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Su Y, Yang X, Yang L, Liu X, She Z, Zhang Y, Dong Z. Thyroid hormones regulate reelin expression in neuropsychiatric disorders. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:1033-1044. [PMID: 36166833 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of hypothyroidism in pregnancy have increased over the past two decades, leading to the occurrence of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of thyroid hormone (TH)-regulated gene expression and neuropsychiatric development during the postnatal period remain unknown. Recent achievements have shown that reelin, a large extracellular glycoprotein, plays a crucial role in neuronal migration and localization during the development of neocortex and cerebellar cortex, thereby participating in the development of neuropsychiatric diseases. Reelin-induced neuronal migration requires triiodothyronine (T3) from the deiodination of thyroxine (T4) by fetal brain deiodinases. Previous studies have reported decreased reelin levels and abnormal gene expression, which are the same as the pathological alternations in reelin-induced neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and autism. Low T3 in the fetal brain due to hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy may be detrimental to neuronal migration, leading to neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we focus on the reelin expression between hypothyroidism and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Su
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Lu Yang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Xinjing Liu
- College of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Zhenghang She
- College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Youwen Zhang
- College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
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Molecular Variants in Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptors and Their Implications in Mental and Metabolic Disorders. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:239-255. [PMID: 31643000 PMCID: PMC7028809 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive review of the available evidence on the pathophysiological implications of genetic variants in the human trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) superfamily. Genes coding for trace amine-associated receptors (taars) represent a multigene family of G-protein-coupled receptors, clustered to a small genomic region of 108 kb located in chromosome 6q23, which has been consistently identified by linkage analyses as a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia and affective disorders. Most TAARs are expressed in brain areas involved in emotions, reward and cognition. TAARs are activated by endogenous trace amines and thyronamines, and evidence for a modulatory action on other monaminergic systems has been reported. Therefore, linkage analyses were followed by fine mapping association studies in schizophrenia and affective disorders. However, none of these reports has received sufficient universal replication, so their status remains uncertain. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in taars have emerged as susceptibility loci from genome-wide association studies investigating migraine and brain development, but none of the detected variants reached the threshold for genome-wide significance. In the last decade, technological advances enabled single-gene or whole-exome sequencing, thus allowing the detection of rare genetic variants, which may have a greater impact on the risk of complex disorders. Using these approaches, several taars (especially taar1) variants have been detected in patients with mental and metabolic disorders, and in some cases, defective receptor function has been demonstrated in vitro. Finally, with the use of transcriptomic and peptidomic techniques, dysregulations of TAARs (especially TAAR6) have been identified in brain disorders characterized by cognitive impairment.
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Zhu L, Chen L, Yan L, Perkins BD, Li S, Li B, Xu HA, Li XJ. Mutant Ahi1 Affects Retinal Axon Projection in Zebrafish via Toxic Gain of Function. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:81. [PMID: 30949029 PMCID: PMC6438259 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder associated with cerebellum and brainstem malformation and can be caused by mutations in the Abelson helper integration site-1 (AHI1) gene. Although AHI1 mutations in humans cause abnormal cerebellar development and impaired axonal decussation in JBTS, these phenotypes are not robust or are absent in various mouse models with Ahi1 mutations. AHI1 contains an N-terminal coiled-coil domain, multiple WD40 repeats, and a C-terminal Src homology 3 (SH3) domain, suggesting that AHI1 functions as a signaling or scaffolding protein. Since most AHI1 mutations in humans can result in truncated AHI1 proteins lacking WD40 repeats and the SH3 domain, it remains unclear whether mutant AHI1 elicits toxicity via a gain-of-function mechanism by the truncated AHI1. Because Ahi1 in zebrafish and humans share a similar N-terminal region with a coiled-coil domain that is absent in mouse Ahi1, we used zebrafish as a model to investigate whether Ahi1 mutations could affect axonal decussation. Using in situ hybridization, we found that ahi1 is highly expressed in zebrafish ocular tissues, especially in retina, allowing us to examine its effect on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projection and eye morphology. We injected a morpholino to zebrafish embryos, which can generate mutant Ahi1 lacking the intact WD40 repeats, and found RGC axon misprojection and ocular dysplasia in 4 dpf (days post-fertilization) larvae after the injection. However, ahi1 null zebrafish showed normal RGC axon projection and ocular morphology. We then used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate truncated ahi1 and also found similar defects in the RGC axon projection as seen in those injected with ahi1 morpholino. Thus, the aberrant retinal axon projection in zebrafish is caused by the presence of mutant ahi1 rather than the loss of ahi1, suggesting that mutant Ahi1 may affect axonal decussation via toxic gain of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louyin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Nanchang, China.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Laiqiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingya Yan
- School of Life Sciences and Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Brian D Perkins
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Shihua Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Baoming Li
- School of Life Sciences and Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong A Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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John J, Kukshal P, Bhatia T, Chowdari KV, Nimgaonkar VL, Deshpande SN, Thelma BK. Possible role of rare variants in Trace amine associated receptor 1 in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2017; 189:190-195. [PMID: 28242106 PMCID: PMC5569002 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a chronic mental illness with behavioral abnormalities. Recent common variant based genome wide association studies and rare variant detection using next generation sequencing approaches have identified numerous variants that confer risk for SZ, but etiology remains unclear propelling continuing investigations. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified a rare heterozygous variant (c.545G>T; p.Cys182Phe) in Trace amine associated receptor 1 gene (TAAR1 6q23.2) in three affected members in a small SZ family. The variant predicted to be damaging by 15 prediction tools, causes breakage of a conserved disulfide bond in this G-protein-coupled receptor. On screening this intronless gene for additional variant(s) in ~800 sporadic SZ patients, we identified six rare protein altering variants (MAF<0.001) namely p.Ser47Cys, p.Phe51Leu, p.Tyr294Ter, p.Leu295Ser in four unrelated north Indian cases (n=475); p.Ala109Thr and p.Val250Ala in two independent Caucasian/African-American patients (n=310). Five of these variants were also predicted to be damaging. Besides, a rare synonymous variant was observed in SZ patients. These rare variants were absent in north Indian healthy controls (n=410) but significantly enriched in patients (p=0.036). Conversely, three common coding SNPs (rs8192621, rs8192620 and rs8192619) and a promoter SNP (rs60266355) tested for association with SZ in the north Indian cohort were not significant (P>0.05). TAAR1 is a modulator of monoaminergic pathways and interacts with AKT signaling pathways. Substantial animal model based pharmacological and functional data implying its relevance in SZ are also available. However, this is the first report suggestive of the likely contribution of rare variants in this gene to SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin John
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Prachi Kukshal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Triptish Bhatia
- Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER-Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - K V Chowdari
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street,Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - V L Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street,Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - S N Deshpande
- Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER-Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - B K Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India.
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Porcelli S, Pae CU, Han C, Lee SJ, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Balzarro B, Alberti S, De Ronchi D, Serretti A. The influence of AHI1 variants on the diagnosis and treatment outcome in schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2517-29. [PMID: 25622261 PMCID: PMC4346849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16022517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore whether four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the AHI1 gene could be associated with schizophrenia (SCZ) and whether they could predict the clinical outcomes in SCZ patients treated with antipsychotics. Four hundred twenty-six (426) in-patients with SCZ and 345 controls were genotyped for four AHI1 SNPs (rs11154801, rs7750586, rs9647635 and rs9321501). Baseline and clinical measures for SCZ patients were assessed through the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Allelic and genotypic frequencies in SCZ subjects were compared with those of controls using the χ2 statistics. The repeated-measure ANOVA was used for the assessment of treatment outcomes measured by PANSS changes. The case-control analysis did not show any difference in the genotypic distribution of the SNPs, while in the allelic analysis, a weak association was found between the rs9647635 A allele and SCZ. Furthermore, in the haplotype analysis, three haplotypes resulted in being associated with SCZ. On the other hand, two SNPs (rs7750586 and rs9647635) were associated with clinical improvement of negative symptoms in the allelic analysis, although in the genotypic analysis, only trends of association were found for the same SNPs. Our findings suggest a possible influence of AHI1 variants on SCZ susceptibility and antipsychotic response, particularly concerning negative symptomatology. Subsequent well-designed studies would be mandatory to confirm our results due to the methodological shortcomings of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Porcelli
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40123, Italy.
| | - Chi-Un Pae
- Department of Psychiatry, the Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul 137701, Korea.
| | - Changsu Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul 136701, Korea.
| | - Soo-Jung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, the Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul 137701, Korea.
| | - Ashwin A Patkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | - Beatrice Balzarro
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40123, Italy.
| | - Siegfried Alberti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40123, Italy.
| | - Diana De Ronchi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40123, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40123, Italy.
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Han H, Yu Y, Shi J, Yao Y, Li W, Kong N, Wu Y, Wang C, Wang S, Meng X, Kou C. Associations of histone deacetylase-2 and histone deacetylase-3 genes with schizophrenia in a Chinese population. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2013; 5:11-6. [PMID: 23857786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-5872.2012.00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To explore the association between histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2) and histone deacetylase-3 (HDAC3) gene polymorphisms and schizophrenia. METHODS A total of 208 family trios consisting of fathers, mothers and affected offspring with schizophrenia were recruited as our subjects. Four tag SNPs on HDAC2 (rs10499080, rs6568819, rs2499618 and rs13204445) and two tag SNPs on HDAC3 (rs11741808, rs2530223) genes were selected. The Mass ARRAY Assay Design software (Sequenom) was used to design amplification and allele specific extension primers. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for genotypic distributions was tested using the chi-square goodness-of-fit test. Allelic association for a single tag SNP was analyzed by using family-based association tests including the haplotype-based haplotype relative risk (HHRR) test and the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT). RESULTS The genotypic distributions of HDAC2 SNPs rs6568819, rs2499618 and rs13204445 and HDAC3 SNPs rs11741808 and rs2530223 were all in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05). HHRR analysis revealed no associations between the SNPs and schizophrenia (P > 0.05). In addition, the TDT did not show any significant associations between HDAC2 and HDAC3 SNPs and schizophrenia (P > 0.05). DISCUSSION HDAC2 and HDAC3 might not be associated with schizophrenia in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Abstract
It is well accepted that schizophrenia has a strong genetic component. Several genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of schizophrenia have been published in recent years; most of them population based with a case-control design. Nevertheless, identifying the specific genetic variants which contribute to susceptibility to the disorder remains a challenging task. A family-based GWAS strategy may be helpful in the identification of schizophrenia susceptibility genes since it is protected against population stratification, enables better accounting for genotyping errors and is more sensitive for identification of rare variants which have a very low frequency in the general population. In this project we implemented a family-based GWAS of schizophrenia in a sample of 107 Jewish-Israeli families. We found one genome-wide significant association in the intron of the DOCK4 gene (rs2074127, p value=1.134×10⁻⁷) and six additional nominally significant association signals with p<1×10⁻⁵. One of the top single nucleotide polymorphisms (p<1×10⁻⁵) which is located in the predicted intron of the CEACAM21 gene was significantly replicated in independent family-based sample of Arab-Israeli origin (rs4803480: p value=0.002; combined p value=9.61×10⁻⁸), surviving correction for multiple testing. Both DOCK4 and CEACAM21 are biologically reasonable candidate genes for schizophrenia although generalizability of the association of DOCK4 with schizophrenia should be investigated in further studies. In addition, gene-wide significant associations were found within three schizophrenia candidate genes: PGBD1, RELN and PRODH, replicating previously reported associations. By application of a family-based strategy to GWAS, our study revealed new schizophrenia susceptibility loci in the Jewish-Israeli population.
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Oxytocin and vasopressin genes are significantly associated with schizophrenia in a large Arab-Israeli pedigree. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 15:309-19. [PMID: 21899794 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145711001374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously studied the genetics of schizophrenia in a large inbred Arab-Israeli pedigree and found evidence for linkage on chromosome 20p13. This locus harbours four strong candidate genes for schizophrenia: atractin (ATRN), pantonate-kinase2 (PANK2), oxytocin (OXT) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP). In this study we further explored the association of these genes with schizophrenia in the pedigree and searched for the disease-causing variants. A mutation screening of affected individuals from the pedigree was performed by using intensive sequencing in these four genes of interest. Then, we studied the prevalence of the identified variants in all family members (n=56) as well as in Arab-Israeli nuclear families (n=276) and a Jewish case-control sample (n=545). We also studied the possible functional role of these variants by examining their association with gene expression in the brain (n=104). We identified seven genetic variants in the OXT-AVP cluster in affected individuals from the pedigree. Three of these variants were significantly associated with schizophrenia in this pedigree. A 7-SNP haplotype was also significantly associated with disease. We found significant association of some of these variants in the two samples from the general population. Expression data analysis showed a possible functional role of two of these variants in regulation of gene expression. Involvement of OXT and AVP in the aetiology of schizophrenia has been suggested in the past. This study demonstrates, for the first time, a significant genetic association of these neuropeptides with schizophrenia and strongly supports this hypothesis.
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Hillard CJ, Weinlander KM, Stuhr KL. Contributions of endocannabinoid signaling to psychiatric disorders in humans: genetic and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience 2011; 204:207-29. [PMID: 22123166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid signaling system is a widespread, neuromodulatory system in brain and is also widely utilized in the periphery to modulate metabolic functions and the immune system. Preclinical data demonstrate that endocannabinoid signaling is an important stress buffer and modulates emotional and cognitive functions. These data suggest the hypothesis that endocannabinoid signaling could be dysfunctional in a number of mental disorders. Genetic polymorphisms in the human genes for two important proteins of the endocannabinoid signaling system, the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), have been explored in the context of normal and pathological conditions. In the case of the gene for FAAH, the mechanistic relationships among the common genetic polymorphism, the expression of the FAAH protein, and its likely impact on endocannabinoid signaling are understood. However, multiple polymorphisms in the gene for the CB1R occur and are associated with human phenotypic differences without an understanding of the functional relationships among the gene, mRNA, protein, and protein function. The endocannabinoid ligands are found in the circulation, and several studies have identified changes in their concentrations under various conditions. These data are reviewed for the purpose of generating hypotheses and to encourage further studies in this very interesting and important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Alkelai A, Lupoli S, Greenbaum L, Giegling I, Kohn Y, Sarner-Kanyas K, Ben-Asher E, Lancet D, Rujescu D, Macciardi F, Lerer B. Identification of new schizophrenia susceptibility loci in an ethnically homogeneous, family-based, Arab-Israeli sample. FASEB J 2011; 25:4011-23. [PMID: 21795503 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-184937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
While the use of population-based samples is a common strategy in genome-wide association studies (GWASs), family-based samples have considerable advantages, such as robustness against population stratification and false-positive associations, better quality control, and the possibility to check for both linkage and association. In a genome-wide linkage study of schizophrenia in Arab-Israeli families with multiple affected individuals, we previously reported significant evidence for a susceptibility locus at chromosome 6q23.2-q24.1 and suggestive evidence at chromosomes 10q22.3-26.3, 2q36.1-37.3 and 7p21.1-22.3. To identify schizophrenia susceptibility genes, we applied a family-based GWAS strategy in an enlarged, ethnically homogeneous, Arab-Israeli family sample. We performed genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping and single SNP transmission disequilibrium test association analysis and found genome-wide significant association (best value of P=1.22×10(-11)) for 8 SNPs within or near highly reasonable functional candidate genes for schizophrenia. Of particular interest are a group of SNPs within and flanking the transcriptional factor LRRFIP1 gene. To determine replicability of the significant associations beyond the Arab-Israeli population, we studied the association of the significant SNPs in a German case-control validation sample and found replication of associations near the UGT1 subfamily and EFHD1 genes. Applying an exploratory homozygosity mapping approach as a complementary strategy to identify schizophrenia susceptibility genes in our Arab Israeli sample, we identified 8 putative disease loci. Overall, this GWAS, which emphasizes the important contribution of family based studies, identifies promising candidate genes for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alkelai
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Neuronal Abelson helper integration site-1 (Ahi1) deficiency in mice alters TrkB signaling with a depressive phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:19126-31. [PMID: 20956301 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1013032107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the human Abelson helper integration site-1 (AHI1) gene on chromosome 6 is associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia and autism, two common neuropsychological disorders with depression symptoms. Mouse Ahi1 protein is abundant in the hypothalamus and amygdala, which are important brain regions for controlling emotion. However, the neuronal function of Ahi1 remains unclear. With the Cre-loxP system, we created a mouse model that selectively reduces Ahi1 expression in neuronal cells. Mice with neuronal Ahi1 deficiency show reduced TrkB level in the brain and depressive phenotypes, which can be alleviated by antidepressant drugs or by overexpression of TrkB in the amygdala. Ahi1 deficiency promotes the degradation of endocytic TrkB and reduces TrkB signaling in neuronal cells. Our findings suggest that impaired endocytic sorting and increased degradation of TrkB can induce depression and that this impaired pathway may serve as a previously uncharacterized therapeutic target for depression.
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Rivero O, Reif A, Sanjuán J, Moltó MD, Kittel-Schneider S, Nájera C, Töpner T, Lesch KP. Impact of the AHI1 gene on the vulnerability to schizophrenia: a case-control association study. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12254. [PMID: 20805890 PMCID: PMC2923617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Abelson helper integration-1 (AHI1) gene is required for both cerebellar and cortical development in humans. While the accelerated evolution of AHI1 in the human lineage indicates a role in cognitive (dys)function, a linkage scan in large pedigrees identified AHI1 as a positional candidate for schizophrenia. To further investigate the contribution of AHI1 to the susceptibility of schizophrenia, we evaluated the effect of AHI1 variation on the vulnerability to psychosis in two samples from Spain and Germany. Methodology/Principal Findings 29 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in a genomic region including the AHI1 gene were genotyped in two samples from Spain (280 patients with psychotic disorders; 348 controls) and Germany (247 patients with schizophrenic disorders; 360 controls). Allelic, genotypic and haplotype frequencies were compared between cases and controls in both samples separately, as well as in the combined sample. The effect of genotype on several psychopathological measures (BPRS, KGV, PANSS) assessed in a Spanish subsample was also evaluated. We found several significant associations in the Spanish sample. Particularly, rs7750586 and rs911507, both located upstream of the AHI1 coding region, were found to be associated with schizophrenia in the analysis of genotypic (p = 0.0033, and 0.031, respectively) and allelic frequencies (p = 0.001 in both cases). Moreover, several other risk and protective haplotypes were detected (0.006<p<0.036). Joint analysis also supported the association of rs7750586 and rs911507 with the risk for schizophrenia. The analysis of clinical measures also revealed an effect on symptom severity (minimum P value = 0.0037). Conclusions/Significance Our data support, in agreement with previous reports, an effect of AHI1 variation on the susceptibility to schizophrenia in central and southern European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rivero
- Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Lymphoblast and brain expression of AHI1 and the novel primate-specific gene, C6orf217, in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2010; 120:159-66. [PMID: 20452750 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Association with schizophrenia of the Abelson Helper Integration Site 1 (AHI1) gene on chromosome 6q23 and the adjacent primate-specific gene, C6orf217, was demonstrated in an inbred, Arab Israeli family sample and replicated in an Icelandic case control sample. Further support was provided by a second replication in a large European sample and a meta-analysis that supported association with schizophrenia of all seven alleles overtransmitted to affected subjects in the original study. We examined constitutive expression of AHI1 and C6orf217 in immortalized lymphoblasts of patients from the Arab Israeli family sample in which the association with schizophrenia was originally discovered and population-matched normal controls, and in post-mortem brain of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar (BP) disorder and control subjects from the Stanley Medical Research Institute Collection. We found a significant effect of diagnostic group in the lymphoblast sample (F=5.72; df=2,39; p=0.006). Patients with early age of onset had higher AHI1 expression than controls and later onset patients (p=0.002; 0.03 respectively). C6orf217 expression in lymphoblasts was too low to measure. We found no difference in brain expression of AHI1 in schizophrenia or BP patients compared to controls. However, there was a genotypic difference in AHI1 expression for SNP rs9321501, which was strongly associated with schizophrenia in the original study. Genotypes that included the undertransmitted C allele (CC/AC) showed lower expression than the homozygous AA genotype (F=4.73, df=2,83; p=0.028). There was no significant difference in brain expression of C6orf217 between patients and controls and no genotypic effect. This study provides further evidence for involvement of AHI1 in susceptibility to schizophrenia.
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Torri F, Akelai A, Lupoli S, Sironi M, Amann-Zalcenstein D, Fumagalli M, Dal Fiume C, Ben-Asher E, Kanyas K, Cagliani R, Cozzi P, Trombetti G, Strik Lievers L, Salvi E, Orro A, Beckmann JS, Lancet D, Kohn Y, Milanesi L, Ebstein RB, Lerer B, Macciardi F. Fine mapping of AHI1 as a schizophrenia susceptibility gene: from association to evolutionary evidence. FASEB J 2010; 24:3066-82. [PMID: 20371615 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-152611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, we identified a locus for schizophrenia on 6q23.3 and proposed the Abelson helper integration site 1 (AHI1) as the candidate gene. AHI1 is expressed in the brain and plays a key role in neurodevelopment, is involved in Joubert syndrome, and has been recently associated with autism. The neurodevelopmental role of AHI1 fits with etiological hypotheses of schizophrenia. To definitively confirm our hypothesis, we searched for associations using a dense map of the region. Our strongest findings lay within the AHI1 gene: single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs11154801 and rs7759971 showed significant associations (P=6.23E-06; P=0.84E-06) and haplotypes gave P values in the 10E-8 to 10E-10 range. The second highest significant region maps close to AHI1 and includes the intergenic region between BC040979 and PDE7B (rs2038549 at P=9.70E-06 and rs1475069 at P=6.97E-06), and PDE7B and MAP7. Using a sample of Palestinian Arab families to confirm these findings, we found isolated signals. While these results did not retain their significance after correction for multiple testing, the joint analysis across the 2 samples supports the role of AHI1, despite the presence of heterogeneity. Given the hypothesis of positive selection of schizophrenia genes, we resequenced a 11 kb region within AHI1 in ethnically defined populations and found evidence for a selective sweep. Network analysis indicates 2 haplotype clades, with schizophrenia-susceptibility haplotypes clustering within the major clade. In conclusion, our data support the role of AHI1 as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia and confirm it has been subjected to positive selection, also shedding light on new possible candidate genes, MAP7 and PDE7B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Torri
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, University of Milan-Fondazione Filarete, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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15
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Ingason A, Giegling I, Cichon S, Hansen T, Rasmussen HB, Nielsen J, Jürgens G, Muglia P, Hartmann AM, Strengman E, Vasilescu C, Mühleisen TW, Djurovic S, Melle I, Lerer B, Möller HJ, Francks C, Pietiläinen OPH, Lonnqvist J, Suvisaari J, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Walshe M, Vassos E, Di Forti M, Murray R, Bonetto C, Tosato S, Cantor RM, Rietschel M, Craddock N, Owen MJ, Peltonen L, Andreassen OA, Nöthen MM, St Clair D, Ophoff RA, O'Donovan MC, Collier DA, Werge T, Rujescu D. A large replication study and meta-analysis in European samples provides further support for association of AHI1 markers with schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:1379-86. [PMID: 20071346 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Abelson helper integration site 1 (AHI1) gene locus on chromosome 6q23 is among a group of candidate loci for schizophrenia susceptibility that were initially identified by linkage followed by linkage disequilibrium mapping, and subsequent replication of the association in an independent sample. Here, we present results of a replication study of AHI1 locus markers, previously implicated in schizophrenia, in a large European sample (in total 3907 affected and 7429 controls). Furthermore, we perform a meta-analysis of the implicated markers in 4496 affected and 18,920 controls. Both the replication study of new samples and the meta-analysis show evidence for significant overrepresentation of all tested alleles in patients compared with controls (meta-analysis; P = 8.2 x 10(-5)-1.7 x 10(-3), common OR = 1.09-1.11). The region contains two genes, AHI1 and C6orf217, and both genes-as well as the neighbouring phosphodiesterase 7B (PDE7B)-may be considered candidates for involvement in the genetic aetiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Ingason
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.
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16
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Alkelai A, Kohn Y, Olender T, Sarner-Kanyas K, Rigbi A, Hamdan A, Ben-Asher E, Lancet D, Lerer B. Evidence for an interaction of schizophrenia susceptibility loci on chromosome 6q23.3 and 10q24.33-q26.13 in Arab Israeli families. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:914-25. [PMID: 19152384 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A genome scan for schizophrenia related loci in Arab Israeli families by Lerer et al. [Lerer et al. (2003); Mol Psychiatry 8:488-498] detected significant evidence for linkage at chromosome 6q23. Subsequent fine mapping [Levi et al. (2005); Eur J Hum Genet 13:763-771], association [Amann-Zalcenstein et al. (2006); Eur J Hum Genet 14:1111-1119] and replication studies [Ingason et al. (2007); Eur J Hum Genet 15:988-991] identified AHI1 as a putative susceptibility gene. The same genome scan revealed suggestive evidence for a schizophrenia susceptibility locus in the 10q23-26 region. Genes at these two loci may act independently in the pathogenesis of the disease in our homogeneous sample of Arab Israeli families or may interact with each other and with other factors in a common biological pathway. The purpose of our current study was to test the hypothesis of genetic interaction between these two loci and to identify the type of interaction between them. The initial stage of our study focused on the 10q23-q26 region which has not been explored further in our sample. The second stage of the study included a test for possible genetic interaction between the 6q23.3 locus and the refined 10q24.33-q26.13 locus. A final candidate region of 19.9 Mb between markers D10S222 (105.3 Mb) and D10S587 (125.2 Mb) was found on chromosome 10 by non-parametric and parametric linkage analyses. These linkage findings are consistent with previous reports in the same chromosomal region. Two-locus multipoint linkage analysis under three complex disease inheritance models (heterogeneity, multiplicative, and additive models) yielded a best maximum LOD score of 7.45 under the multiplicative model suggesting overlapping function of the 6q23.3 and 10q24.33-q26.13 loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alkelai
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
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17
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Maguire JJ, Parker WAE, Foord SM, Bonner TI, Neubig RR, Davenport AP. International Union of Pharmacology. LXXII. Recommendations for trace amine receptor nomenclature. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:1-8. [PMID: 19325074 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amines such as p-tyramine and beta-phenylethylamine are found endogenously as well as in the diet. Concomitant ingestion of these foodstuffs with monoamine oxidase inhibitors may result in the hypertensive crisis known as the "beer, wine, and cheese effect" attributed to their sympathomimetic action. Trace amines have been shown to act on one of a novel group of mammalian seven transmembrane spanning G protein-coupled receptors belonging to the rhodopsin superfamily, cloned in 2001. This receptor encoded by the human TAAR1 gene is also present in rat and mouse genomes (Taar1) and has been shown to be activated by endogenous trace amine ligands, including p-tyramine and beta-phenylethylamine. A number of drugs, most notably amphetamine and its derivatives, act as agonists at this receptor. This review proposes an official nomenclature designating TAAR1 as the trace amine 1 receptor following the convention of naming receptors after the endogenous agonist, abbreviated to TA(1) where necessary. It goes on to discuss briefly the significance of the receptor, agents acting upon it, its distribution, and currently hypothesized physiological and pathophysiological roles. In humans, a further five genes are thought to encode functional receptors (TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, and TAAR9). TAAR3 seems to be a pseudogene in some individuals but not others. TAAR4 is a pseudogene in humans, but occurs with TAAR3 as a functional gene in rodents. Nine further genes are present in rats and mice. The endogenous ligands are not firmly established but some may respond to odorants consistent with their expression in olfactory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Xie Z, Vallender EJ, Yu N, Kirstein SL, Yang H, Bahn ME, Westmoreland SV, Miller GM. Cloning, expression, and functional analysis of rhesus monkey trace amine-associated receptor 6: evidence for lack of monoaminergic association. J Neurosci Res 2009; 86:3435-46. [PMID: 18627029 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several recent studies report an association between trace amine-associated receptor 6 (TAAR6) and susceptibility to schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder in humans. However, endogenous TAAR6 agonists and the receptor signaling profile and brain distribution remain unclear. Here, we clone TAAR6 from the rhesus monkey and use transfected cells to investigate whether this receptor interacts with brain monoamines and a psychostimulant drug to trigger cAMP signaling or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, while investigating its expression profile in the rhesus monkey brain. Unlike TAAR1, rhesus monkey TAAR6 did not alter cAMP levels in response to 10 microM of monoamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, beta-phenylethylamine (beta-PEA), octopamine, tryptamine, and tyramine) or methamphetamine in stably transfected cells in vitro. Real-time cell electronic sensing analysis indicated that the receptor did not alter cell impedance or change the effect of forskolin on cell impedance at exposure to 20 microM of each monoamine, suggesting a lack of either Gs or Gi-linked signaling. Whereas kappa opioid receptor activation led to ERK phosphorylation at exposure to 1 microM U69593, rhesus monkey TAAR6 had no such effect at exposure to 10 microM of monoamines or methamphetamine. Membrane and cell surface localization of TAAR6 was confirmed by immunocytochemistry, biotinylation, and Western blot testing with a TAAR6 antibody in the transfected cells. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification showed that TAAR6 mRNA was undetectable in selected rhesus monkey brain regions. Together, the data reveal that TAAR6 is unresponsive to brain monoamines and is not expressed in rhesus monkey brain monoaminergic nuclei, suggesting TAAR6 lacks direct association with brain monoaminergic neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Xie
- Division of Neurochemistry, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772, USA
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Crespi B. Genomic imprinting in the development and evolution of psychotic spectrum conditions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2008; 83:441-93. [PMID: 18783362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
I review and evaluate genetic and genomic evidence salient to the hypothesis that the development and evolution of psychotic spectrum conditions have been mediated in part by alterations of imprinted genes expressed in the brain. Evidence from the genetics and genomics of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, Prader-Willi syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and other neurogenetic conditions support the hypothesis that the etiologies of psychotic spectrum conditions commonly involve genetic and epigenetic imbalances in the effects of imprinted genes, with a bias towards increased relative effects from imprinted genes with maternal expression or other genes favouring maternal interests. By contrast, autistic spectrum conditions, including Kanner autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, Turner syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, commonly engender increased relative effects from paternally expressed imprinted genes, or reduced effects from genes favouring maternal interests. Imprinted-gene effects on the etiologies of autistic and psychotic spectrum conditions parallel the diametric effects of imprinted genes in placental and foetal development, in that psychotic spectrum conditions tend to be associated with undergrowth and relatively-slow brain development, whereas some autistic spectrum conditions involve brain and body overgrowth, especially in foetal development and early childhood. An important role for imprinted genes in the etiologies of psychotic and autistic spectrum conditions is consistent with neurodevelopmental models of these disorders, and with predictions from the conflict theory of genomic imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Crespi
- Department of Biosciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BCV5A1S6, Canada.
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Alvarez Retuerto AI, Cantor RM, Gleeson JG, Ustaszewska A, Schackwitz WS, Pennacchio LA, Geschwind DH. Association of common variants in the Joubert syndrome gene (AHI1) with autism. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:3887-96. [PMID: 18782849 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that autism, like other complex genetic disorders, may benefit from the study of rare or Mendelian variants associated with syndromic or non-syndromic forms of the disease. However, there are few examples in which common variation in genes causing a Mendelian neuropsychiatric disorder has been shown to contribute to disease susceptibility in an allied common condition. Joubert syndrome (JS) is a rare recessively inherited disorder, with mutations reported at several loci including the gene Abelson's Helper Integration 1 (AHI1). A significant proportion of patients with JS, in some studies up to 40%, have been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and several linkage studies in ASD have nominally implicated the region on 6q where AHI1 resides. To evaluate AHI1 in ASD, we performed a three-stage analysis of AHI1 as an a priori candidate gene for autism. Re-sequencing was first used to screen AHI1, followed by two subsequent association studies, one limited and one covering the gene more completely, in Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) families. In stage 3, we found evidence of an associated haplotype in AHI1 with ASD after correction for multiple comparisons, in a region of the gene that had been previously associated with schizophrenia. These data suggest a role for AHI1 in common disorders affecting human cognition and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Alvarez Retuerto
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Holmkvist J, Anthonsen S, Wegner L, Andersen G, Jørgensen T, Borch-Johnsen K, Sandbaek A, Lauritzen T, Pedersen O, Hansen T. Polymorphisms in AHI1 are not associated with type 2 diabetes or related phenotypes in Danes: non-replication of a genome-wide association result. Diabetologia 2008; 51:609-14. [PMID: 18227995 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-0925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS A genome-wide association study recently identified an association between common variants, rs1535435 and rs9494266, in the AHI1 gene and type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the putative association between these polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes or type 2 diabetes-related metabolic traits in Danish individuals. METHODS The previously associated polymorphisms were genotyped in the population-based Inter99 cohort (n=6162), the Danish ADDITION study (n=8428), a population-based sample of young healthy participants (n=377) and in additional type 2 diabetes (n=2107) and glucose-tolerant participants (n=483) using Taqman allelic discrimination. The case-control study involved 4,104 type 2 diabetic patients and 5,050 glucose-tolerant control participants. Type 2 diabetes-related traits were investigated in 17,521 individuals. RESULTS rs1535435 and rs9494266 were not associated with type 2 diabetes. Odds ratios (OR) were OR(add) 1.0 (95% C.I. 0.9-1.2; p(add)=0.7) and OR(add) 1.1 (0.9-1.2; p(add)=0.4), respectively, a finding supported by meta-analyses: OR(add) 1.0 (0.9-1.1; p(add)=0.6) and OR(add) 1.0 (0.9-1.1; p(add)=0.6), respectively. Neither rs1535435 nor rs9494266 were consistently associated with any of the tested type 2 diabetes-related metabolic traits. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Data from large samples of Danish individuals do not support a role for AHI1 rs1535435 nor rs9494266 as major type 2 diabetes variants. This study highlights the importance of independent and well-powered replication studies of the recent genome-wide association scans before a locus is robustly validated as being associated with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Holmkvist
- Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensens Vej 1, NLC2.12, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
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22
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Le-Niculescu H, McFarland MJ, Ogden CA, Balaraman Y, Patel S, Tan J, Rodd ZA, Paulus M, Geyer MA, Edenberg HJ, Glatt SJ, Faraone SV, Nurnberger JI, Kuczenski R, Tsuang MT, Niculescu AB. Phenomic, convergent functional genomic, and biomarker studies in a stress-reactive genetic animal model of bipolar disorder and co-morbid alcoholism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:134-66. [PMID: 18247375 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We had previously identified the clock gene D-box binding protein (Dbp) as a potential candidate gene for bipolar disorder and for alcoholism, using a Convergent Functional Genomics (CFG) approach. Here we report that mice with a homozygous deletion of DBP have lower locomotor activity, blunted responses to stimulants, and gain less weight over time. In response to a chronic stress paradigm, these mice exhibit a diametric switch in these phenotypes. DBP knockout mice are also activated by sleep deprivation, similar to bipolar patients, and that activation is prevented by treatment with the mood stabilizer drug valproate. Moreover, these mice show increased alcohol intake following exposure to stress. Microarray studies of brain and blood reveal a pattern of gene expression changes that may explain the observed phenotypes. CFG analysis of the gene expression changes identified a series of novel candidate genes and blood biomarkers for bipolar disorder, alcoholism, and stress reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Le-Niculescu
- Laboratory of Neurophenomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Teltsh O, Kanyas K, Karni O, Levi A, Korner M, Ben-Asher E, Lancet D, Hamdan A, Lerer B, Kohn Y. Genome-wide linkage scan, fine mapping, and haplotype analysis in a large, inbred, Arab Israeli pedigree suggest a schizophrenia susceptibility locus on chromosome 20p13. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:209-15. [PMID: 17823922 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Linkage and association studies in schizophrenia have repeatedly drawn attention to several chromosomal regions and to genes within them. Conflicting patterns of association and the lack of a clear functional significance of the associated variants limit the interpretation of these results. The use of rare pedigrees, where genes with a major effect cause the disorder, has been proven beneficial in studies of other complex disorders. Our objective was to use this advantage by performing a genome wide linkage analysis for schizophrenia in a large, multiplex Israeli Arab pedigree. We genotyped 346 microsatellite markers in 24 pedigree members affected with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 32 unaffected relatives. Two-point linkage analysis with SUPERLINK demonstrated a LOD score of 2.47 for D20S116 on chromosome 20p13 under an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Further fine mapping yielded a two-point LOD score of 2.56 for the adjacent marker D20S193 and narrowed down the linked region to 2-5 cM. A haplotype containing the markers D20S193, D20S889, and D20S116, 0.7 Mb in length, was found to be shared by most affected pedigree members. Genotyping of 43 SNPs in the interval supported these results with a multipoint LOD score of 2.7 around D20S193. We were also able to better define the boundaries of the shared haplotype which contains strong candidate genes for schizophrenia. Our study exemplifies the power of rare and unique pedigrees in drawing attention to novel regions for genetic studies of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Teltsh
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Wang Z, Fang Y, Yu S, Yuan C, Hong W, Yi Z, Jiang S, John RK, Wang Z. Susceptibility of schizophrenia and affective disorder not associated with loci on chromosome 6q in Han Chinese population. Behav Brain Funct 2007; 3:46. [PMID: 17868434 PMCID: PMC2034577 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-3-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several linkage studies across multiple population groups provide convergent support for susceptibility loci for schizophrenia – and, more recently, for affective disorder – on chromosome 6q. We explore whether schizophrenia and affective disorder have common susceptibility gene on 6q in Han Chinese population. Methods In the present study, we genotyped 45 family trios from Han Chinese population with mixed family history of schizophrenia and affective disorder. Twelve short tandem repeat (STRs) markers were selected, which covered 102.19 cM on chromosome 6q with average spacing 9.29 cM and heterozygosity 0.78. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) was performed to search for susceptibility loci to schizophrenia and affective disorder. Results The results showed STRs D6S257, D6S460, D6S1021, D6S292 and D6S1581 were associated with susceptibility to psychotic disorders. When families were grouped into schizophrenia and affective disorder group, D6S257, D6S460 and D6S1021, which map closely to the centromere of chromosome 6q, were associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia. Meanwhile, D6S1581, which maps closely to the telomere, was associated with susceptibility to affective disorder. But after correction of multiple test, all above association were changed into no significance (P > 0.05). Conclusion These results suggest that susceptibility of schizophrenia and affective disorder not associated with loci on chromosome 6q in Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuowei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, PRoC
- Hongkou Mental Health Center of Shanghai, 159 Tongxin Road, Shanghai, PRoC
| | - Yiru Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, PRoC
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, 600 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai, PRoC
| | - Shunying Yu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, 600 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai, PRoC
| | - Chengmei Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, PRoC
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, 600 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai, PRoC
| | - Wu Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, PRoC
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, 600 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai, PRoC
| | - Zhenghui Yi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, PRoC
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, 600 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai, PRoC
| | - Sanduo Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, 600 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai, PRoC
| | - R Kelsoe John
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, and San Diego VA Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zucheng Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, PRoC
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Fanous AH, Neale MC, Gardner CO, Webb BT, Straub RE, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Riley BP, Kendler KS. Significant correlation in linkage signals from genome-wide scans of schizophrenia and schizotypy. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:958-65. [PMID: 17440434 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prior family and adoption studies have suggested a genetic relationship between schizophrenia and schizotypy. However, this has never been verified using linkage methods. We therefore attempted to test for a correlation in linkage signals from genome-wide scans of schizophrenia and schizotypy. The Irish study of high-density schizophrenia families comprises 270 families with at least two members with schizophrenia or poor-outcome schizoaffective disorder (n=637). Non-psychotic relatives were assessed using the structured interview for schizotypy (n=746). A 10-cM multipoint, non-parametric, autosomal genome-wide scan of schizophrenia was performed in Merlin. A scan of a quantitative trait comprising ratings of DSM-III-R criteria for schizotypal personality disorder in non-psychotic relatives was also performed. Schizotypy logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores were regressed onto schizophrenia LOD scores at all loci, with adjustment for spatial autocorrelation. To assess empirical significance, this was also carried out using 1000 null scans of schizotypy. The number of jointly linked loci in the real data was compared to distribution of jointly linked loci in the null scans. No markers were suggestively linked to schizotypy based on strict Lander-Kruglyak criteria. Schizotypy LODs predicted schizophrenia LODs above chance expectation genome wide (empirical P=0.04). Two and four loci yielded nonparametric LOD (NPLs) >1.0 and >0.75, respectively, for both schizophrenia and schizotypy (genome-wide empirical P=0.04 and 0.02, respectively). These results suggest that at least a subset of schizophrenia susceptibility genes also affects schizotypy in non-psychotic relatives. Power may therefore be increased in molecular genetic studies of schizophrenia if they incorporate measures of schizotypy in non-psychotic relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Fanous
- Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
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Brock GN, Weeks DE, Sobel E, Feingold E. A hierarchical model for estimating significance levels of non-parametric linkage statistics for large pedigrees. Genet Epidemiol 2007; 31:417-30. [PMID: 17508354 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.20222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The significance level of a non-parametric linkage (NPL) statistic is often found by simulation since the distribution of the test statistic is complex and unknown. Ideally, simulation occurs by randomly assigning founder genotypes and then simulating meiotic events for the descendants in the pedigree, commonly referred to as 'gene dropping'. The missing data pattern in the original pedigree, including lack of phase information (due to unordered genotypes), is then imposed on the simulated pedigree. However, this approach is usually computationally infeasible for larger pedigrees which require Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques to calculate the statistic, as an additional MCMC run is required to estimate the statistic for each gene drop. In this work, we propose a novel method to estimate the significance level of the NPL statistic in large pedigrees. This is accomplished by constructing a hierarchical model, which allows estimation of the NPL statistic variability via separate estimation of the Markov chain and gene dropping variability. The significance level is estimated by fitting a parametric model to the statistic and using the method of moments to obtain parameter estimates. In a simulation study we found our hierarchical model estimates to be very close to the gold standard empirical estimates, and offer substantial improvements over the existing conservative method used by the software SimWalk2. The estimation procedure significantly reduces the computational time relative to the ideal empirical estimate, allowing for an accurate estimate of the significance level in a more manageable amount of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy N Brock
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Universtiy of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
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27
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Fanous AH, Neale MC, Webb BT, Straub RE, Amdur RL, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Riley BP, Kendler KS. A genome-wide scan for modifier loci in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:589-95. [PMID: 17262803 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to detect genetic loci that influence clinical features of, but not necessarily susceptibility to, psychotic illness. In the Irish Study of High-Density Schizophrenia Families (n = 270 families, n = 1,408 individuals), subjects with non-affective psychosis were rated using the Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness. Factor analysis identified hallucinations, delusions, and negative, manic, and depressive symptom factors. We performed autosomal genome-wide multipoint non-parametric quantitative trait locus linkage analysis, in affected individuals only, using these five factors, as well as age at onset, and course of illness. Determination of empirical significance and correction for multiple testing was implemented using 200 simulated genome scans. We also tested for pleiotropic loci by examining the sums of -log(10)'s of the empirical P values of multiple traits in selected regions. LODs of 2.42 and 2.35 were obtained near D9S934 (9q33.1) and D14S587 (14q24.2), respectively, for course of illness, and of 2.26 between D6S1040-D6S2420 (6q23.1-25.1) and age at onset. No other regions met criteria for suggestive linkage to any one trait. No loci were significant after correction for multiple testing. On 6q, however, the joint linkage of age of onset, course, delusions, and depressive symptoms resulted in a genome-wide P = 0.06. We conclude that genes located near 9q33.1 and 14q24.2 may modify the clinical course and severity of schizophrenia. A gene in 6q may affect several clinical features of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman H Fanous
- Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
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28
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Ingason A, Sigmundsson T, Steinberg S, Sigurdsson E, Haraldsson M, Magnusdottir BB, Frigge ML, Kong A, Gulcher J, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K, Petursson H, Stefansson H. Support for involvement of the AHI1 locus in schizophrenia. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15:988-91. [PMID: 17473831 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, markers in the Abelson Helper Integration Site 1 (AHI1) region were shown to be associated with schizophrenia in a family sample of Israeli-Arabs. Here, we report a study evaluating the relevance of the AHI1 region to schizophrenia in an Icelandic sample. Seven markers shown to confer risk in the previous report were typed in 608 patients diagnosed with broad schizophrenia and 1,504 controls. Odds ratios for the overtransmitted alleles in the Israeli-Arab families ranged from 1.15 to 1.29 in the Icelandic sample. After Bonferroni correction for the seven markers tested, two markers were significantly associated with schizophrenia. Thus, our results are in general agreement with the previous report, with the strongest association signal observed in a region upstream of the AHI1 gene.
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29
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Devlin B, Klei L, Myles-Worsley M, Tiobech J, Otto C, Byerley W, Roeder K. Genetic liability to schizophrenia in Oceanic Palau: a search in the affected and maternal generation. Hum Genet 2007; 121:675-84. [PMID: 17436020 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While liability to schizophrenia (Scz) is due to genetic and environmental factors, specific factors are largely unknown. We postulate a two-hit model for Scz, in which initial liability is generated during fetal brain development: this "hit" is precipitated by environmental stressors biologically interacting with maternal genetic vulnerability to the stress. Additional liability to Scz is generated by individual genetic vulnerability. To evaluate these putative levels of vulnerability, we search in the genome of both affected individuals and their mothers for variation that differs, statistically, from that in the general population. For parental analyses, mothers were treated as "affected," rather than their offspring, and the fathers were treated as "controls". We used a sample from the Palauan population: 175 individuals diagnosed with Scz, broadly defined; 87 mothers and 45 fathers of affected individuals. Pedigree and diagnostic data were available on 2,953 living and deceased subjects. DNA from 553 individuals was genotyped for short tandem repeats (STR) spaced approximately every 10 cM across the genome. We tested for association between affection status and STR alleles; such an approach was reasonable, despite the widely spaced markers, because this population has far-ranging linkage disequilibrium (LD). Results for the truly affected individuals were modest, whereas results from the maternal generation were promising. For a recessive model and a test for excess allele matching across mothers, significant findings occurred for D20S481, D10S1221, D6S1021, D13S317, and D18S976. Regions in which at least two adjacent markers produced substantial association statistics include 2p12-11.2, 2q24.1-32.1, 6q12-14.1, 10q23.2-24.21, 12q23.2-24.21 and 17q23.2-23.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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30
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Le-Niculescu H, Balaraman Y, Patel S, Tan J, Sidhu K, Jerome RE, Edenberg HJ, Kuczenski R, Geyer MA, Nurnberger JI, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, Niculescu AB. Towards understanding the schizophrenia code: an expanded convergent functional genomics approach. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:129-58. [PMID: 17266109 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Identifying genes for schizophrenia through classical genetic approaches has proven arduous. Here, we present a comprehensive convergent analysis that translationally integrates brain gene expression data from a relevant pharmacogenomic mouse model (involving treatments with a psychomimetic agent - phencyclidine (PCP), and an anti-psychotic - clozapine), with human genetic linkage data and human postmortem brain data, as a Bayesian strategy of cross validating findings. Topping the list of candidate genes, we have three genes involved in GABA neurotransmission (GABRA1, GABBR1, and GAD2), one gene involved in glutamate neurotransmission (GRIA2), one gene involved in neuropeptide signaling (TAC1), two genes involved in synaptic function (SYN2 and KCNJ4), six genes involved in myelin/glial function (CNP, MAL, MBP, PLP1, MOBP and GFAP), and one gene involved in lipid metabolism (LPL). These data suggest that schizophrenia is primarily a disorder of brain functional and structural connectivity, with GABA neurotransmission playing a prominent role. These findings may explain the EEG gamma band abnormalities detected in schizophrenia. The analysis also revealed other high probability candidates genes (neurotransmitter signaling, other structural proteins, ion channels, signal transduction, regulatory enzymes, neuronal migration/neurite outgrowth, clock genes, transcription factors, RNA regulatory genes), pathways and mechanisms of likely importance in pathophysiology. Some of the pathways identified suggest possible avenues for augmentation pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia with other existing agents, such as benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants and lipid modulating agents. Other pathways are new potential targets for drug development. Lastly, a comparison with our earlier work on bipolar disorder illuminates the significant molecular overlap between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Le-Niculescu
- Laboratory of Neurophenomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Venken T, Del-Favero J. Chasing genes for mood disorders and schizophrenia in genetically isolated populations. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:1156-70. [PMID: 17659644 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Major affective disorders and schizophrenia are among the most common brain diseases worldwide and their predisposition is influenced by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. So far, traditional linkage mapping studies for these complex disorders have not achieved the same success as the positional cloning of genes for Mendelian diseases. The struggle to identify susceptibility genes for complex disorders has stimulated the development of alternative approaches, including studies in genetically isolated populations. Since isolated populations are likely to have both a reduced number of genetic vulnerability factors and environmental background and are therefore considered to be more homogeneous compared to outbred populations, the use of isolated populations in genetic studies is expected to improve the chance of finding susceptibility loci and genes. Here we review the role of isolated populations, based on linkage and association studies, in the identification of susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Venken
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Liu Y, Shi Y, Guo T, Gao J, Qin W, Li S, Tang W, Feng G, Zhu S, Liu H, He L. No association between the Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 7 gene and schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population. Schizophr Res 2007; 89:360-1. [PMID: 17079118 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lakhan SE. Schizophrenia proteomics: biomarkers on the path to laboratory medicine? Diagn Pathol 2006; 1:11. [PMID: 16846510 PMCID: PMC1538632 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-1-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over two million Americans are afflicted with schizophrenia, a debilitating mental health disorder with a unique symptomatic and epidemiological profile. Genomics studies have hinted towards candidate schizophrenia susceptibility chromosomal loci and genes. Modern proteomic tools, particularly mass spectrometry and expression scanning, aim to identify both pathogenic-revealing and diagnostically significant biomarkers. Only a few studies on basic proteomics have been conducted for psychiatric disorders relative to the plethora of cancer specific experiments. One such proteomic utility enables the discovery of proteins and biological marker fingerprinting profiling techniques (SELDI-TOF-MS), and then subjects them to tandem mass spectrometric fragmentation and de novo protein sequencing (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS) for the accurate identification and characterization of the proteins. Such utilities can explain the pathogenesis of neuro-psychiatric disease, provide more objective testing methods, and further demonstrate a biological basis to mental illness. Although clinical proteomics in schizophrenia have yet to reveal a biomarker with diagnostic specificity, methods that better characterize the disorder using endophenotypes can advance findings. Schizophrenia biomarkers could potentially revolutionize its psychopharmacology, changing it into a more hypothesis and genomic/proteomic-driven science.
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Amann-Zalcenstein D, Avidan N, Kanyas K, Ebstein RP, Kohn Y, Hamdan A, Ben-Asher E, Karni O, Mujaheed M, Segman RH, Maier W, Macciardi F, Beckmann JS, Lancet D, Lerer B. AHI1, a pivotal neurodevelopmental gene, and C6orf217 are associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:1111-9. [PMID: 16773125 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia, a severe neuropsychiatric disorder, is believed to involve multiple genetic factors. A significant body of evidence supports a pivotal role for abnormalities of brain development in the disorder. Linkage signals for schizophrenia map to human chromosome 6q. To obtain a finer localization, we genotyped 180 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a young, inbred Arab-Israeli family sample with a limited number of founders. The SNPs were mostly within a approximately 7 Mb region around the strong linkage peak at 136.2 Mb that we had previously mapped. The most significant genetic association with schizophrenia for single SNPs and haplotypes was within a 500 kb genomic region of high linkage disequilibrium (LD) at 135.85 Mb. In a different, outbred, nuclear family sample that was not appropriate for linkage analysis, under-transmitted haplotypes incorporating the same SNPs (but not the individual SNPs) were significantly associated with schizophrenia. The implicated genomic region harbors the Abelson Helper Integration Site 1 (AHI1) gene, which showed the strongest association signal, and an adjacent, primate-specific gene, C6orf217. Mutations in human AHI1 underlie the autosomal recessive Joubert Syndrome with brain malformation and mental retardation. Previous comparative genomic analysis has suggested accelerated evolution of AHI1 in the human lineage. C6orf217 has multiple splice isoforms and is expressed in brain but does not seem to encode a functional protein. The two genes appear in opposite orientations and their regulatory upstream regions overlap, which might affect their expression. Both, AHI1 and C6orf217 appear to be highly relevant candidate genes for schizophrenia.
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Palha JA, Goodman AB. Thyroid hormones and retinoids: a possible link between genes and environment in schizophrenia. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2006; 51:61-71. [PMID: 16325258 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 08/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic discordance for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins clearly indicates involvement of environmental factors as key determinants in disease development. Positive findings from genome scans, linkage and association studies apply in only a minority of those affected, while post-mortem brain investigations reveal altered expression of genes and proteins involved in numerous neurodevelopmental, metabolic and neurotransmitter pathways. Such altered expressions could result, on the one hand, from mutations in coding regions or polymorphisms in the promoter and regulatory regions in genes within those areas identified by gene searches or, on the other hand, from inadequate amounts of modulators, transporters and synthesizers of transcription factors necessary for regulation of the putative genes. Hormones and vitamins are such modulators. They could serve as bridges between genes and environment in schizophrenia. Multiple evidence supports the suggestion of retinoids and thyroid hormones as plausible actors in these roles. Both are not only essential for normal development of the central nervous system but also regulate the expression of many neurotransmitters, their synthesizing enzymes and receptors, and other genes in broader signaling transduction cascades affecting pathways that are altered in response to treatment. Functional and positional candidate genes include retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors, retinaldehyde dehydrogenases and deiodinases, which synthesize the powerful morphogens, retinoic acid and triiodothyronine, and the enzymes involved in their inactivation. This review highlights selective evidence supporting the retinoid and thyroid hormone hypotheses of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Almeida Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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36
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Zheng Y, Wang X, Gu N, Feng G, Zou F, Qin W, Zhang J, Lin W, Tao R, Qian X, He L. A two-stage linkage analysis of Chinese schizophrenia pedigrees in 10 target chromosomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:1049-57. [PMID: 16510121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We performed a two-stage linkage scan involving 25 Chinese schizophrenia families, focusing on 10 target chromosomes which have already been the subject of considerable research. We initially genotyped 237 individuals with 186 markers, five candidate regions were then chosen for fine mapping and 49 additional markers were genotyped. In region 1q21-23, a maximum multipoint HLOD (HLOD=2.38) was observed between D1S484 and D1S2705, under the dominant model. In region 5q35, dominant HOLD of 2.36, 2.04, and 2.31 were found at marker D5S2030, D5S408, and D5S2006, respectively. Consistent multipoint results also supported linkage to this region under the same dominant model, with a highest HOLD of 2.47. Furthermore, single-point HLODs (HLOD=1.95 at D22S274, and HLOD=1.91 at D22S1157) were found in region 22q13, under the dominant model. Evidence from these three regions satisfied the criteria for suggestive linkage and should help in identifying schizophrenia susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglan Zheng
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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37
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Amann D, Avidan N, Kanyas K, Kohn Y, Hamdan A, Ben-Asher E, Macciardi F, Beckmann JS, Lancet D, Lerer B. The trace amine receptor 4 gene is not associated with schizophrenia in a sample linked to chromosome 6q23. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:119-21. [PMID: 16189505 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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