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Suehara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shinji Kohsaka
- Department of Medical Genomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuo Hayashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Keisuke Akaike
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kenta Mukaihara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Taisei Kurihara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Youngji Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Taketo Okubo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Midori Ishii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Saiko Kazuno
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kaneko
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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14
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Rotz SJ, Nagarajan R, Sorger JI, Pressey JG. Challenges in the Treatment of Sarcomas of Adolescents and Young Adults. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2017; 6:406-413. [DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2017.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seth J. Rotz
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rajaram Nagarajan
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joel I. Sorger
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joseph G. Pressey
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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15
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Sand LGL, Szuhai K, Hogendoorn PCW. Sequencing Overview of Ewing Sarcoma: A Journey across Genomic, Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Landscapes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:16176-215. [PMID: 26193259 PMCID: PMC4519945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160716176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive neoplasm occurring predominantly in adolescent Caucasians. At the genome level, a pathognomonic EWSR1-ETS translocation is present. The resulting fusion protein acts as a molecular driver in the tumor development and interferes, amongst others, with endogenous transcription and splicing. The Ewing sarcoma cell shows a poorly differentiated, stem-cell like phenotype. Consequently, the cellular origin of Ewing sarcoma is still a hot discussed topic. To further characterize Ewing sarcoma and to further elucidate the role of EWSR1-ETS fusion protein multiple genome, epigenome and transcriptome level studies were performed. In this review, the data from these studies were combined into a comprehensive overview. Presently, classical morphological predictive markers are used in the clinic and the therapy is dominantly based on systemic chemotherapy in combination with surgical interventions. Using sequencing, novel predictive markers and candidates for immuno- and targeted therapy were identified which were summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens G L Sand
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
| | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
| | - Pancras C W Hogendoorn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
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16
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Abstract
Malignant bone tumors (osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma) and soft-tissue sarcomas (rhabdomyosarcoma, nonrhabdomyosarcoma) account for approximately 14% of childhood malignancies. Successful treatment of patients with sarcoma depends on a multidisciplinary approach to therapy, including oncology, surgery, radiation oncology, radiology, pathology, and physiatry. By combining systemic treatment with chemotherapy and primary tumor control using surgery and/or radiation, survival rates for localized disease range from 70% to 75%. However, children with metastatic or recurrent disease continue to have dismal outcomes. A better understanding of the biology underlying both bone and soft-tissue sarcomas is required to further improve outcomes for children with these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine H HaDuong
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS 54, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Andrew A Martin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pauline Allen Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 9063, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pauline Allen Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 9063, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Leo Mascarenhas
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS 54, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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17
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Unusual genetic aberrations including a deletion of KLF6 tumor suppressor gene revealed by integrated cytogenetic approaches in a pediatric ewing sarcoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2015; 37:e51-4. [PMID: 24322504 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is the third most common sarcoma in children and young adults. Its characteristic chromosomal rearrangement results in a chimerical EWSR1-ETS transcription factor. Secondary genetic alterations are very common. Membranous expression of CD99 is seen in almost all tumors. We report 2 unusual cytogenetic findings in a pediatric Ewing sarcoma, an insertion of the MIC2 gene encoding CD99 from Xp to 10p and a submicroscopic deletion of the well-known tumor supressor gene KLF6. The latter has not been described previously in pediatric neoplasms. Molecular pathways in tumorigenesis and genetic complexity in cancer are discussed.
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18
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Tirode F, Surdez D, Ma X, Parker M, Le Deley MC, Bahrami A, Zhang Z, Lapouble E, Grossetête-Lalami S, Rusch M, Reynaud S, Rio-Frio T, Hedlund E, Wu G, Chen X, Pierron G, Oberlin O, Zaidi S, Lemmon G, Gupta P, Vadodaria B, Easton J, Gut M, Ding L, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Shurtleff S, Laurence V, Michon J, Marec-Bérard P, Gut I, Downing J, Dyer M, Zhang J, Delattre O. Genomic landscape of Ewing sarcoma defines an aggressive subtype with co-association of STAG2 and TP53 mutations. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1342-53. [PMID: 25223734 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ewing sarcoma is a primary bone tumor initiated by EWSR1-ETS gene fusions. To identify secondary genetic lesions that contribute to tumor progression, we performed whole-genome sequencing of 112 Ewing sarcoma samples and matched germline DNA. Overall, Ewing sarcoma tumors had relatively few single-nucleotide variants, indels, structural variants, and copy-number alterations. Apart from whole chromosome arm copy-number changes, the most common somatic mutations were detected in STAG2 (17%), CDKN2A (12%), TP53 (7%), EZH2, BCOR, and ZMYM3 (2.7% each). Strikingly, STAG2 mutations and CDKN2A deletions were mutually exclusive, as confirmed in Ewing sarcoma cell lines. In an expanded cohort of 299 patients with clinical data, we discovered that STAG2 and TP53 mutations are often concurrent and are associated with poor outcome. Finally, we detected subclonal STAG2 mutations in diagnostic tumors and expansion of STAG2-immunonegative cells in relapsed tumors as compared with matched diagnostic samples. SIGNIFICANCE Whole-genome sequencing reveals that the somatic mutation rate in Ewing sarcoma is low. Tumors that harbor STAG2 and TP53 mutations have a particularly dismal prognosis with current treatments and require alternative therapies. Novel drugs that target epigenetic regulators may constitute viable therapeutic strategies in a subset of patients with mutations in chromatin modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Tirode
- INSERM U830, Laboratory of Genetics and Cancer Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Didier Surdez
- INSERM U830, Laboratory of Genetics and Cancer Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Matthew Parker
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Marie Cécile Le Deley
- Departement d'Epidémiologie et de Biostatistiques, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Armita Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Zhaojie Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Eve Lapouble
- Unité de Génétique Somatique, Centre Hospitalier, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Grossetête-Lalami
- INSERM U830, Laboratory of Genetics and Cancer Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Stéphanie Reynaud
- Unité de Génétique Somatique, Centre Hospitalier, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Erin Hedlund
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gaelle Pierron
- Unité de Génétique Somatique, Centre Hospitalier, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Odile Oberlin
- Departement de Pédiatrie, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Sakina Zaidi
- INSERM U830, Laboratory of Genetics and Cancer Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Gordon Lemmon
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Bhavin Vadodaria
- The Pediatric Cancer Genome Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John Easton
- The Pediatric Cancer Genome Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Marta Gut
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Genetics, The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Department of Medicine, The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- Department of Genetics, The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Department of Medicine, The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Richard K Wilson
- Department of Genetics, The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Department of Medicine, The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sheila Shurtleff
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Valérie Laurence
- Département d'Oncologie Medicale, Adolescents et Jeunes Adultes, Centre Hospitalier, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jean Michon
- Département d'Oncologie Pediatrique, Adolescents et Jeunes Adultes, Centre Hospitalier, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Perrine Marec-Bérard
- Institute for Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Leon Bérard Cancer Centre, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ivo Gut
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Downing
- The Pediatric Cancer Genome Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Olivier Delattre
- INSERM U830, Laboratory of Genetics and Cancer Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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19
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High-resolution genome-wide copy-number analyses identify localized copy-number alterations in Ewing sarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 22:76-84. [PMID: 23628818 DOI: 10.1097/pdm.0b013e31827a47f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma family tumors are aggressive sarcomas of childhood and adolescence with continuing poor outcomes. Decades of research on the characteristics of the often solitary-known oncogenic-genomic aberration in Ewing sarcoma family tumors, namely a TET-ETS fusion, have provided little advancement in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of Ewing sarcoma or treatment thereof. In this study, the high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphism technology was used to identify additional/secondary copy-number alterations (CNAs) in Ewing sarcoma that might elucidate the aggressive biology of this sarcoma. We compared paired constitutional and tumor DNA samples. Commonly known genomic alterations including gain of 1q and chromosome 8 were the most frequently detected changes in this study. In addition, deletions and loss of heterozygosity were identified in 10q, 11p, and 17p. Furthermore, tumor-specific CNAs were identified not only in genes previously known to be of interest, including CDKN2A, but also in genes not previously associated with Ewing sarcoma, including SOX6 and PTEN. Selected array-based findings were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemical studies, or sequencing. The results highlight an unexpected level of cytogenetic complexity associated with several of the samples, 2 of which contained TP53 mutations. In summary, our high-resolution genome-wide copy-number data identify several novel CNAs associated with Ewing sarcoma, which are promising targets for novel therapeutic strategies in this aggressive sarcoma.
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20
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Jahromi MS, Putnam AR, Druzgal C, Wright J, Spraker-Perlman H, Kinsey M, Zhou H, Boucher KM, Randall RL, Jones KB, Lucas D, Rosenberg A, Thomas D, Lessnick SL, Schiffman JD. Molecular inversion probe analysis detects novel copy number alterations in Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Genet 2012; 205:391-404. [PMID: 22868000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is the second most common bone tumor in children and young adults, with dismal outcomes for metastatic and relapsed disease. To better understand the molecular pathogenesis of ES and to identify new prognostic markers, we used molecular inversion probes (MIPs) to evaluate copy number alterations (CNAs) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, which included 40 ES primary tumors and 12 ES metastatic lesions. CNAs were correlated with clinical features and outcome, and validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We identified previously reported CNAs, in addition to SMARCB1 (INI1/SNF5) homozygous loss and copy neutral LOH. IHC confirmed SMARCB1 protein loss in 7-10% of clinically diagnosed ES tumors in three separate cohorts (University of Utah [N = 40], Children's Oncology Group [N = 31], and University of Michigan [N = 55]). A multifactor copy number (MCN)-index was highly predictive of overall survival (39% vs. 100%, P < 0.001). We also identified RELN gene deletions unique to 25% of ES metastatic samples. In summary, we identified both known and novel CNAs using MIP technology for the first time in FFPE samples from patients with ES. CNAs detected by microarray correlate with outcome and may be useful for risk stratification in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona S Jahromi
- Center for Children's Cancer Research (C3R), Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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21
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Jansen M, Mohapatra G, Betensky RA, Keohane C, Louis DN. Gain of chromosome arm 1q in atypical meningioma correlates with shorter progression-free survival. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:213-9. [PMID: 21988727 PMCID: PMC3563294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Atypical (World Health Organization grade II) meningiomas have moderately high recurrence rates; even for completely resected tumours, approximately one-third will recur. Post-operative radiotherapy may aid local control and improve survival, but carries the risk of side effects. More accurate prediction of recurrence risk is therefore needed for patients with atypical meningioma. Previously, we used high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization to identify genetic variations in 47 primary atypical meningiomas and found that approximately 60% of tumours show gain of 1q at 1q25.1 and 1q25.3 to 1q32.1 and that 1q gain appeared to correlate with shorter progression-free survival. This study aimed to validate and extend these findings in an independent sample. METHODS Eighty-six completely resected atypical meningiomas (with 25 recurrences) from two neurosurgical centres in Ireland were identified and clinical follow-up was obtained. Utilizing a dual-colour interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization assay, 1q gain was assessed using Bacterial Artificial Chromosome probes directed against 1q25.1 and 1q32.1. RESULTS The results confirm the high prevalence of 1q gain at these loci in atypical meningiomas. We further show that gain at 1q32.1 and age each correlate with progression-free survival in patients who have undergone complete surgical resection of atypical meningiomas. CONCLUSIONS These independent findings suggest that assessment of 1q copy number status can add clinically useful information for the management of patients with atypical meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jansen
- Pathology Service, Harvard Medical School, USA
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22
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van Maldegem AM, Hogendoorn PC, Hassan AB. The clinical use of biomarkers as prognostic factors in Ewing sarcoma. Clin Sarcoma Res 2012; 2:7. [PMID: 22587879 PMCID: PMC3351700 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing Sarcoma is the second most common primary bone sarcoma with 900 new diagnoses per year in Europe (EU27). It has a poor survival rate in the face of metastatic disease, with no more than 10% survival of the 35% who develop recurrence. Despite the remaining majority having localised disease, approximately 30% still relapse and die despite salvage therapies. Prognostic factors may identify patients at higher risk that might require differential therapeutic interventions. Aside from phenotypic features, quantitative biomarkers based on biological measurements may help identify tumours that are more aggressive. We audited the research which has been done to identify prognostic biomarkers for Ewing sarcoma in the past 15 years. We identified 86 articles were identified using defined search criteria. A total of 11,625 patients were reported, although this number reflects reanalysis of several cohorts. For phenotypic markers, independent reports suggest that tumour size > 8 cm and the presence of metastasis appeared strong predictors of negative outcome. Good histological response (necrosis > 90%) after treatment appeared a significant predictor for a positive outcome. However, data proposing biological biomarkers for practical clinical use remain un-validated with only one secondary report published. Our recommendation is that we can stratify patients according to their stage and using the phenotypic features of metastases, tumour size and histological response. For biological biomarkers, we suggest a number of validating studies including markers for 9p21 locus, heat shock proteins, telomerase related markers, interleukins, tumour necrosis factors, VEGF pathway, lymphocyte count, and a number of other markers including Ki-67.
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23
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Abstract
Ewing sarcoma, a rare malignancy of childhood and adolescence, has become a model of advances in diagnosis, treatment, and outcome through long-standing research efforts in multinational clinical trials. With modern multimodal regimens consisting of local surgery and/or radiotherapy plus intensive systemic chemotherapy, survival can be achieved for ≈ 70% of patients with localized disease. However, in the last decade, improvement in survival curves has slowed down. Also, a relapse rate of ≈ 30% remains unacceptable, since salvage strategies for Ewing sarcoma recurrence are discouraging and prognosis is unfavorable in most cases. Metastatic disease at diagnosis poses a similar challenge, since even if remission is achieved, relapse frequently occurs despite the most intensive treatment. Urgently needed, novel biology-driven treatment options are now beginning to emerge on the horizon, but have not yet reached the standard of care. An overview of the current clinical state-of-the-art is provided in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Potratz
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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24
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Kovar H, Alonso J, Aman P, Aryee DNT, Ban J, Burchill SA, Burdach S, De Alava E, Delattre O, Dirksen U, Fourtouna A, Fulda S, Helman LJ, Herrero-Martin D, Hogendoorn PCW, Kontny U, Lawlor ER, Lessnick SL, Llombart-Bosch A, Metzler M, Moriggl R, Niedan S, Potratz J, Redini F, Richter GHS, Riedmann LT, Rossig C, Schäfer BW, Schwentner R, Scotlandi K, Sorensen PH, Staege MS, Tirode F, Toretsky J, Ventura S, Eggert A, Ladenstein R. The first European interdisciplinary ewing sarcoma research summit. Front Oncol 2012; 2:54. [PMID: 22662320 PMCID: PMC3361960 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Network for Cancer Research in Children and Adolescents (ENCCA) provides an interaction platform for stakeholders in research and care of children with cancer. Among ENCCA objectives is the establishment of biology-based prioritization mechanisms for the selection of innovative targets, drugs, and prognostic markers for validation in clinical trials. Specifically for sarcomas, there is a burning need for novel treatment options, since current chemotherapeutic treatment protocols have met their limits. This is most obvious for metastatic Ewing sarcoma (ES), where long term survival rates are still below 20%. Despite significant progress in our understanding of ES biology, clinical translation of promising laboratory results has not yet taken place due to fragmentation of research and lack of an institutionalized discussion forum. To fill this gap, ENCCA assembled 30 European expert scientists and five North American opinion leaders in December 2011 to exchange thoughts and discuss the state of the art in ES research and latest results from the bench, and to propose biological studies and novel promising therapeutics for the upcoming European EWING2008 and EWING2012 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Kovar
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical UniversityVienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Heinrich Kovar, Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung and Medical University, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria. e-mail:
| | - Javier Alonso
- Unidad de Tumores Sólidos Infantiles, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMajadahonda, Spain
| | - Pierre Aman
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dave N. T. Aryee
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical UniversityVienna, Austria
| | - Jozef Ban
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Burdach
- Children’s Cancer Research Center and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - Enrique De Alava
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Cancer Research Center-IBMCC, University of Salamanca-CSICSalamanca, Spain
| | - Olivier Delattre
- INSERM, U830 Génétique et Biologie des CancersInstitut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Uta Dirksen
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Argyro Fourtouna
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lee J. Helman
- Molecular Oncology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Herrero-Martin
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | | | - Udo Kontny
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s HospitalFreiburg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth R. Lawlor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Oncological Sciences, Center for Children’s Cancer Research at Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer ResearchVienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Niedan
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | - Jenny Potratz
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Françoise Redini
- INSERM, UMR 957, LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives EA3822Nantes, France
| | - Günther H. S. Richter
- Children’s Cancer Research Center and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - Lucia T. Riedmann
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Beat W. Schäfer
- Department of Oncology, University Children’s HospitalZurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphaela Schwentner
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli InstituteBologna, Italy
| | - Poul H. Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin S. Staege
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Centre, Martin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Franck Tirode
- INSERM, U830 Génétique et Biologie des CancersInstitut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey Toretsky
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown UniversityWashington, DC, USA
| | - Selena Ventura
- Department of Oncology, University Children’s HospitalZurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Eggert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children’s HospitalEssen, Germany
| | - Ruth Ladenstein
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical UniversityVienna, Austria
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25
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Tanboon J, Sitthinamsuwan B, Paruang T, Marrano P, Thorner PS. Primary intracranial Ewing sarcoma with an unusually aggressive course: a case report and review of the literature. Neuropathology 2011; 32:293-300. [PMID: 22007764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2011.01258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of Ewing sarcoma-peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor as a primary intracranial tumor is very rare, with only 29 cases reported in the literature, 19 of which have included molecular studies. We present the clinical, radiologic and pathologic findings of an intracranial Ewing sarcoma in a 22-year-old woman arising from the dura over the right frontal convexity. The patient underwent craniotomy with gross total excision of the tumor. The tumor showed atypical histology and the diagnosis was confirmed by detection of a rearrangement of the EWSR1 gene by fluorescent in situ hybridization and identification of the diagnostic t(11;22)(q24;q12) translocation by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Additional features were detected in this tumor that are known to be associated with an unfavorable prognosis, including loss of p16 expression and gains of chromosomes 1q and 12. The patient experienced the most rapid downhill course reported to date for intracranial Ewing sarcoma, developing multiple extracranial metastases at 2 months and dying 6 months after the initial operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantima Tanboon
- Department of Pathology, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
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26
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Mackintosh C, Ordóñez JL, García-Domínguez DJ, Sevillano V, Llombart-Bosch A, Szuhai K, Scotlandi K, Alberghini M, Sciot R, Sinnaeve F, Hogendoorn PCW, Picci P, Knuutila S, Dirksen U, Debiec-Rychter M, Schaefer KL, de Álava E. 1q gain and CDT2 overexpression underlie an aggressive and highly proliferative form of Ewing sarcoma. Oncogene 2011; 31:1287-98. [PMID: 21822310 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive characterization of the role of the EWS-ETS fusions, little is known about secondary genetic alterations and their clinical contribution to Ewing sarcoma (ES). It has been demonstrated that the molecular structure of EWS-ETS lacks prognostic value. Moreover, CDKN2A deletion and TP53 mutation, despite carrying a poor prognosis, are infrequent. In this scenario identifying secondary genetic alterations with a significant prevalence could contribute to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the most aggressive forms of ES.We screened a 67 ES tumor set for copy number alterations by array comparative genomic hybridization. 1q gain (1qG), detected in 31% of tumor samples, was found markedly associated with relapse and poor overall and disease-free survival and demonstrated a prognostic value independent of classical clinical parameters. Reanalysis of an expression dataset belonging to an independent tumor set (n=37) not only validated this finding but also led us to identify a transcriptomic profile of severe cell cycle deregulation in 1qG ES tumors. Consistently, a higher proliferation rate was detected in this tumor subset by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. CDT2, a 1q-located candidate gene encoding a protein involved in ubiquitin ligase activity and significantly overexpressed in 1qG ES tumors, was validated in vitro and in vivo proving its major contribution to this molecular and clinical phenotype. This integrative genomic study of 105 ES tumors in overall renders the potential value of 1qG and CDT2 overexpression as prognostic biomarkers and also affords a rationale for the application of already available new therapeutic compounds selectively targeting the protein-ubiquitin machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mackintosh
- Molecular Pathology Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Campus Miguel de Unamuno S/N, Salamanca, Spain.
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27
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Abstract
Primary malignant bone tumors are rare sarcomas with an estimated frequency of about 2900 new cases per year; they constitute less than 0.2% of all cancers diagnosed in the United States. The diagnosis and management of these neoplasms require a team approach, which includes orthopaedic surgeons, radiologists, pathologists, and oncologists. With this approach and current treatment modalities, the 5-year survival for the most common malignant bone tumors, osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, are 70% and 60%, respectively. This review will summarize recent developments and advances in molecular pathogenesis of the more common primary malignant bone neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Hameed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill College of Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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28
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Copy Number Alterations and Methylation in Ewing's Sarcoma. Sarcoma 2011; 2011:362173. [PMID: 21437220 PMCID: PMC3061291 DOI: 10.1155/2011/362173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is the second most common bone malignancy affecting children and young adults. The prognosis is especially poor in metastatic or relapsed disease. The cell of origin remains elusive, but the EWS-FLI1 fusion oncoprotein is present in the majority of cases. The understanding of the molecular basis of Ewing's sarcoma continues to progress slowly. EWS-FLI1 affects gene expression, but other factors must also be at work such as mutations, gene copy number alterations, and promoter methylation. This paper explores in depth two molecular aspects of Ewing's sarcoma: copy number alterations (CNAs) and methylation. While CNAs consistently have been reported in Ewing's sarcoma, their clinical significance has been variable, most likely due to small sample size and tumor heterogeneity. Methylation is thought to be important in oncogenesis and balanced karyotype cancers such as Ewing's, yet it has received only minimal attention in prior studies. Future CNA and methylation studies will help to understand the molecular basis of this disease.
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29
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Klein B, Seckinger A, Moehler T, Hose D. Molecular pathogenesis of multiple myeloma: chromosomal aberrations, changes in gene expression, cytokine networks, and the bone marrow microenvironment. Recent Results Cancer Res 2011; 183:39-86. [PMID: 21509680 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-85772-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on two aspects of myeloma pathogenesis: (1) chromosomal aberrations and resulting changes in gene and protein expression with a special focus on growth and survival factors of malignant (and normal) plasma cells and (2) the remodeling of the bone marrow microenvironment induced by accumulating myeloma cells. We begin this chapter with a discussion of normal plasma cell generation, their survival, and a novel class of inhibitory factors. This is crucial for the understanding of multiple myeloma, as several abilities attributed to malignant plasma cells are already present in their normal counterpart, especially the production of survival factors and interaction with the bone marrow microenvironment (niche). The chapter closes with a new model of pathogenesis of myeloma.
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30
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Pinto A, Dickman P, Parham D. Pathobiologic markers of the ewing sarcoma family of tumors: state of the art and prediction of behaviour. Sarcoma 2010; 2011:856190. [PMID: 20981347 PMCID: PMC2957858 DOI: 10.1155/2011/856190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, the outcome of Ewing sarcoma family tumor (ESFT) patients who are nonmetastatic at presentation has improved considerably. The prognosis of patients with metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis and recurrence after therapy remains dismal. Drug-resistant disease at diagnosis or at relapse remains a major cause of mortality among patients diagnosed with ESFT. In order to improve the outcome for patients with potential relapse, there is an urgent need to find reliable markers that either predict tumor behaviour at diagnosis or identify therapeutic molecular targets at the time of recurrence. An improved understanding of the cell of origin and the molecular pathways that regulate tumorigenicity in ESFT should aid us in the search for novel therapies for ESFT. The purpose of this paper is thus to outline current concepts of sarcomagenesis in ESFT and to discuss ESFT patterns of differentiation and molecular markers that might affect prognosis or direct future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Pinto
- Calgary Laboratory Services, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8
| | - Paul Dickman
- Department of Pathology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E. Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - David Parham
- Health Sciences Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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31
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Toomey EC, Schiffman JD, Lessnick SL. Recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of Ewing's sarcoma. Oncogene 2010; 29:4504-16. [PMID: 20543858 PMCID: PMC3555143 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor development is a complex process resulting from interplay between mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors, host susceptibility factors, and cellular context. Great advances have been made by studying rare tumors with unique clinical, genetic, or molecular features. Ewing's sarcoma serves as an excellent paradigm for understanding tumorigenesis because it exhibits some very useful and important characteristics. For example, nearly all cases of Ewing's sarcoma contain the (11;22)(q24;q12) chromosomal translocation that encodes the EWS/FLI oncoprotein. Besides the t(11;22), however, many cases have otherwise simple karyotypes with no other demonstrable abnormalities. Furthermore, it seems that an underlying genetic susceptibility to Ewing's sarcoma, if it exists, must be rare. These two features suggest that EWS/FLI is the primary mutation that drives the development of this tumor. Finally, Ewing's sarcoma is an aggressive tumor that requires aggressive treatment. Thus, improved understanding of the pathogenesis of this tumor will not only be of academic interest, but may also lead to new therapeutic approaches for individuals afflicted with this disease. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent advances in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of Ewing's sarcoma, while considering the questions surrounding this disease that still remain and how this knowledge may be applied to developing new treatments for patients with this highly aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Toomey
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Center for Children's Cancer Research at Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Joshua D. Schiffman
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Center for Children's Cancer Research at Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Center for Children's Cancer Research at Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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Paugh BS, Qu C, Jones C, Liu Z, Adamowicz-Brice M, Zhang J, Bax DA, Coyle B, Barrow J, Hargrave D, Lowe J, Gajjar A, Zhao W, Broniscer A, Ellison DW, Grundy RG, Baker SJ. Integrated molecular genetic profiling of pediatric high-grade gliomas reveals key differences with the adult disease. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:3061-8. [PMID: 20479398 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.26.7252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To define copy number alterations and gene expression signatures underlying pediatric high-grade glioma (HGG). PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a high-resolution analysis of genomic imbalances in 78 de novo pediatric HGGs, including seven diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas, and 10 HGGs arising in children who received cranial irradiation for a previous cancer using single nucleotide polymorphism microarray analysis. Gene expression was analyzed with gene expression microarrays for 53 tumors. Results were compared with publicly available data from adult tumors. RESULTS Significant differences in copy number alterations distinguish childhood and adult glioblastoma. PDGFRA was the predominant target of focal amplification in childhood HGG, including diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas, and gene expression analyses supported an important role for deregulated PDGFRalpha signaling in pediatric HGG. No IDH1 hotspot mutations were found in pediatric tumors, highlighting molecular differences with adult secondary glioblastoma. Pediatric and adult glioblastomas were clearly distinguished by frequent gain of chromosome 1q (30% v 9%, respectively) and lower frequency of chromosome 7 gain (13% v 74%, respectively) and 10q loss (35% v 80%, respectively). PDGFRA amplification and 1q gain occurred at significantly higher frequency in irradiation-induced tumors, suggesting that these are initiating events in childhood gliomagenesis. A subset of pediatric HGGs showed minimal copy number changes. CONCLUSION Integrated molecular profiling showed substantial differences in the molecular features underlying pediatric and adult HGG, indicating that findings in adult tumors cannot be simply extrapolated to younger patients. PDGFRalpha may be a useful target for pediatric HGG, including diffuse pontine gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Paugh
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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van Doorninck JA, Ji L, Schaub B, Shimada H, Wing MR, Krailo MD, Lessnick SL, Marina N, Triche TJ, Sposto R, Womer RB, Lawlor ER. Current treatment protocols have eliminated the prognostic advantage of type 1 fusions in Ewing sarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:1989-94. [PMID: 20308669 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.24.5845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFTs) exhibit chromosomal translocations that lead to the creation of chimeric fusion oncogenes. Combinatorial diversity among chromosomal breakpoints produces varying fusions. The type 1 EWS-FLI1 transcript is created as a result of fusion between exons 7 of EWS and 6 of FLI1, and retrospective studies have reported that type 1 tumors are associated with an improved outcome. We have re-examined this association in a prospective cohort of patients with ESFT treated according to current Children's Oncology Group (COG) treatment protocols. METHODS Frozen tumor tissue was prospectively obtained from patients diagnosed with ESFT, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine translocation status. Analysis was confined to patients with localized tumors who were diagnosed after 1994 and treated according to COG protocols. Translocation status was correlated with disease characteristics, event-free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS). Results RT-PCR identified chimeric fusion oncogenes in 119 of 132 ESFTs. Eighty-nine percent of identified transcripts were EWS-FLI1, and of these, 58.8% were type 1. Five-year EFS and OS rates for patients with type 1 and non-type 1 fusions diagnosed between 2001 and 2005 were equivalent (type 1: EFS, 63% +/- 7%; OS, 83% +/- 6%; non-type 1: EFS, 71% +/- 9%; OS, 79% +/- 8%). CONCLUSION Current intensive treatment protocols for localized ESFT have erased the clinical disadvantage that was formerly observed in patients with non-type 1 EWS-FLI1 fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A van Doorninck
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS#57, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma family tumors are a good example of how genome research has advanced our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of an otherwise enigmatic disease. This group of embryonal bone tumors is characterized by the expression of a chimeric ETS-family oncogene, predominantly EWS/FLI1. There is now convincing evidence for a mesenchymal descent from an early pluripotent progenitor. EWS/FLI1 has been shown to drive proliferation of Ewing's sarcoma cells and block most of the differentiation potential except for a partial neural gene expression program. The EWS/FLI1 fusion protein acts mainly as a gene activator, directly interacting with chromatin at two kinds of binding site: distant enhancers enriched in GGAA microsatellites, and proximal promoters containing classical ETS-binding motifs and recognition motifs for other transcription factors. EWS/FLI1 also represses a large number of genes, mainly indirectly, presumably by altering microRNA expression and epigenetic mechanisms, and potentially affecting post-transcriptional gene regulation. Modulation of EWS/FLI1 expression is not only a desirable therapeutic goal, but may also occur under physiological conditions and influence the course of the disease.
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35
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Genomic profiling of atypical meningiomas associates gain of 1q with poor clinical outcome. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:1155-65. [PMID: 19918127 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181ba3952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical meningiomas exhibit heterogeneous clinical outcomes. It is unclear which atypical meningiomas require aggressive multimodality treatment with surgery and radiation therapy versus surgery alone to prevent recurrence. Detailed molecular-genetic characterization of these neoplasms is necessary to understand their pathogenesis and identify clinically relevant genetic markers. Oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization was used to identify frequent genetic alterations in 47 primary atypical meningiomas resected at Massachusetts General Hospital between August 1987 and September 2006. Eighty-five percent of samples exhibited loss of 22q, including the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene. The second most frequent regions of loss were confined to the short arm of chromosome 1, particularly 1p33-p36.2 (70%) and 1p13.2 (64%). Other frequent regions of loss, detected in more than 50% of samples, included 14q, 10q, 8q, 7p, 21q, 19, 9q34, and 4p16. Frequent regions of gain were detected along 1q (59%), 17q (44%), 9q34 (30%), and 7q36 (26%). Univariate marker-by-marker analysis of all frequently identified copy number alterations showed potential correlation between gain of 1q and shorter progression-free survival. Given the heterogeneous treatment outcomes of atypical meningioma, investigation of large-scale and focal genomic alterations in multi-institutional efforts may help clarify molecular-genetic signatures of clinical use.
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36
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Kauer M, Ban J, Kofler R, Walker B, Davis S, Meltzer P, Kovar H. A molecular function map of Ewing's sarcoma. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5415. [PMID: 19404404 PMCID: PMC2671847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND EWS-FLI1 is a chimeric ETS transcription factor that is, due to a chromosomal rearrangement, specifically expressed in Ewing's sarcoma family tumors (ESFT) and is thought to initiate the development of the disease. Previous genomic profiling experiments have identified EWS-FLI1-regulated genes and genes that discriminate ESFT from other sarcomas, but so far a comprehensive analysis of EWS-FLI1-dependent molecular functions characterizing this aggressive cancer is lacking. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, a molecular function map of ESFT was constructed based on an integrative analysis of gene expression profiling experiments following EWS-FLI1 knockdown in a panel of five ESFT cell lines, and on gene expression data from the same platform of 59 primary ESFT. Out of 80 normal tissues tested, mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPC) were found to fit the hypothesis that EWS-FLI1 is the driving transcriptional force in ESFT best and were therefore used as the reference tissue for the construction of the molecular function map. The interrelations of molecular pathways were visualized by measuring the similarity among annotated gene functions by gene sharing. The molecular function map highlighted distinct clusters of activities for EWS-FLI1 regulated genes in ESFT and revealed a striking difference between EWS-FLI1 up- and down-regulated genes: EWS-FLI1 induced genes mainly belong to cell cycle regulation, proliferation, and response to DNA damage, while repressed genes were associated with differentiation and cell communication. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study revealed that EWS-FLI1 combines by distinct molecular mechanisms two important functions of cellular transformation in one protein, growth promotion and differentiation blockage. By taking MPC as a reference tissue, a significant EWS-FLI1 signature was discovered in ESFT that only partially overlapped with previously published EWS-FLI1-dependent gene expression patterns, identifying a series of novel targets for the chimeric protein in ESFT. Our results may guide target selection for future ESFT specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kauer
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jozef Ban
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kofler
- Biocenter, Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bob Walker
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sean Davis
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Meltzer
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heinrich Kovar
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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37
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Kikuta K, Tochigi N, Shimoda T, Yabe H, Morioka H, Toyama Y, Hosono A, Beppu Y, Kawai A, Hirohashi S, Kondo T. Nucleophosmin as a Candidate Prognostic Biomarker of Ewing's Sarcoma Revealed by Proteomics. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2885-94. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Proctor A, Brownhill SC, Burchill SA. The promise of telomere length, telomerase activity and its regulation in the translocation-dependent cancer ESFT; clinical challenges and utility. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:260-74. [PMID: 19264125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Ewing's sarcoma family of tumours (ESFT) are diagnosed by EWS-ETS gene translocations. The resulting fusion proteins play a role in both the initiation and maintenance of these solid aggressive malignant tumours, suppressing cellular senescence and increasing cell proliferation and survival. EWS-ETS fusion proteins have altered transcriptional activity, inducing expression of a number of different target genes including telomerase. Up-regulation of hTERT is most likely responsible for the high levels of telomerase activity in primary ESFT, although telomerase activity and expression of hTERT are not predictive of outcome. However levels of telomerase activity in peripheral blood may be useful to monitor response to some therapeutics. Despite high levels of telomerase activity, telomeres in ESFT are frequently shorter than those of matched normal cells. Uncertainty about the role that telomerase and regulators of its activity play in the maintenance of telomere length in normal and cancer cells, and lack of studies examining the relationship between telomerase activity, regulators of its activity and their clinical significance in patient samples have limited their introduction into clinical practice. Studies in clinical samples using standardised assays are critical to establish how telomerase and regulators of its activity might best be exploited for patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Proctor
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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39
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Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is one of the few solid tumors for which the underlying molecular genetic abnormality has been described: rearrangement of the EWS gene on chromosome 22q12 with an ETS gene family member. These translocations define the Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) and provide a valuable tool for their accurate and unequivocal diagnosis. They also represent ideal targets for the development of tumor-specific therapeutics. Although secondary abnormalities occur in over 80% of primary ESFT the clinical utility of these is currently unclear. However, abnormalities in genes that regulate the G(1)/S checkpoint are frequently described and may be important in predicting outcome and response. Increased understanding of the molecular events that arise in ESFT and their role in the development and maintenance of the malignant phenotype will inform the improved stratification of patients for therapy and identify targets and pathways for the design of more effective cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ann Burchill
- Candlelighter's Children's Cancer Research Group, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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40
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Savola S, Klami A, Tripathi A, Niini T, Serra M, Picci P, Kaski S, Zambelli D, Scotlandi K, Knuutila S. Combined use of expression and CGH arrays pinpoints novel candidate genes in Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:17. [PMID: 19144156 PMCID: PMC2633345 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT), characterized by t(11;22)(q24;q12), is one of the most common tumors of bone in children and young adults. In addition to EWS/FLI1 gene fusion, copy number changes are known to be significant for the underlying neoplastic development of ESFT and for patient outcome. Our genome-wide high-resolution analysis aspired to pinpoint genomic regions of highest interest and possible target genes in these areas. Methods Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and expression arrays were used to screen for copy number alterations and expression changes in ESFT patient samples. A total of 31 ESFT samples were analyzed by aCGH and in 16 patients DNA and RNA level data, created by expression arrays, was integrated. Time of the follow-up of these patients was 5–192 months. Clinical outcome was statistically evaluated by Kaplan-Meier/Logrank methods and RT-PCR was applied on 42 patient samples to study the gene of the highest interest. Results Copy number changes were detected in 87% of the cases. The most recurrent copy number changes were gains at 1q, 2, 8, and 12, and losses at 9p and 16q. Cumulative event free survival (ESFT) and overall survival (OS) were significantly better (P < 0.05) for primary tumors with three or less copy number changes than for tumors with higher number of copy number aberrations. In three samples copy number imbalances were detected in chromosomes 11 and 22 affecting the FLI1 and EWSR1 loci, suggesting that an unbalanced t(11;22) and subsequent duplication of the derivative chromosome harboring fusion gene is a common event in ESFT. Further, amplifications on chromosomes 20 and 22 seen in one patient sample suggest a novel translocation type between EWSR1 and an unidentified fusion partner at 20q. In total 20 novel ESFT associated putative oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes were found in the integration analysis of array CGH and expression data. Quantitative RT-PCR to study the expression levels of the most interesting gene, HDGF, confirmed that its expression was higher than in control samples. However, no association between HDGF expression and patient survival was observed. Conclusion We conclude that array CGH and integration analysis proved to be effective methods to identify chromosome regions and novel target genes involved in the tumorigenesis of ESFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Savola
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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41
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Roberts P, Burchill SA, Brownhill S, Cullinane CJ, Johnston C, Griffiths MJ, McMullan DJ, Bown NP, Morris SP, Lewis IJ. Ploidy and karyotype complexity are powerful prognostic indicators in the Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors: a study by the United Kingdom Cancer Cytogenetics and the Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:207-20. [PMID: 18064647 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma family tumors (ESFT) are characterized by the presence of EWSR1-ETS fusion genes. Secondary chromosome changes are frequently described, although their clinical significance is not clear. In this study, we have collected and reviewed abnormal karyotypes from 88 patients with primary ESFT and a rearrangement of 22q12. Secondary changes were identified in 80% (70/88) of tumors at diagnosis. Multivariate analysis showed a worse overall and relapse free survival (RFS) for those with a complex karyotype (overall survival, P = 0.005; RFS, P = 0.04), independent of metastatic disease. Univariate survival analysis showed that a chromosome number above 50 or a complex karyotype was associated with a worse overall survival (>50 chromosomes, P = 0.05; complex karyotype, P = 0.04). There was no association between type of cytogenetic abnormality and the presence of metastatic disease at diagnosis. Univariate and multivariate survival analysis of a small subgroup with trisomy 20 indicated that trisomy 20 was associated with a worse overall and RFS. There was no difference in outcome associated with other recurrent trisomies (2, 5, 7, 8, or 12) or the common recurrent secondary structural rearrangements (deletions of 1p36, 9p12, 17p13, and 16q, and gain of 1q), although numbers were small. These data demonstrate the continued value of cytogenetics as a genome-wide screen in ESFT and illustrates the potential importance of secondary chromosome changes for stratification of patients for risk. Specifically, karyotype complexity appears to be a powerful predictor of prognosis, and the presence of trisomy 20 may be a marker of a more aggressive subset of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Roberts
- Department of Cytogenetics, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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42
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Bleyer A, Barr R, Hayes-Lattin B, Thomas D, Ellis C, Anderson B. The distinctive biology of cancer in adolescents and young adults. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:288-98. [PMID: 18354417 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One explanation for the relative lack of progress in treating cancer in adolescents and young adults is that the biology of malignant diseases in this age group is different than in younger and older persons, not only in the spectrum of cancers but also within individual cancer types and within the patient (host). Molecular, epidemiological and therapeutic outcome comparisons offer clues to this distinctiveness in most of the common cancers of adolescents and young adults. Translational and clinical research should not assume that the biology of cancers and patients is the same as in other age groups, and treatment strategies should be tailored to the differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archie Bleyer
- St Charles Medical Center, 2500 NE Neff Road, Bend, Oregon 97701, USA.
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43
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Schaefer KL, Eisenacher M, Braun Y, Brachwitz K, Wai DH, Dirksen U, Lanvers-Kaminsky C, Juergens H, Herrero D, Stegmaier S, Koscielniak E, Eggert A, Nathrath M, Gosheger G, Schneider DT, Bury C, Diallo-Danebrock R, Ottaviano L, Gabbert HE, Poremba C. Microarray analysis of Ewing’s sarcoma family of tumours reveals characteristic gene expression signatures associated with metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:699-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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44
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Avigad S, Naumov I, Ohali A, Jeison M, Berco GH, Mardoukh J, Stark B, Ash S, Cohen IJ, Meller I, Kollender Y, Issakov J, Yaniv I. Short telomeres: a novel potential predictor of relapse in Ewing sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5777-83. [PMID: 17908968 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite advances in therapy, >50% of patients with Ewing sarcoma will relapse. The current prognostic factors are not optimal for risk prediction. Studies have shown that telomere length could predict outcome in different malignancies. Our aim was to evaluate whether telomere length could be a better prognostic factor in Ewing sarcoma and correlate the results with clinical variables, outcome, and chromosomal instability. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Telomere length was determined in the primary tumor and peripheral blood of 32 patients with Ewing sarcoma. Chromosomal instability was evaluated by combining classical cytogenetics, comparative genomic hybridization and random aneuploidy. Telomere length was correlated to clinical variables, chromosomal instability, and outcome. RESULTS In 75% of the tumors, changes in telomere length, when compared with the corresponding peripheral blood lymphocytes, were noted. The majority of changes consisted of a reduction in telomere length. Patients harboring shorter telomeres had a significantly adverse outcome (P = 0.015). Chromosomal instability was identified in 65% of tumors, significantly correlating with short telomeres (P = 0.0094). Using multivariate analysis, telomere length remained the only significant prognostic variable (P = 0.034). Patients with short telomeres had a 5.3-fold risk of relapse as compared to those with unchanged or longer telomeres. CONCLUSION We have shown that tumors with telomere length reduction result in genomic instability. In addition, telomere length reduction was the only significant predictor of outcome. We suggest that reduction of telomere length in tumor cells at diagnosis could serve as a prognostic marker in Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Avigad
- Molecular Oncology, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.
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Fournier A, Florin A, Lefebvre C, Solly F, Leroux D, Callanan M. Genetics and epigenetics of 1q rearrangements in hematological malignancies. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 118:320-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000108316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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46
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Ferreira BI, Alonso J, Carrillo J, Acquadro F, Largo C, Suela J, Teixeira MR, Cerveira N, Molares A, Goméz-López G, Pestaña A, Sastre A, Garcia-Miguel P, Cigudosa JC. Array CGH and gene-expression profiling reveals distinct genomic instability patterns associated with DNA repair and cell-cycle checkpoint pathways in Ewing's sarcoma. Oncogene 2007; 27:2084-90. [PMID: 17952124 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is characterized by specific chromosome translocations, the most common being t(11;22)(q24;q12). Additionally, other type of genetic abnormalities may occur and be relevant for explaining the variable tumour biology and clinical outcome. We have carried out a high-resolution array CGH and expression profiling on 25 ES tumour samples to characterize the DNA copy number aberrations (CNA) occurring in these tumours and determine their association with gene-expression profiles and clinical outcome. CNA were observed in 84% of the cases. We observed a median number of three aberrations per case. Besides numerical chromosome changes, smaller aberrations were found and defined at chromosomes 5p, 7q and 9p. All CNA were compiled to define the smallest overlapping regions of imbalance (SORI). A total of 35 SORI were delimited. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to identify subgroups according to the pattern of genomic instability. Unsupervised and supervised clustering analysis (using SORI as variables) segregated the tumours in two distinct groups: one genomically stable (< or =3 CNA) and other genomically unstable (>3 CNA). The genomic unstable group showed a statistically significant shorter overall survival and was more refractory to chemotherapy. Expression profile analysis revealed significant differences between both groups. Genes related with chromosome segregation, DNA repair pathways and cell-cycle control were upregulated in the genomically unstable group. This report elucidates, for the first time, data about genomic instability in ES, based on CNA and expression profiling, and shows that a genomically unstable group of Ewing's tumours is correlated with a significant poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Ferreira
- Molecular Cytogenetics Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), and CIBER on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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Brownhill SC, Taylor C, Burchill SA. Chromosome 9p21 gene copy number and prognostic significance of p16 in ESFT. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1914-23. [PMID: 17533400 PMCID: PMC2359978 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 9p21 gene copy number in Ewing's sarcoma family of tumour (ESFT) cell lines and primary ESFT has been evaluated using Multiplex Ligation-dependent probe amplification, and the clinical significance of CDKN2A loss and p16/p14ARF expression investigated. Homozygous deletion of CDKN2A was identified in 4/9 (44%) of ESFT cell lines and 4/42 (10%) primary ESFT; loss of one copy of CDKN2A was identified in a further 2/9 (22%) cell lines and 2/42 (5%) tumours. CDKN2B was co-deleted in three (33%) cell lines and two (5%) tumours. Co-deletion of the MTAP gene was observed in 1/9 (11%) cell lines and 3/42 (7%) tumours. No correlation was observed between CDKN2A deletion and clinical parameters. However, co-expression of high levels of p16/p14ARF mRNA predicted a poor event-free survival (P=0.046, log-rank test). High levels of p16/p14ARF mRNA did not correlate with high expression of p16 protein. Furthermore, p16 protein expression did not predict event-free or overall survival. Methylation is not a common mechanism of p16 gene silencing in ESFT. These studies demonstrate that loss (homozygous deletion or single copy) of CDKN2A was not prognostically significant in primary ESFT. However, high levels of p16/p14ARF mRNA expression were predictive of a poor event-free survival and should be investigated further.
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MESH Headings
- Bone Neoplasms/genetics
- Bone Neoplasms/mortality
- Bone Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/deficiency
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, p16
- Humans
- Prognosis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/mortality
- Sarcoma, Ewing/pathology
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Brownhill
- Candlelighter's Children's Cancer Research Laboratory, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK.
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Alldinger I, Schaefer KL, Goedde D, Ottaviano L, Dirksen U, Ranft A, Juergens H, Gabbert HE, Knoefel WT, Poremba C. Microsatellite instability in Ewing tumor is not associated with loss of mismatch repair protein expression. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133:749-59. [PMID: 17530287 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-007-0220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Only few clinical factors predict the prognosis of patients with Ewing tumors. Unfavorable outcome is associated with primary metastatic disease, age > 15 years, tumor volume above 200 ml, and the histological response to chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to elucidate the prevalence and clinical impact of microsatellite instability (MSI) together with the relation between MSI and mismatch repair protein expression in Ewing tumors. DNA from 61 primary Ewing tumors and 11 Ewing tumor cell lines was extracted and microsatellite analysis for the detection of instability or loss of heterozygosity was performed for the five markers of the Bethesda panel BAT25, BAT26, D5S346, D2S123, and D17S250, which represents the established marker panel for the analysis of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) patients. In addition, single nucleotide repeat regions of the two tumor genes BAX and transforming growth factor receptor II (TGFBR2) were also included. All of the 61 samples were suitable for LOH analysis and 55 for the determination of MSI-status. LOH of these microsatellite markers was detected in 9 of the 61 patients (14.8%). Over all, genetic instability, i.e. MSI and/or LOH, was detected in 17 tumors (27.9%). One out of the 11 tumor cell lines (STA ET1) was characterized by instability of all the five Bethesda markers, while from primary tumor samples, only one showed MSI in more than one microsatellite marker (D5S346 and D17S250, MSI-high). Eight of the fifty-five patients (14.5%) showed instability of one microsatellite locus (MSI-low). No instability was detected in BAT26, D2S123, BAX and TGFBR2. There was no significant correlation between MSI and loss of expression of mismatch repair proteins MLH1, MSH2, or MSH6. The impairment of the p53 signaling pathway (expression of TP53 and/or MDM2 by immunohistochemistry) was significantly associated with reduced overall survival (15 of 49 patients (30.6%), P = 0.0410, log-rank test). We conclude that MSI is not prevalent in Ewing tumor and that the nature of instability differs from the form observed in colorectal carcinoma, the model tumor of MSI. This is documented by the different pattern of MSI (no BAT26 instability) in Ewing tumors and the lack of a strict correlation between MSI-high and loss of expression of MSH2, MSH6 and MLH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Alldinger
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Selvarajah S, Yoshimoto M, Prasad M, Shago M, Squire JA, Zielenska M, Somers GR. Characterization of trisomy 8 in pediatric undifferentiated sarcomas using advanced molecular cytogenetic techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 174:35-41. [PMID: 17350464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric undifferentiated soft tissue sarcomas (USTS) are a rare group of neoplasms that are unclassifiable despite the application of immunohistochemical, cytogenetic, and molecular techniques. To date, there is a dearth of studies looking at the cytogenetic and molecular genetic alterations in such tumors. Trisomy 8, a frequent molecular alteration in neoplasia, is seen in several soft tissue sarcomas, including Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (ES/PNET), synovial sarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma. Because USTS share several clinicobiological features with the aforementioned tumors, the occurrence of alterations in chromosome 8 was studied in 11 pediatric USTS using a combination of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), spectral karyotyping (SKY), and genomic profiling with oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). The copy number status of MYC was also assessed on the same tumors using dual-color FISH, with the aim of delineating the degree and intratumoral distribution of MYC amplification in this tumor. A near-uniform presence of an increase in MYC copy number was observed, along with an increase in chromosome 8 copy number in all the tumors. SKY and aCGH analysis of tumors exhibiting trisomy 8 confirmed the numerical imbalances. The occurrence of trisomy 8 in a subset of pediatric USTS confirms a shared genomic alteration with several other soft tissue sarcomas. Further studies are required to determine the clinical implications of such a finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamini Selvarajah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Room 3-206, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Shaughnessy JD, Zhan F, Burington BE, Huang Y, Colla S, Hanamura I, Stewart JP, Kordsmeier B, Randolph C, Williams DR, Xiao Y, Xu H, Epstein J, Anaissie E, Krishna SG, Cottler-Fox M, Hollmig K, Mohiuddin A, Pineda-Roman M, Tricot G, van Rhee F, Sawyer J, Alsayed Y, Walker R, Zangari M, Crowley J, Barlogie B. A validated gene expression model of high-risk multiple myeloma is defined by deregulated expression of genes mapping to chromosome 1. Blood 2006; 109:2276-84. [PMID: 17105813 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-038430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To molecularly define high-risk disease, we performed microarray analysis on tumor cells from 532 newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma (MM) treated on 2 separate protocols. Using log-rank tests of expression quartiles, 70 genes, 30% mapping to chromosome 1 (P < .001), were linked to early disease-related death. Importantly, most up-regulated genes mapped to chromosome 1q, and down-regulated genes mapped to chromosome 1p. The ratio of mean expression levels of up-regulated to down-regulated genes defined a high-risk score present in 13% of patients with shorter durations of complete remission, event-free survival, and overall survival (training set: hazard ratio [HR], 5.16; P < .001; test cohort: HR, 4.75; P < .001). The high-risk score also was an independent predictor of outcome endpoints in multivariate analysis (P < .001) that included the International Staging System and high-risk translocations. In a comparison of paired baseline and relapse samples, the high-risk score frequency rose to 76% at relapse and predicted short postrelapse survival (P < .05). Multivariate discriminant analysis revealed that a 17-gene subset could predict outcome as well as the 70-gene model. Our data suggest that altered transcriptional regulation of genes mapping to chromosome 1 may contribute to disease progression, and that expression profiling can be used to identify high-risk disease and guide therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Shaughnessy
- Donna D. and Donald M. Lambert Laboratory of Myeloma Genetics at the Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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