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Dabour N, Elsaadany K, Shoukry E, Hamdy S, Taïbi A, Kheadr E. The ability of yoghurt supplemented with dietary fibers or brans extracted from wheat or rice to reduce serum lipids and enhance liver function in male hypercholesterolemic rats. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14499. [PMID: 36484237 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of yoghurt supplementation with rice and wheat brans or dietary fibers on serum lipid profile, liver, and heart functionalities, and hepatopathological aspects of the liver of hypercholesterolemic rats. 48 male rats were divided into 8 groups. Group 1 was kept as negative control and fed with a standard diet, and groups 2 to 6 were fed a hypercholesterolemia-induced diet supplemented with brans or dietary fibers of both grains. G2 received yoghurt without supplementation. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks. Results revealed that hypercholesterolemic rats administrated yoghurt supplemented with brans or dietary fibers reduced serum glucose from 113.9 ± 2.72 to 85.5 ± 4.94 in the serum of animals that received dietary fibers of rice and wheat, respectively. In addition, lipids profile and liver antioxidant status were improved. In addition, liver and heart functionalities and liver histopathological architecture were all improved depending on the type of administrated brans or fibers added to yoghurt. The inclusion of 0.5% of rice or wheat brans could be recommended to be added to yoghurt. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Yoghurt is the most famous fermented milk in the world. Supplementation of yoghurt with rice and wheat brans or dietary fibers increased its nutritional value. We proved that this new product contributes to reducing serum glucose, improving lipids profile, and enhancing liver and heart functions in hypercholesterolemic rats. This study confirmed the suitability to add a thesis type of brans or dietary fibers as bioactive ingredients to yoghurt and increased the varieties of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassra Dabour
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Laboratory (FFNL), Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Khaled Elsaadany
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Laboratory (FFNL), Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Enaam Shoukry
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Laboratory (FFNL), Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Saeed Hamdy
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Laboratory (FFNL), Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amel Taïbi
- Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ehab Kheadr
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Laboratory (FFNL), Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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2
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Catlin NR, Bowman CJ, Campion SN, Lewis EM, Nowland WS, Stethem C, Cappon GD. The postnatal resolution of developmental toxicity induced by pharmacological diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) inhibition during gestation in rats. Toxicol Sci 2022; 189:225-236. [PMID: 35866640 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ervogastat (PF-06865571) is a small molecule diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) inhibitor being developed for the oral treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with liver fibrosis. DGAT2 is a key enzyme in triglyceride synthesis in tissues and in regulating energy metabolism. Fertility and developmental toxicity studies with ervogastat were conducted in female rats and rabbits. There were no effects on female rat fertility or rabbit embryo-fetal development. Administration of ervogastat to pregnant rats during organogenesis reduced fetal weight and caused higher incidences of bent bones in fetuses that were shown to resolve by postnatal day 28 and were therefore considered to be transient variations secondary to developmental delay. Extended dosing in rats through the end of gestation and lactation (pre- and post-natal development study) caused impaired skin development, reduced offspring viability and growth retardation. The spectrum of developmental effects in rats is consistent with the intended pharmacology (altered triglyceride metabolism) and the transient nature of the skeletal findings, along with the late gestational window of sensitivity for the effects on skin barrier development, reduce the concern for potential adverse developmental effects following unintended early gestational exposure to ervogastat in humans where treatment can be discontinued once pregnancy is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha R Catlin
- Drug Safety Research, Development, & Medical, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Christopher J Bowman
- Drug Safety Research, Development, & Medical, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Sarah N Campion
- Drug Safety Research, Development, & Medical, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Elise M Lewis
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc, Safety Assessment, Horsham, PA, USA
| | - William S Nowland
- Drug Safety Research, Development, & Medical, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Christine Stethem
- Drug Safety Research, Development, & Medical, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Gregg D Cappon
- Drug Safety Research, Development, & Medical, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
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3
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Roglans N, Baena M, Sangüesa G, Velázquez AM, Griñán-Ferré C, Pallàs M, Sánchez RM, Alegret M, Laguna JC. Chronic liquid fructose supplementation does not cause liver tumorigenesis but elicits clear sex differences in the metabolic response in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Nutr Res 2021; 65:7670. [PMID: 34650394 PMCID: PMC8494264 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v65.7670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased over the last decades and may evolve into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As HCC is challenging to treat, knowledge on the modifiable risk factors for NAFLD/HCC (e.g. hyper caloric diets rich in fructose) is essential. Objective and design We used a model of diethyl nitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis to investigate the liver cancer-promoting effects of a diet supplemented with 10% liquid fructose, administered to male and female rats for 11 months. A subset of the fructose-supplemented rats received resveratrol (RVT) in the last 4 months of treatment. Results and discussion Rat livers showed no de visu or histological evidence of liver tumorigenesis. However, we observed metabolic abnormalities that could be related to cancer development mainly in the female fructose-supplemented rats, such as increases in weight, adiposity and hepatic triglyceride levels, as well as hyperglycaemia, hyperuricemia, hyperleptinemia and a reduced insulin sensitivity index, which were partially reversed by RVT. Therefore, we performed a targeted analysis of 84 cancer-related genes in the female liver samples, which revealed expression changes associated with cancer-related pathways. Analysis of individual genes indicated that some changes increased the risk of hepatocarcinogenesis (Sfrp2, Ccl5, Socs3, and Gstp1), while others exerted a protective/preventive effect (Bcl2 and Cdh1). Conclusion Our data clearly demonstrate that chronic fructose supplementation, as the sole dietary intervention, does not cause HCC development in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Roglans
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Baena
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Sangüesa
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Magdalena Velázquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience (UBNeuro), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience (UBNeuro), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa María Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Alegret
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Laguna
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
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Zambre VP, Khamkar SM, Gavhane DD, Khedkar SC, Chavan MR, Pandey MM, Sanap SB, Patil RB, Sawant SD. Patent landscape for discovery of promising acyltransferase DGAT and MGAT inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:873-896. [PMID: 32878484 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1815707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DGAT and MGAT enzymes play an important role in triacylglycerol (TGA) biosynthesis. Overexpression of these enzymes may lead to accumulation of TGA in adipose tissues causing development of diseases such as obesity and diabetes. High triglyceride levels increase risk factors for atherosclerosis, and increase the risk of heart attack, stroke and other heart diseases. DGAT and MGAT inhibitors are used for the treatment of such metabolic diseases. A number of DGAT and MGAT inhibitors entered into clinical and preclinical stages. However, some adverse effects are associated with them. Thus there is need to develop new, potent and safe DGAT and MGAT inhibitors. AREA COVERED In this review, the authors carefully searched patent literature and reviewed recent advances since the year 2014. Diverse chemical classes reported in the patents belonging to the category DGAT and MGAT inhibitors have been highlighted. EXPERT OPINION DGAT and MGAT inhibitors are now gaining significant importance in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Fused heterocycles with a combination of aromatic and aliphatic hydrophobic substituents could offer more potent DGAT and MGAT inhibitors. Previously reported chemical scaffolds and their DGAT and MGAT inhibitory activity could be employed as an input for some in silico studies to discover novel, potent and safe DGAT and MGAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal P Zambre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Shamali M Khamkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Dnyaneshwar D Gavhane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Sagar C Khedkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Monali R Chavan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Madhuri M Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Sonali B Sanap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Rajesh B Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
| | - Sanjay D Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune, India
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Carlsson ER, Allin KH, Madsbad S, Fenger M. Phosphatidylcholine and its relation to apolipoproteins A-1 and B changes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a cohort study. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:169. [PMID: 31488158 PMCID: PMC6729082 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phosphatidylcholine (PC), the most abundant of the phospholipids, has several metabolic functions in organs such as the liver and the intestine, important structural- and signaling functions in biological membranes, and might have a role in the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), an operation known to ameliorate metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that serum PC, as a reflection of phospholipid metabolism, changes after RYGB, and that changes are related to weight loss and possibly to changes in glucose metabolism (reflected in the HbA1c-level) as well as to changes in serum Apo A1, Apo B and Apo B/Apo A1 ratio. Methods In a cohort of 220 RYGB patients, we studied changes in serum PC after RYGB in relation to serum Apo A1 and Apo B, the main apolipoproteins in HDL- and LDL/VLDL-particles, respectively, up to 2 years following RYGB-surgery. Results Serum PC reached its lowest levels 3 months postoperatively to later rebound to preoperative levels 24 months after RYGB. No difference was seen between patients with or without type 2 diabetes. Serum Apo A1 showed a similar pattern whereas serum Apo B concentrations stayed low after the initial decrease after RYGB. As a result, the Apo B / Apo A1 ratio constantly decreased during follow-up. There was a strong positive correlation between PC and Apo A1, and between PC and Apo B, but none between Apo A1 and Apo B. After RYGB surgery, both PC and Apo A1, but not Apo B, correlated positively to weight loss. In relation to total cholesterol, the molar ratio between serum PC and plasma cholesterol increased steadily after RYGB. Conclusions We conclude that changes in PC and apolipoproteins after RYGB are highly dynamic, reflecting a large plasticity and capability of accommodating lipid metabolism including PC-, cholesterol- and apolipoprotein metabolism imposed by RYGB surgery, independent of glucose tolerance. We suggest that after RYGB and major weight loss, PC and Apo A1 might have a special role in the altered metabolism of lipoproteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-019-1111-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Rebecka Carlsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | - Kristine H Allin
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Mogens Fenger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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ElSaadany K, Abd-Elhaleem HT. In vivo anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of buttermilk, milk fat globule membrane and Enterococcus faecium FFNL-12. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE JOURNAL 2019; 7:517-531. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.7.2.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hypocholesterolemic activity of buttermilk, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and Enterococcus faecium FFNL-12 in rat model. Thirty-sixth male Abino rats were divided into six groups. The first one (coded as G1) was fed a standard diet containing 10% corn oil as fat source while remaining five (coded G2 to G6) were fed hypercholesterolemic diets in which oil was replaced with animal grease. Animals subjected to treatment G1 served as healthy control while those in G2 were assigned as hypocholesterolemic animals which did not receive any treatment. The remaining experimental groups were designed to assess the hypocholesterolemic effect of intragastric adminstartion of dose of 109 CFU/Kg body weight of Enterococcus faecium FFNL-12 (G3), Enterococcus faecium FFNL-12/butter milk (G4), buttermilk (G5) and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). After four weeks, animals were evaluated in relation to growth, fecal pH, organs weight, serum lipid profile, antioxidant activity of liver tissue, liver and heart function and liver histopathological architecture. Results revealed that animals fed hypercholesterolemic diet (G2-G6) had significantly lower faecal pH and liver weight compared with those fed standard diet (G1). Treatments applied to animals fed hypercholesterolemic diet with the above mentioned additions (G3 to G6) appeared to improve both cardiac and hepatic functions, serum lipid profile and glucose concentration and liver histopathological architecture compared with animals subjected to G2 treatment. In most cases, treatment with MFGM appeared to be the most effective to avoid adverse effects associated to feeding hypercholesterolemic diet. MFGM fraction as well as E. faecium FFNL-12/buttermilk combination were effective in reducing serum lipids and glucose levels to the normal range. This combination also had potential antioxidant activity and ability to improve liver and heart functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled ElSaadany
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Laboratory (FFNL), Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Postal code 21545 Alexandria, Egypt
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7
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Go H, Ryuk JA, Hwang JT, Ko BS. Effects of three different formulae of Gamisoyosan on lipid accumulation induced by oleic acid in HepG2 cells. Integr Med Res 2017; 6:395-403. [PMID: 29296566 PMCID: PMC5741383 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamisoyosan (GSS) is an herbal formula which has been used to treat women's diseases for several hundred years in Korea. GSS is one of the three most common prescriptions among women and is used to treat menopausal symptoms. Fatty liver disease is also common in postmenopausal women and can precede more severe diseases, such as steatohepatitis. The present study compared the effects of GSS on fatty liver using three different formulae, Dongui-Bogam (KIOM A), Korean Pharmacopeia (KIOM B) and Korean National Health Insurance (KIOM C). METHODS In oleic acid-induced HepG2 fatty liver cells, cellular lipid accumulation, triglycerides and total cholesterol were measured after treatment with three GSS formulae and simvastatin as a positive control. To investigate the phytoestrogen activity of GSS, MCF-7 cells were treated with GSS, and hormone levels were quantified. Also, qualitative analysis was performed with UPLC. RESULTS All types of GSS decreased cellular lipid accumulation. KIOM A was slightly less effective than the other two GSS formulae. KIOM B and KIOM C decreased cellular triglycerides more effective than simvastatin, but KIOM A did not affect cellular triglycerides. Cellular total cholesterol was decreased by all GSS and simvastatin. GSS showed phytoestrogen activity in MCF-7 cells. From the UPLC analysis data, geniposide, paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizin were detected form three GSS formulae. CONCLUSION These results suggest that all GSS formulae have a beneficial effect on fatty liver disease during menopause and that differences of formula have no effect on the efficacy of the prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Byoung Seob Ko
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Tarakameh Samani S, Mosallanejad B, Razi Jalali M, Jamshidian J, Avizeh R. Comparative evaluation of the effects of ezetimibe and atorvastatin on serum lipid profile changes in experimental hypercholesterolemia in cat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-017-2561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Raghow R. Statins redux: A re-assessment of how statins lower plasma cholesterol. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:230-234. [PMID: 28694924 PMCID: PMC5483422 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i6.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity associated dyslipidemia and its negative effects on the heart and blood vessels have emerged as a major healthcare challenge around the globe. The use of statins, potent inhibitors of hydroxyl-methyl glutaryl (HMG) Co-A reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, has significantly reduced the rates of cardiovascular and general mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. How statins lower plasma cholesterol levels presents a mechanistic conundrum since persistent exposure to these drugs in vitro or in vivo is known to induce overexpression of the HMG Co-A reductase gene and protein. In an attempt to solve this mechanistic puzzle, Schonewille et al, studied detailed metabolic parameters of cholesterol synthesis, inter-organ flux and excretion in mice treated with 3 common statins, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin or lovastatin, each with its unique pharmacokinetics. From the measurements of the rates of heavy water (D2O) and [13C]-acetate incorporation into lipids, the authors calculated the rates of whole body and organ-specific cholesterol synthesis in control and statin-treated mice. These analyses revealed dramatic enhancement in the rates of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis in statin-treated mice that concomitantly elicited lower levels of cholesterol in their plasma. The authors have provided strong evidence to indicate that statin treatment in mice led to induction of compensatory metabolic pathways that apparently mitigated an excessive accumulation of cholesterol in the body. It was noted however that changes in cholesterol metabolism induced by 3 statins were not identical. While sustained delivery of all 3 statins led to enhanced rates of biliary excretion of cholesterol and its fecal elimination, only atorvastatin treated mice elicited enhanced trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion. Thus, blockade of HMGCR by statins in mice was associated with profound metabolic adaptations that reset their cholesterol homeostasis. The findings of Schonewille et al, deserve to be corroborated and extended in patients in order to more effectively utilize these important cholesterol-lowering drugs in the clinic.
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Schonewille M, de Boer JF, Mele L, Wolters H, Bloks VW, Wolters JC, Kuivenhoven JA, Tietge UJF, Brufau G, Groen AK. Statins increase hepatic cholesterol synthesis and stimulate fecal cholesterol elimination in mice. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1455-64. [PMID: 27313057 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m067488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis. Statins reduce plasma cholesterol levels, but whether this is actually caused by inhibition of de novo cholesterol synthesis has not been clearly established. Using three different statins, we investigated the effects on cholesterol metabolism in mice in detail. Surprisingly, direct measurement of whole body cholesterol synthesis revealed that cholesterol synthesis was robustly increased in statin-treated mice. Measurement of organ-specific cholesterol synthesis demonstrated that the liver is predominantly responsible for the increase in cholesterol synthesis. Excess synthesized cholesterol did not accumulate in the plasma, as plasma cholesterol decreased. However, statin treatment led to an increase in cholesterol removal via the feces. Interestingly, enhanced cholesterol excretion in response to rosuvastatin and lovastatin treatment was mainly mediated via biliary cholesterol secretion, whereas atorvastatin mainly stimulated cholesterol removal via the transintestinal cholesterol excretion pathway. Moreover, we show that plasma cholesterol precursor levels do not reflect cholesterol synthesis rates during statin treatment in mice. In conclusion, cholesterol synthesis is paradoxically increased upon statin treatment in mice. However, statins potently stimulate the excretion of cholesterol from the body, which sheds new light on possible mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effects of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Schonewille
- Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Mele
- Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gemma Brufau
- Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Amsterdam Diabetes Center, Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands
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Mosallanejad B, Avizeh R, Razi Jalali M, Pourmahdi M. Comparative evaluation between chitosan and atorvastatin on serum lipid profile changes in hyperlipidemic cats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2016; 17:36-40. [PMID: 27656227 PMCID: PMC4898018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Mosallanejad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - R. Avizeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - M. Razi Jalali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - M. Pourmahdi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare neoplastic disease affecting predominantly young women. Clinical symptoms of this progressive disease include dyspnoea, cough, recurrent pneumothorax, hemoptysis and chylothorax. LAM is generally aggressive in nature and ultimately results in respiratory failure. Important hallmark features of this metastatic disease include the formation of lesions of abnormal smooth muscle cells, cystic destruction of the lung tissue and lymphangiogenesis affecting the lungs, abdomen and lymphatics. Research over the last 10-15 years has significantly enhanced our understanding of the molecular and cellular processes associated with LAM. These processes include mutational inactivation of the tuberous sclerosis complex genes, TSC1 and TSC2, activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, enhanced cell proliferation and migration, lymphangiogenesis, metastatic spread through the blood and lymphatic circulations, sex steroid sensitivity and dysregulated autophagy. Despite this increased knowledge there is currently no cure for LAM and treatment options remain limited. Whilst the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin has shown some benefit in patients with LAM, with stabilisation of lung function and improved quality of life, cessation of treatment results in recurrence of the disease progression. This highlights the urgent need to identify novel targets and new treatment regimens. The focus of this review is to summarise our current understanding of the cellular and molecular processes associated with LAM and highlight emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn M Moir
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Li YG, Ji DF, Zhong S, Lin TB, Lv ZQ. Hypoglycemic effect of deoxynojirimycin-polysaccharide on high fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice via regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 225:70-9. [PMID: 25446853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is currently considered a worldwide epidemic and finding effective therapeutic strategies against this disease is highly important. A deoxynojirimycin-polysaccharide mixture (DPM) has previously been shown to exert hypoglycemic effects on alloxan- or streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanism(s) of DPM on T2DM induced by high fat diet following low-dose STZ treatment in mice. After daily oral treatment of diabetic mice with DPM (150 mg/kg b.w.) for 90 d, significant decline in blood glucose, pyruvate, triglyceride (TG), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatinine (Cr), lipid peroxide (LPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as well as evident increases in high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) and hepatic glycogen concentrations were observed. In the first stage, in which DPM was administered for 60 d, blood insulin levels did not undergo significant change but a significant decrease in the HOMA-IR index was detected. By contrast, the HOMA-IR index increased significantly in T2MD controls. In the second stage, in which DPM treatment was continued for another 30 d, insulin levels significantly increased in DPM-treated mice in comparison with T2DM controls. These results indicate that insulin resistance in the pre-diabetic period and the dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells are ameliorated by DPM treatment. DPM also down-regulated protein levels of insulin receptor (IR) and gluconeogenic enzymes (pyruvate carboxylase, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase) in peripheral tissues (liver and/or muscle), but enhanced the expressions of insulin in pancreas, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and glycolysis enzymes (glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, private kinase and pyruvate decarboxylase E1) in the liver. Furthermore, deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and polysaccharide (P) were found to increase proliferation of hepatic LO-2 cells and scavenging of radicals in vitro. These results support the results of our biochemical analyses and underscore possible mechanisms underlying the protective effects of DPM on STZ-induced damage to the pancreas and the liver. Taken together, our findings suggest that DPM may be developed as an antihyperglycemic agent for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-gui Li
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Dong-feng Ji
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Shi Zhong
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Tian-bao Lin
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhi-qiang Lv
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Ashok P, Singh D, Poulose DN, Suresh B. Evaluation of antihyperlipidemic potency of a polyherbomineral formulation (AF-LIP) in experimental animal models. Pak J Biol Sci 2014; 17:346-55. [PMID: 24897788 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2014.346.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the screening of antihyperlipidemic activity and the present study deals with the screening of a polyherbomineral formulation (AF-LIP) which possess many important ingredients reported to have antihyperlipidemic potency. Acute antihyperlipidemic activity was evaluated by using Triton WR-1339 (100 mg kg(-1)) and chronic, induced by high fat diet. Total Cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL), High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) and Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) were examined in addition to HMG-CoA reductase enzyme activity and fecal cholesterol excretion. In Triton WR-1339 (acute model) at the dose of 400 mg kg(-1), AF-LIP significantly lowered TC, TG, very Low Density Lipoproteins Cholesterol (VLDL-C), Low Density Lipoproteins Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels with simultaneous increase in High Density Lipoproteins Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (p < 0.01) at 6 and 24 h. Also there was significant reduction in TC and LDL-C levels at 48 h at the dose of 400 mg kg(-1). In chronic model also at the dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg kg(-1), AF-LIP significantly reduced (p < 0.001) TC and LDL-C levels with increase in HDL-C levels. TG and VLDL-C levels were also not much affected. HMG-CoA reductase enzyme activity when estimated was not much decreased. Also AF-LIP showed significant reduction in atherogenic index (p < 0.01) with significant increase in HDL/TC ratio (p < 0.01). Fecal cholesterol excretion was significantly enhanced (p < 0.01) in all the test doses of AF-LIP. AF-LIP may be beneficial for the treatment of atherosclerosis, since atherosclerosis is one of the secondary complications of hyperlipidemia.
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Panahi HA, Chabouk M, Ejlali M. Hollow-fiber-supported liquid membrane microextraction of amlodipine and atorvastatin. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2018-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Homayon Ahmad Panahi
- Department of Chemistry; Central Tehran Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Monireh Chabouk
- Department of Chemistry; Central Tehran Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Ejlali
- Department of Chemistry; Central Tehran Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
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Shah DA, Bhatt KK, Baldania SL. Simultaneous estimation of atorvastatin calcium and aspirin in combined dosage form by liquid chromatographic method. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.24.2012.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shah DA, Bhatt KK, Mehta RS, Baldania SL, Gandhi TR. Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Estimation of Atorvastatin Calcium and Amlodipine Besylate in Pharmaceutical Formulations. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 70:754-60. [PMID: 21369436 PMCID: PMC3040869 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.49117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, specific, accurate and stability indicating reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin calcium and amlodipine besylate in tablet dosage forms. A phenomenex Gemini C-18, 5 μm column having 250×4.6 mm i.d. in isocratic mode, with mobile phase containing 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate:acetonitrile:methanol (30:10:60, v/v/v) adjusted to pH 4 using ortho phosphoric acid was used. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and effluents were monitored at 240 nm. The retention times of atorvastatin calcium and amlodipine besylate were 11.6 min and 4.5 min, respectively. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 0.08-20 μg/ml for atorvastatin calcium and 0.1-20 μg/ml for amlodipine besylate. Atorvastatin calcium and amlodipine besylate stock solutions were subjected to acid and alkali hydrolysis, chemical oxidation and dry heat degradation. The degraded product peaks were well resolved from the pure drug peak with significant difference in their retention time values. The proposed method was validated and successfully applied to the estimation of atorvastatin calcium and amlodipine besylate in combined tablet dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Shah
- Indukaka Ipcowala College of Pharmacy, P. B. No. 53, Vitthal Udyognagar-388 121, India
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Martins IJ, Berger T, Sharman MJ, Verdile G, Fuller SJ, Martins RN. Cholesterol metabolism and transport in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2010; 111:1275-308. [PMID: 20050287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting millions of people worldwide. Apart from age, the major risk factor identified so far for the sporadic form of AD is possession of the epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE), which is also a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Other apolipoproteins known to play an important role in CAD such as apolipoprotein B are now gaining attention for their role in AD as well. AD and CAD share other risk factors, such as altered cholesterol levels, particularly high levels of low density lipoproteins together with low levels of high density lipoproteins. Statins--drugs that have been used to lower cholesterol levels in CAD, have been shown to protect against AD, although the protective mechanism(s) involved are still under debate. Enzymatic production of the beta amyloid peptide, the peptide thought to play a major role in AD pathogenesis, is affected by membrane cholesterol levels. In addition, polymorphisms in several proteins and enzymes involved in cholesterol and lipoprotein transport and metabolism have been linked to risk of AD. Taken together, these findings provide strong evidence that changes in cholesterol metabolism are intimately involved in AD pathogenic processes. This paper reviews cholesterol metabolism and transport, as well as those aspects of cholesterol metabolism that have been linked with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.
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Heeba G, Moselhy ME, Hassan M, Khalifa M, Gryglewski R, Malinski T. Anti-atherogenic effect of statins: role of nitric oxide, peroxynitrite and haem oxygenase-1. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:1256-66. [PMID: 19226281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The pleiotropic effects of HMG-CoA inhibitors (statins), which include anti-inflammation, antioxidation and immunomodulation, are not yet fully understood. The present study was designed to elucidate the role of nitric oxide (NO), peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) and haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the anti-atherogenic effect of statins. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Normal and atherosclerotic New Zealand rabbits were treated with atorvastatin or simvastatin in the presence or absence of inhibitors and promoters of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and HO-1. NO and ONOO(-) released from isolated aortae by calcium ionophore were measured with nanosensors placed 6 +/- 2 nm from aortic endothelium. Expression of eNOS and HO-1 protein, HO activity, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and vessel wall thickness were also measured. KEY RESULTS Hypercholesterolaemia decreased eNOS expression by 31 +/- 3%, decreased NO (230 +/- 16 vs. 433 +/- 17 nmol x L(-1) control) and increased cytotoxic ONOO(-) (299 +/- 15 vs. 187 +/- 11 nmol x L(-1) control). The concentration ratio of [NO]/[ONOO(-)] decreased from 2.3 +/- 0.1 (normal) to 0.7 +/- 0.1 indicating an increase of nitroxidative stress in atherosclerotic endothelium. Expression of HO-1 protein increased by 20 +/- 8% in atherosclerosis and further increased (about 30%) after treatment with statins. Statins partially restored the [NO]/[ONOO(-)] balance (1.5 +/- 0.1 for atorvastatin and 1.4 +/- 0.1 simvastatin), decreased MDA and wall thickening. Promoters of eNOS and HO-1 (L-arginine and haemin) ameliorated the [NO]/[ONOO(-)] ratio while their inhibitors (L-NAME or tin-protoporphyrin) showed no improvement in these ratio. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Atherosclerosis induced an endothelial [NO]/[ONOO(-)] balance indicative of endothelial dysfunction. Statins showed anti-atherosclerotic effects mediated by HO-1/eNOS, restoring the [NO]/[ONOO(-)] imbalance and reducing lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Heeba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA
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Cavallini DCU, Bedani R, Bomdespacho LQ, Vendramini RC, Rossi EA. Effects of probiotic bacteria, isoflavones and simvastatin on lipid profile and atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits: a randomized double-blind study. Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:1. [PMID: 19128464 PMCID: PMC2628912 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Much attention has been drawn to different alternative strategies for cardiovascular disease prevention. Objective: The aim of the present study was to observe and compare the effects of Enterococcus faecium CRL183 (probiotic microorganism), an isoflavones mixture and simvastatin (drug used to treat hypercholesterolemia) on lipid parameters and atherosclerosis development in rabbits with induced hypercholesterolemia. Methods The animals were randomly allocated to 5 experimental groups (n = 6) for 60 days: control (C) that did not consume cholesterol, hypercholesterolemic (H) that consumed an atherogenic diet (1.0% cholesterol wt/wt), hypercholesterolemic plus E. faecium (HE), hypercholesterolemic plus isoflavone (HI) and hypercholesterolemic plus simvastatin (HS). Total and HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were determined by enzymatic methods; non-HDL-C was calculated by subtracting HDL-C from total cholesterol; and atherosclerosis was presented as the percentage of lesion area, relative to the total area from the aorta segment analyzed. Results Simvastatin significantly reduced the tot cholesterol (16%) and non-HDL-C level (17%) and increased the HDL-C (98%), compared to group H. E. faecium raised the HDL-C level by 43.3% (P < 0.05). Isoflavone decreased the total cholesterol and non-HDL-C concentrations (9%), but this effect was not statistically significant. At the end of the treatments, groups HE and HS had significantly lower levels of triglycerides in relation to H and HI. The atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic arch was not different between groups. The extent of atherosclerosis in the thoracic and abdominal aorta was reduced in the groups HI and HS by 22.7% and 26.7% respectively, but this effect was not significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion The results indicated that probiotic microorganism E. faecium CRL 183 could be used to improve the lipid profile as an alternative or an adjuvant for drug therapy. The effectiveness of simvastatin in the management of blood lipid was confirmed. There were no effects of soy isoflavones, E. faecium and simvastatin on atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C U Cavallini
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Dergunov AD, Visvikis-Siest S, Siest G. Statins as effectors of key activities involved in apoE-dependent VLDL metabolism: Review and hypothesis. Vascul Pharmacol 2008; 48:70-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Javorský M, Gasperíková D, Ukropec J, Sedláková B, Riecanský I, Krizanová O, Seböková E, Dobríková M, Klimes I, Tkác I. Lipoprotein lipase HindIII polymorphism influences HDL-cholesterol levels in statin-treated patients with coronary artery disease. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2008; 119:476-82. [PMID: 17721767 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-007-0824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) is a recognized athero-protective factor and low levels of HDL-C occur frequently in patients with coronary artery disease. Regulation of HDL-C level most probably results from the interaction of genes involved in lipoprotein metabolism and also from non-genetic factors. We studied associations and interactions among HindIII polymorphisms of the lipoprotein lipase gene LPL and selected non-genetic factors with respect to HDL-C levels in patients with coronary artery disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS 288 Slovak patients (35% women) with documented coronary artery disease, age (mean +/- SEM) 60 +/- 1 years and BMI 29 +/- 0.3 kg/m(2), were examined and genotyped for LPL HindIII (rs320) using a PCR/RFLP method. HDL-C levels were determined in a direct enzymatic assay. RESULTS In the sample overall there were no significant differences across the LPL genotypes in adjusted HDL-C levels or in other lipids, although a trend toward higher HDL-C and lower triglycerides in H-H- homozygotes was observed. Multiple linear regression identified a significant interaction between LPL HindIII and statin treatment, which together with sex and diabetes explained 12.1% of HDL-C variance. Accordingly, in statin-treated patients we observed significant stepwise increments of the HDL-C level related to the increasing number of H- alleles (P = 0.04 for linear trend), whereas no such association was observed in patients without hypolipidemic treatment. H-H- homozygotes had a 16% (0.19 mmol/l) higher level of HDL-C than the H+H+ homozygotes (P = 0.06). CONCLUSION HDL-C may be influenced by an interaction between statin treatment and LPL HindIII genotype. However, the effect of this interaction appears to be small when compared with the effect of non-genetic factors. This finding requires replication in a pharmacogenetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Javorský
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Safárik University School of Medicine, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Qiu G, Hill JS. Atorvastatin decreases lipoprotein lipase and endothelial lipase expression in human THP-1 macrophages. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2112-22. [PMID: 17644777 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600510-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-derived lipases are associated with atherosclerosis in human and animal studies. Despite numerous non-lipid-lowering effects of statins, their effect on macrophage LPL and endothelial lipase (EL) expression has not been investigated. In the present study, atorvastatin and simvastatin dose-dependently decreased LPL and EL expression as well as Rho, liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha), and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation in THP-1 macrophages. Atorvastatin-reduced LPL and EL expression was only partially recovered by mevalonate cotreatment, indicating that mechanisms independent of reductase inhibition may be present. By contrast, Rho activation by lysophosphatidyl acid further decreased LPL and EL expression in the presence or absence of atorvastatin. Another Rho activator, farnysyl pyrophosphate, decreased EL expression only in the absence of atorvastatin. LXRalpha activation by T0901317 and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol not only rescued but also significantly increased LPL expression in the presence and absence of atorvastatin, respectively, whereas LXRalpha inhibition by 22(S)-hydroxycholesterol decreased LPL expression. By contrast, EL expression was suppressed by LXRalpha activation in the presence or absence of atorvastatin. NF-kappaB inhibition by SN50 was associated with an approximately 30% reduction of EL expression. Furthermore, atorvastatin treatment significantly attenuated the lipid accumulation in macrophages treated with oxidized LDL. We conclude that atorvastatin reduces LPL and EL expression by reducing the activation of LXRalpha and NF-kappaB, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosong Qiu
- Atherosclerosis Specialty Laboratory, Healthy Heart Program, James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St Paul's Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Martins IJ, Hone E, Foster JK, Sünram-Lea SI, Gnjec A, Fuller SJ, Nolan D, Gandy SE, Martins RN. Apolipoprotein E, cholesterol metabolism, diabetes, and the convergence of risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:721-36. [PMID: 16786033 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High fat diets and sedentary lifestyles are becoming major concerns for Western countries. They have led to a growing incidence of obesity, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and a condition known as the insulin-resistance syndrome or metabolic syndrome. These health conditions are well known to develop along with, or be precursors to atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Recent studies have found that most of these disorders can also be linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To complicate matters, possession of one or more apolipoprotein E epsilon4 (APOE epsilon4) alleles further increases the risk or severity of many of these conditions, including AD. ApoE has roles in cholesterol metabolism and Abeta clearance, both of which are thought to be significant in AD pathogenesis. The apparent inadequacies of ApoE epsilon4 in these roles may explain the increased risk of AD in subjects carrying one or more APOE epsilon4 alleles. This review describes some of the physiological and biochemical changes that the above conditions cause, and how they are related to the risk of AD. A diversity of topics is covered, including cholesterol metabolism, glucose regulation, diabetes, insulin, ApoE function, amyloid precursor protein metabolism, and in particular their relevance to AD. It can be seen that abnormal lipid, cholesterol and glucose metabolism are consistently indicated as central in the pathophysiology, and possibly the pathogenesis of AD. As diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and early AD are becoming more reliable, and as evidence is accumulating that health conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and coronary artery disease are risk factors for AD, appropriate changes to diets and lifestyles will likely reduce AD risk, and also improve the prognosis for people already suffering from such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Martins
- Alzheimer's and Ageing, School of Biomedical and Sports Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Risovic V, Man D, Sivak O, Lee SD, Wasan KM. Assessing lipid lowering and plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity of simvastatin following administration to rabbits fed a high fat/cholesterol diet. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2006; 32:609-15. [PMID: 16720415 DOI: 10.1080/03639040500529010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the lipid lowering and plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity following administration of simvastatin to rabbits fed a high fat/cholesterol diet. METHODS Male New Zealand white rabbits were housed in individual cages and fed a standard diet for 7 days. After 7 days, animals were fed 10 g of a regular chow diet plus 100 g of the same diet supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) cholesterol and 14.0% (w/v) coconut oil for 28 days. Following 28 days on this diet, the animals were randomized based on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, into a group of control animals and a group (n = 6) of animals fed 100 g of cholesterol/coconut diet plus 10 g regular chow diet containing simvastatin (3 mg/kg/day) for an additional 28 days. Blood samples were taken from the marginal ear vein prior to and 28 days after the initiation of drug treatment. Plasma was harvested and stored at 4 degrees C prior to lipid analysis. Plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were quantified using enzymatic kits. HDL (high-density lipoproteins) cholesterol levels were determined using the dextran sulfate-Mg(2+) precipitation method. ApoB cholesterol levels were determined by subtracting total cholesterol from HDL cholesterol. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity was determined by standard assay methods. RESULTS We observed that simvastatin significantly reduced total plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and apoB cholesterol compared to non-treated controls. Simvastatin treatment did not alter serum CETP activity compared to non-treated controls. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that decreasing plasma lipid levels by treatment with simvastatin is not due to changes in serum CETP activity in rabbits fed a high fat/cholesterol diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verica Risovic
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of British Columbia, 2146 East Mall Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Sanguino E, Roglans N, Alegret M, Sánchez RM, Vázquez-Carrera M, Laguna JC. Atorvastatin reverses age-related reduction in rat hepatic PPARalpha and HNF-4. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 145:853-61. [PMID: 15912134 PMCID: PMC1576214 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Old rats are resistant to fibrate-induced hypolipidemia owing to a reduction in hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). We tested whether the age-related decrease in PPARalpha is prevented by atorvastatin (ATV), a hypolipidemic statin. We determined the activity and expression of Liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) and PPARalpha in the liver of 18-month-old rats treated with 10 mg kg(-1) of ATV for 21 days. We measured fatty acid oxidation (FAO), the expression of PPARalpha-target genes, liver triglyceride (TG) and cholesteryl ester (CE) contents and plasma concentrations of TG, cholesterol, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin and leptin. While old female rats were practically unresponsive, ATV-treated old males showed lower liver TG (-41%) and CE (-48%), and plasma TG (-35%), glucose (-18%) and NEFA (-39%). Age-related alterations in LXRalpha expression and binding activity were reverted in ATV-treated old males. These changes were related to an increase in hepatic FAO (1.2-fold), and PPARalpha mRNA (2.2-fold), PPARalpha protein (1.6-fold), and PPARalpha-binding activity. Hepatic nuclear factor-4 (HNF-4) and chicken ovalbumin upstream-transcription factor-II participate in the transcriptional regulation of the PPARalpha gene, while peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC-1) behaves as a PPAR coactivator. Ageing reduced the hepatic content of HNF-4 (74%) and PGC-1 (77%) exclusively in male rats. ATV administration to old males enhanced the hepatic expression and binding activity (two-fold) of HNF-4. ATV-induced changes in hepatic HNF-4 and PPARalpha may be responsible for the improvement of the lipid metabolic phenotype produced by ATV administration to senescent male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sanguino
- Unidad de Farmacología y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Roglans
- Unidad de Farmacología y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Alegret
- Unidad de Farmacología y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Sánchez
- Unidad de Farmacología y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Unidad de Farmacología y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan C Laguna
- Unidad de Farmacología y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Author for correspondence:
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Isley WL, Miles JM, Patterson BW, Harris WS. The effect of high-dose simvastatin on triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:193-200. [PMID: 16258165 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500387-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins decrease triglycerides (TGs) in addition to decreasing low density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Although the mechanism for the latter effect is well understood, it is still unclear how TG decrease is achieved with statin therapy. Because hypertriglyceridemia is common in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, we studied triglyceride-rich lipoprotein triglyceride (TRL-TG) turnover in 12 such subjects using stable isotopically labeled glycerol. The diabetic subjects were studied after 12 weeks of placebo and after a similar course of therapy with simvastatin (80 mg daily) in a single-blind design. The results were compared with those from six nonobese nondiabetic control subjects. Simvastatin therapy reduced serum TGs by 35% in the diabetic subjects. Compared with the control subjects, TRL-TG secretion was almost 2-fold higher in the diabetic subjects (45.4 +/- 4.9 vs. 24.4 +/- 1.9 micromol/min; P < 0.002) and was unaffected by simvastatin therapy. However, TRL-TG clearance was significantly increased in the diabetic subjects during simvastatin treatment compared with placebo (0.25 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.16 +/- 0.02 pools/h; P < 0.002). This change was accompanied by a 49% increase in preheparin plasma lipase activity (P < 0.03) and a 21% increase in postheparin LPL activity (P < 0.01). Together, these findings provide strong evidence that the effect of statins on serum TGs is related to an increase in LPL activity, resulting in accelerated delipidation of TRL particles. The effect of high-dose simvastatin on triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Isley
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Bevilacqua M, Righini V, Barrella M, Vago T, Chebat E, Dominguez LJ. Effects of fluvastatin slow-release (XL 80 mg) versus simvastatin (20 mg) on the lipid triad in patients with type 2 diabetes. Adv Ther 2005; 22:527-42. [PMID: 16510370 DOI: 10.1007/bf02849947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The lipid triad is the association of small, dense (sd) low-density lipoprotein (LDL), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and hypertriglyceridemia, all of which play a role in coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Although statins have demonstrated clear positive effects on cardiovascular morbidity/mortality in patients with diabetes and on single components of the lipid triad, it remains controversial whether they affect all components of the triad in these patients. Therefore, we performed a single-center, parallel-group, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint (PROBE)-type comparison of fluvastatin extended-release (XL) 80 mg (n=48) and simvastatin 20 mg (n=46), each given once daily for 2 months to patients with type 2 diabetes with the lipid triad, who were enrolled after a 1-month lifestyle modification and dietary intervention program. After fluvastatin therapy, LDL (-51%; P<.01), apolipoprotein B (ApoB; -33%; P<.01), intermediate-density LDL (idLDL) (-14.3%; P<.05), sdLDL (-45%; P<.01), and triglycerides (-38%; P<.01) were significantly decreased, and HDL (+14.3%; P<.05) and apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I; +7%; P<.05) were increased; large buoyant (lb) LDL did not change (P=NS). Simvastatin therapy decreased LDL (-55.1%; P<.01), ApoB (-46%; P<.01), lbLDL (-33.3%; P<.05), idLDL (-22.7%; P<.05), sdLDL (-33.3%; P<.05), and triglycerides (-47.9%; P<.01); HDL was not changed (P=NS) after simvastatin, but ApoA-I was increased (+11.3%; P<.01). HDL increases (P<.01) and sdLDL decreases (P<.01) were significantly greater after fluvastatin compared with simvastatin therapy; LDL, triglycerides, ApoB, and idLDL changes were similar after both therapies (P=NS), and lbLDL decreases were greater with simvastatin therapy (P<.05). With both treatments, classic mean LDL and ApoB target levels were achieved in most patients. We conclude that the lipid triad can be controlled with fluvastatin XL 80 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bevilacqua
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit and LORENZ Research Center, Department of Medicine, Luigi Sacco Hospital (Vialba)-University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Sanguino E, Bejarano R, Alegret M, Sánchez RM, Vázquez-Carrera M, Laguna JC. Sexual dimorphism in lipid metabolic phenotype associated with old age in Sprague-Dawley rats. Exp Gerontol 2005; 39:1295-306. [PMID: 15489052 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aged male rats show a decrease in liver PPARalpha. We aimed to determine if the sexual dimorphism in lipid metabolism observed in the PPARalpha-/- mouse is also present in senescent rats. RESULTS Eighteen-month old rats were obese and presented high plasma NEFA concentrations. Old male rats were more hypercholesterolemic and hyperleptinemic than females, presenting a higher content in hepatic triglycerides and cholesteryl esters, while 18-month old females were more hypertriglyceridemic than males. Although PPARalpha expression and binding activity was reduced in liver from old male and female rats, the mRNA for a PPARalpha target gene, such as CPT-I, was reduced in old males (-56%), while increased by 286% in old females. LXRalpha protein was increased, and its binding activity was decreased in livers of old males, while livers of old females showed an increase in DGAT1 (2.6-fold) and DGAT2 (4.9-fold) mRNA, with respect to 3-month old animals. The increases in DGAT1 and DGAT2 mRNAs matched in old females those of plasma (3.1-fold) and liver triglycerides (5.0-fold). CONCLUSIONS These features disclose a marked sexual dimorphism in lipid metabolism associated to old age in rats that can be partially attributed not only to an age-related decrease in liver PPARalpha expression, but also to changes in other hepatic transcription factors and enzymes, such as liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) and diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sanguino
- Unidad de Farmacología y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona. Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Saiki A, Murano T, Watanabe F, Oyama T, Miyashita Y, Shirai K. Pitavastatin Enhanced Lipoprotein Lipase Expression in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. J Atheroscler Thromb 2005; 12:163-8. [PMID: 16020917 DOI: 10.5551/jat.12.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) enhance the expression- of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and lower the level of LDL cholesterol in the blood. But, a triglyceride (TG)-lowering effect is also observed during their administration. To clarify the possibility that statins enhance LPL activity and its mechanism, the effects of statins on the expression of LPL in adipocytes were studied. When statins (pravastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin and pitavastatin) were added to the culture medium of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes at final concentrations of 1 microM for 3 days, LPL activity increased. Pitavastatin increased the activity the most. Western and Northern blotting showed that LPL protein and m-RNA were strongly expressed on the addition of pitavastatin. With the addition of mevalonate (10 microM, 3 days), LPL activity weakened significantly. Statins, especially pitavastatin, increased the expression of LPL in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The TG-lowering effect of pitavastatin might be mediated by enhancement of LPL production in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhito Saiki
- Center of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
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32
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Delsing DJM, Post SM, Groenendijk M, Solaas K, van der Boom H, van Duyvenvoorde W, de Wit ECM, Bloks VW, Kuipers F, Havekes LM, Princen HMG. Rosuvastatin Reduces Plasma Lipids by Inhibiting VLDL Production and Enhancing Hepatobiliary Lipid Excretion in ApoE*3-Leiden Mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005; 45:53-60. [PMID: 15613980 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200501000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the lipid-lowering properties and mechanisms of action of a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, rosuvastatin, in female ApoE*3-Leiden transgenic mice. Mice received a high fat/cholesterol (HFC) diet containing either rosuvastatin (0 [control], 0.00125%, 0.0025%, or 0.005% [w/w]) or 0.05% (w/w) lovastatin. The highest dose of rosuvastatin reduced plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels by 39% and 42%, respectively, compared with the HFC control. Lovastatin had no effect on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In ApoE*3-Leiden mice on a chow diet, rosuvastatin (0.005% [w/w]) decreased plasma cholesterol levels by 35% without having an effect on triglyceride levels. On a chow diet, expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake in the liver was increased by rosuvastatin. Further mechanistic studies in HFC-fed mice showed that rosuvastatin treatment resulted in decreased hepatic VLDL-triglyceride and VLDL-apolipoprotein B production. VLDL lipid composition remained unchanged, indicating a reduction in the number of VLDL particles secreted. Lipolytic activity and expression of genes involved in cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis and beta-oxidation of fatty acids in the liver were not affected by rosuvastatin treatment, and hepatic lipid content did not change. However, activity of hepatic diacylglycerol acyltransferase was significantly decreased by 25% after rosuvastatin treatment. Moreover, biliary excretion of cholesterol, phospholipids, and bile acids was increased during treatment. The results indicate that rosuvastatin treatment in ApoE*3-Leiden mice on a HFC diet leads to redistribution of cholesterol and triglycerides in the body, both by reduced hepatic VLDL production and triglyceride synthesis and by enhanced hepatobiliary removal of cholesterol, bile acids, and phospholipids, resulting in substantial reductions in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
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Schneider JG, Eynatten MV, Dugi KA. Atorvastatin Increases Lipoprotein Lipase Expression in vitro and Activity in vivo. J Atheroscler Thromb 2005; 12:232-3. [PMID: 16148403 DOI: 10.5551/jat.12.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Sanguino E, Ramón M, Michalik L, Wahli W, Alegret M, Sánchez RM, Vázquez-Carrera M, Laguna JC. Lack of hypotriglyceridemic effect of gemfibrozil as a consequence of age-related changes in rat liver PPARalpha. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:157-66. [PMID: 14667938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated if changes in hepatic lipid metabolism produced by old age are related to changes in liver peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). Our results indicate that 18-month-old rats showed a marked decrease in the expression and activity of liver PPARalpha, as shown by significant reductions in PPARalpha mRNA, protein and binding activity, resulting in a reduction in the relative mRNA levels of PPARalpha target genes, such as liver-carnitine-palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) and mitochondrial medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD). Further, in accordance with a liver PPARalpha deficiency in old rats, treatment of old animals with a therapeutic dose of gemfibrozil (GFB) (3mg/kg per day, 21 days) was ineffective in reducing plasma triglyceride concentrations (TG), despite attaining a 50% reduction in TG when GFB was administered to young animals at the same dose and length of treatment. We hypothesize that the decrease in hepatic PPARalpha can be related to a state of leptin resistance present in old animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sanguino
- Facultad de Farmacia, Unidad de Farmacología y Farmacognosia, Universidad de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Llaverías G, Jové M, Vázquez-Carrera M, Sánchez RM, Díaz C, Hernández G, Laguna JC, Alegret M. Avasimibe and atorvastatin synergistically reduce cholesteryl ester content in THP-1 macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 451:11-7. [PMID: 12223223 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the inhibition of both acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase and hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA reductase causes a synergistic direct antiatherosclerotic effect on the vessel wall. To investigate this synergism in a single cell type and to avoid the confounding effect of plasma cholesterol lowering by these drugs, we have used an in vitro model of human macrophages (phorbol ester-treated THP-1 cells). In macrophages incubated simultaneously with acetyl low-density lipoproteins, the novel acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor avasimibe (0.01-0.5 microM) caused a concentration-dependent reduction in cell cholesteryl ester content that was not accompanied by an increase in intracellular free cholesterol. A 5 microM concentration of atorvastatin enhanced by approximately twofold the ability of 0.5 microM avasimibe to reduce the mass of esterified cholesterol, and this was reversed by co-incubation with 200 microM mevalonate or 10 microM geranyl-geraniol. Based on these data, we propose that the synergism between acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase and hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors found in several in vivo studies may be explained by a direct additive effect of both agents reducing the lipid content of the macrophages present in the lesion area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Llaverías
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Roglans N, Sanguino E, Peris C, Alegret M, Vázquez M, Adzet T, Díaz C, Hernández G, Laguna JC, Sánchez RM. Atorvastatin treatment induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha expression and decreased plasma nonesterified fatty acids and liver triglyceride in fructose-fed rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 302:232-9. [PMID: 12065722 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.302.1.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effect of atorvastatin (5 and 30 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks) on hepatic lipid metabolism in a well established model of dietary hypertriglyceridemia, the fructose-fed rat. Fructose feeding (10% fructose in drinking water for 2 weeks) induced hepatic lipogenesis and reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) expression and fatty acid oxidation. As a result, plasma and liver triglyceride and plasma apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels were increased. Atorvastatin, 5 and 30 mg/kg during 2 weeks, markedly reduced plasma triglyceride, but decreased apoB levels only at the highest dose tested (50%). Triglyceride biosynthetic enzymes and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein were unchanged, whereas liver PPARalpha, acyl-CoA oxidase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I mRNA levels (1.9-, 1.25-, and 3.4-fold, respectively) and hepatic fatty acid beta-oxidation activity (1.25-fold) were increased by atorvastatin at 30 mg/kg. Furthermore, hepatic triglyceride content (45%) and plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) (49%) were reduced. These results show for the first time that liver triglyceride increase in fructose-fed rats is linked to decreased expression of PPARalpha, which is prevented by atorvastatin treatment. The increase in PPARalpha expression caused by atorvastatin was associated with reduced liver triglyceride and plasma NEFA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Roglans
- Unidad de Farmacología y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Avenida Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Roglans N, Verd JC, Peris C, Alegret M, Vázquez M, Adzet T, Díaz C, Hernández G, Laguna JC, Sánchez RM. High doses of atorvastatin and simvastatin induce key enzymes involved in VLDL production. Lipids 2002; 37:445-54. [PMID: 12056585 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-002-0916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Treatments with high doses of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors may induce the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-target genes, causing different effects from those attributed to the reduction of hepatic cholesterol content. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high doses of statins on the key enzymes involved in VLDL production in normolipidemic rats. To examine whether the effects caused by statin treatment are a consequence of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition, we tested the effect of atorvastatin on these enzymes in mevalonate-fed rats. Atorvastatin and simvastatin enhanced not only HMG-CoA reductase but also the expression of the SREBP-2 gene itself. As a result of the overexpression of SREBP-2 caused by the statin treatment, genes regulated basically by SREBP-1, as FA synthase and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, were also induced and their mRNA levels increased. DAG acyltransferase and microsomal TG transfer protein mRNA levels as well as phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity were increased by both statins. Simvastatin raised liver cholesterol content, ACAT mRNA levels, and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activity, whereas it reduced liver DAG and phospholipid content. Mevalonate feeding reversed all changes induced by the atorvastatin treatment. These results show that treatment with high doses of statins induces key enzymes controlling rat liver lipid synthesis and VLDL assembly, probably as a result of SREBP-2 overexpression. Despite the induction of the key enzymes involved in VLDL production, both statins markedly reduced plasma TG levels, suggesting that different mechanisms may be involved in the hypotriglyceridemic effect of statins at high or low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Roglans
- Departamento Farmacología y Química Terapéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Núcleo Universitario de Pedralbes, Barcelona, Spain
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Kobayashi J, Maruyama T, Masuda M, Shinomiya M. Effect of atorvastatin treatment on lipoprotein lipase mass in the pre-heparin plasma in Japanese hyperlipidemic subjects. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 314:261-4. [PMID: 11718706 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atorvastatin is a recently introduced statin that lowers LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides more than some of the older statins. METHODS Twenty-one Japanese hyperlipidemic subjects were treated with atorvastatin (10 mg/day) for 6 weeks. Plasma lipid concentrations and pre-heparin plasma LPL mass before and after oral administration were evaluated using an open crossover trial format. LPL mass in the pre-heparin plasma was measured by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Atorvastatin decreased plasma triglyceride (TG) concentration (-21%, p<0.05), as well as plasma total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. LPL mass in the pre-heparin plasma did not change significantly by this treatment during this period. Both apolipoprotein (apo) B and E decreased considerably (-33%, p<0.001 for apo B; -29% p<0.001 for apo E), while apo A-I concentration did not change. Other clinical parameters such as body mass index, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose concentration of these subjects did not change during this treatment. CONCLUSIONS Atorvastatin is effective in reducing plasma TG, which did not appear to be associated with an increased LPL mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kobayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chibaken Saiseikai Narashino Hospital, 1-1-1 Izumicho, Narashino, Chiba, 275-8580, Japan.
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Roglans N, Peris C, Verd JC, Alegret M, Vázquez M, Sánchez RM, Laguna JC. Increase in hepatic expression of SREBP-2 by gemfibrozil administration to rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:803-9. [PMID: 11551527 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that gemfibrozil increases the biliary output of cholesterol and phospholipids, but we have little knowledge about the impact these changes have on liver cholesterol and phospholipid biosynthetic pathways. In the present study, no changes were detected in liver lipids and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase after gemfibrozil administration to rats. On the contrary, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase mRNA (9.9-fold) and Rd activity (16.7-fold) and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity (1.7-fold) increased, while plasma apo B-cholesterol (40%) and triglyceride (43%) levels decreased. As a part of a compensatory homeostatic response, we report for the first time that gemfibrozil administration to rats increased the hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) mRNA (2.9-fold) and mature protein (2.2-fold) levels. An early increase in the transcriptional activity of SREBP-2 elicited by gemfibrozil administration might be responsible for the observed changes in HMG-CoA reductase, phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, and SREBP-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Roglans
- Unidad de Farmacologia y Famacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Nucleo Universitario de Pedralbes, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Funatsu T, Kakuta H, Tanaka H, Arai Y, Suzuki K, Miyata K. [Atorvastatin (Lipitor): a review of its pharmacological and clinical profile]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2001; 117:65-76. [PMID: 11233299 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.117.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors have been used as first-line drugs because of both their superior cholesterol lowering effect and reliable safety profile. Since there are many patients whose plasma cholesterol level does not reach the therapeutic target even if reductase inhibitors are available, more effective drugs have been strongly required for a long time. Atorvastatin, one of the most recently introduced statins, produces greater plasma LDL-cholesterol reductions than other statins. This pronounced effect of atorvastatin seems to be due to its long-lasting action, presumably a reflection of longer residence time of atorvastatin and its active metabolites in the liver. Clinical trials of atorvastatin have also demonstrated marked plasma triglyceride reductions. The triglyceride reduction with atorvastatin seems to stem from the following two indirect mechanisms, limiting VLDL secretion from the liver and increase in clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein via induced LDL receptors from plasma. Eleven clinical trials of atorvastatin, which have been developed in Japan, clearly demonstrated its ability to reduce LDL-C levels more strongly and in significantly more patients to LDL-C treatment goals than other reductase inhibitors with similar safety profiles. Therefore, atorvastatin adds a new dimension to the effective management of hypercholesterolemia and combined hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Funatsu
- Applied Pharmacology Research Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
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