1
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Salunkhe J, Ugale R. Recent updates on immunotherapy in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res 2024; 1845:149205. [PMID: 39197568 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a progressive event leading to specific neuronal loss due to the accumulation of aberrant proteins. These pathologic forms of proteins further worsen and interfere with normal physiologic mechanisms, which can lead to abnormal proliferation of immune cells and subsequent inflammatory cascades and ultimately neuronal loss. Recently, immunotherapies targeting abnormal, pathologic forms of protein have shown a promising approach to modify the progression of neurodegeneration. Recent advances in immunotherapy have led to the development of novel antibodies against the proteinopathies which can eradicate aggregations of protein as evident from preclinical and clinical studies. Nonetheless, only a few of them have successfully received clinical approval, while others have been discontinued due to a lack of clinical efficacy endpoints. The current review discusses the status of investigational antibodies under clinical trials, their targets for therapeutic action, and evidence for failure or success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotiram Salunkhe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Rajesh Ugale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India.
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2
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Gao J, Sterling E, Hankin R, Sikal A, Yao Y. Therapeutics Targeting Skeletal Muscle in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:878. [PMID: 39062592 PMCID: PMC11275039 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a complex neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive motor neuron degeneration, neuromuscular junction dismantling, and muscle wasting. The pathological and therapeutic studies of ALS have long been neurocentric. However, recent insights have highlighted the significance of peripheral tissue, particularly skeletal muscle, in disease pathology and treatment. This is evidenced by restricted ALS-like muscle atrophy, which can retrogradely induce neuromuscular junction and motor neuron degeneration. Moreover, therapeutics targeting skeletal muscles can effectively decelerate disease progression by modulating muscle satellite cells for muscle repair, suppressing inflammation, and promoting the recovery or regeneration of the neuromuscular junction. This review summarizes and discusses therapeutic strategies targeting skeletal muscles for ALS treatment. It aims to provide a comprehensive reference for the development of novel therapeutics targeting skeletal muscles, potentially ameliorating the progression of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yao Yao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA (E.S.)
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3
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Ikeda T, Takahashi K, Higashi M, Komiya H, Asano T, Ogasawara A, Kubota S, Hashiguchi S, Kunii M, Tanaka K, Tada M, Doi H, Takeuchi H, Takei K, Tanaka F. Lateral olfactory tract usher substance (LOTUS), an endogenous Nogo receptor antagonist, ameliorates disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model mice. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:454. [PMID: 38097540 PMCID: PMC10721829 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nogo-Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) signaling is significantly implicated in neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We previously showed that lateral olfactory tract usher substance (LOTUS) is an endogenous antagonist of NgR1 that prevents all myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs), including Nogo, from binding to NgR1. Here we investigated the role of LOTUS in ALS pathogenesis by analyzing G93A-mutated human superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) transgenic (Tg) mice, as an ALS model, as well as newly generated LOTUS-overexpressing SOD1 Tg mice. We examined expression profiles of LOTUS and MAIs and compared motor functions and survival periods in these mice. We also investigated motor neuron survival, glial proliferation in the lumbar spinal cord, and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) morphology. We analyzed downstream molecules of NgR1 signaling such as ROCK2, LIMK1, cofilin, and ataxin-2, and also neurotrophins. In addition, we investigated LOTUS protein levels in the ventral horn of ALS patients. We found significantly decreased LOTUS expression in both SOD1 Tg mice and ALS patients. LOTUS overexpression in SOD1 Tg mice increased lifespan and improved motor function, in association with prevention of motor neuron loss, reduced gliosis, increased NMJ innervation, maintenance of cofilin phosphorylation dynamics, decreased levels of ataxin-2, and increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Reduced LOTUS expression may enhance neurodegeneration in SOD1 Tg mice and ALS patients by activating NgR1 signaling, and in this study LOTUS overexpression significantly ameliorated ALS pathogenesis. LOTUS might serve as a promising therapeutic target for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ikeda
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Keita Takahashi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Minatsu Higashi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Komiya
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Asano
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ogasawara
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Shun Kubota
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Shunta Hashiguchi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Misako Kunii
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tanaka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tada
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Takei
- Molecular Medical Bioscience Laboratory, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
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4
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Shefner JM, Musaro A, Ngo ST, Lunetta C, Steyn FJ, Robitaille R, De Carvalho M, Rutkove S, Ludolph AC, Dupuis L. Skeletal muscle in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 2023; 146:4425-4436. [PMID: 37327376 PMCID: PMC10629757 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the major adult-onset motor neuron disease, has been viewed almost exclusively as a disease of upper and lower motor neurons, with muscle changes interpreted as a consequence of the progressive loss of motor neurons and neuromuscular junctions. This has led to the prevailing view that the involvement of muscle in ALS is only secondary to motor neuron loss. Skeletal muscle and motor neurons reciprocally influence their respective development and constitute a single functional unit. In ALS, multiple studies indicate that skeletal muscle dysfunction might contribute to progressive muscle weakness, as well as to the final demise of neuromuscular junctions and motor neurons. Furthermore, skeletal muscle has been shown to participate in disease pathogenesis of several monogenic diseases closely related to ALS. Here, we move the narrative towards a better appreciation of muscle as a contributor of disease in ALS. We review the various potential roles of skeletal muscle cells in ALS, from passive bystanders to active players in ALS pathophysiology. We also compare ALS to other motor neuron diseases and draw perspectives for future research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Shefner
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- College of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Antonio Musaro
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Scuola Superiore di Studi Avanzati Sapienza (SSAS), Rome, Italy
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christian Lunetta
- Neurorehabilitation Department, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Richard Robitaille
- Département de neurosciences, CIRCA, Université de Montréal, Montréal H7G 1T7, Canada
| | - Mamede De Carvalho
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Seward Rutkove
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
| | - Luc Dupuis
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, UMR-S1118, Mécanismes centraux et périphériques de la neurodégénérescence, CRBS, Strasbourg, France
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5
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Dave BP, Shah KC, Shah MB, Chorawala MR, Patel VN, Shah PA, Shah GB, Dhameliya TM. Unveiling the modulation of Nogo receptor in neuroregeneration and plasticity: Novel aspects and future horizon in a new frontier. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115461. [PMID: 36828272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Multiple Sclerosis, Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis have emerged as the most dreaded diseases due to a lack of precise diagnostic tools and efficient therapies. Despite the fact that the contributing factors of NDs are still unidentified, mounting evidence indicates the possibility that genetic and cellular changes may lead to the significant production of abnormally misfolded proteins. These misfolded proteins lead to damaging effects thereby causing neurodegeneration. The association between Neurite outgrowth factor (Nogo) with neurological diseases and other peripheral diseases is coming into play. Three isoforms of Nogo have been identified Nogo-A, Nogo-B and Nogo-C. Among these, Nogo-A is mainly responsible for neurological diseases as it is localized in the CNS (Central Nervous System), whereas Nogo-B and Nogo-C are responsible for other diseases such as colitis, lung, intestinal injury, etc. Nogo-A, a membrane protein, had first been described as a CNS-specific inhibitor of axonal regeneration. Several recent studies have revealed the role of Nogo-A proteins and their receptors in modulating neurite outgrowth, branching, and precursor migration during nervous system development. It may also modulate or affect the inhibition of growth during the developmental processes of the CNS. Information about the effects of other ligands of Nogo protein on the CNS are yet to be discovered however several pieces of evidence have suggested that it may also influence the neuronal maturation of CNS and targeting Nogo-A could prove to be beneficial in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavarth P Dave
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Kashvi C Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Maitri B Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Mehul R Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India.
| | - Vishvas N Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Palak A Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, K. B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gandhinagar 380023, Gujarat, India
| | - Gaurang B Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejas M Dhameliya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad-382481, Gujarat, India
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6
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Sensory Involvement in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415521. [PMID: 36555161 PMCID: PMC9779879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is pre-eminently a motor disease, the existence of non-motor manifestations, including sensory involvement, has been described in the last few years. Although from a clinical perspective, sensory symptoms are overshadowed by their motor manifestations, this does not mean that their pathological significance is not relevant. In this review, we have made an extensive description of the involvement of sensory and autonomic systems described to date in ALS, from clinical, neurophysiological, neuroimaging, neuropathological, functional, and molecular perspectives.
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7
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Modulation of the Microglial Nogo-A/NgR Signaling Pathway as a Therapeutic Target for Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233768. [PMID: 36497029 PMCID: PMC9737582 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutics targeting chronic phases of multiple sclerosis (MS) are considerably limited in reversing the neural damage resulting from repeated inflammation and demyelination insults in the multi-focal lesions. This inflammation is propagated by the activation of microglia, the endogenous immune cell aiding in the central nervous system homeostasis. Activated microglia may transition into polarized phenotypes; namely, the classically activated proinflammatory phenotype (previously categorized as M1) and the alternatively activated anti-inflammatory phenotype (previously, M2). These transitional microglial phenotypes are dynamic states, existing as a continuum. Shifting microglial polarization to an anti-inflammatory status may be a potential therapeutic strategy that can be harnessed to limit neuroinflammation and further neurodegeneration in MS. Our research has observed that the obstruction of signaling by inhibitory myelin proteins such as myelin-associated inhibitory factor, Nogo-A, with its receptor (NgR), can regulate microglial cell function and activity in pre-clinical animal studies. Our review explores the microglial role and polarization in MS pathology. Additionally, the potential therapeutics of targeting Nogo-A/NgR cellular mechanisms on microglia migration, polarization and phagocytosis for neurorepair in MS and other demyelination diseases will be discussed.
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8
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Anakor E, Duddy WJ, Duguez S. The Cellular and Molecular Signature of ALS in Muscle. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1868. [PMID: 36579600 PMCID: PMC9692882 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a disease affecting upper and lower motor neurons. Although motor neuron death is the core event of ALS pathology, it is increasingly recognized that other tissues and cell types are affected in the disease, making potentially major contributions to the occurrence and progression of pathology. We review here the known cellular and molecular characteristics of muscle tissue affected by ALS. Evidence of toxicity in skeletal muscle tissue is considered, including metabolic dysfunctions, impaired proteostasis, and deficits in muscle regeneration and RNA metabolism. The role of muscle as a secretory organ, and effects on the skeletal muscle secretome are also covered, including the increase in secretion of toxic factors or decrease in essential factors that have consequences for neuronal function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephanie Duguez
- Northern Ireland Center for Personalised Medicine, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Derry-Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
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9
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Rodriguez CM, Bechek SC, Jones GL, Nakayama L, Akiyama T, Kim G, Solow-Cordero DE, Strittmatter SM, Gitler AD. Targeting RTN4/NoGo-Receptor reduces levels of ALS protein ataxin-2. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111505. [PMID: 36288715 PMCID: PMC9664481 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene-based therapeutic strategies to lower ataxin-2 levels are emerging for the neurodegenerative diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). Additional strategies to lower levels of ataxin-2 could be beneficial. Here, we perform a genome-wide arrayed small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen in human cells and identify RTN4R, the gene encoding the RTN4/NoGo-Receptor, as a potent modifier of ataxin-2 levels. RTN4R knockdown, or treatment with a peptide inhibitor, is sufficient to lower ataxin-2 protein levels in mouse and human neurons in vitro, and Rtn4r knockout mice have reduced ataxin-2 levels in vivo. We provide evidence that ataxin-2 shares a role with the RTN4/NoGo-Receptor in limiting axonal regeneration. Reduction of either protein increases axonal regrowth following axotomy. These data define the RTN4/NoGo-Receptor as a novel therapeutic target for ALS and SCA2 and implicate the targeting of ataxin-2 as a potential treatment following nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Rodriguez
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sophia C Bechek
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Graham L Jones
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Nakayama
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tetsuya Akiyama
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Garam Kim
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David E Solow-Cordero
- High-Throughput Bioscience Center, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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10
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Rubio MA, Herrando-Grabulosa M, Gaja-Capdevila N, Vilches JJ, Navarro X. Characterization of somatosensory neuron involvement in the SOD1 G93A mouse model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7600. [PMID: 35534694 PMCID: PMC9085861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
SOD1G93A mice show loss of cutaneous small fibers, as in ALS patients. Our objective is to characterize the involvement of different somatosensory neuron populations and its temporal progression in the SOD1G93A mice. We aim to further define peripheral sensory involvement, analyzing at the same time points the neuronal bodies located in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the distal part of their axons in the skin, in order to shed light in the mechanisms of sensory involvement in ALS. We performed immunohistochemical analysis of peptidergic (CGRP), non-peptidergic (IB4) fibers in epidermis, as well as sympathetic sudomotor fibers (VIP) in the footpads of SOD1G93A mice and wild type littermates at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age. We also immunolabeled and quantified neuronal bodies of IB4, CGRP and parvalbumin (PV) positive sensory neurons in lumbar DRG. We detected a reduction of intraepidermal nerve fiber density in the SOD1G93A mice of both peptidergic and non-peptidergic axons, compared with the WT, being the non-peptidergic the fewest. Sweat gland innervation was similarly affected in the SOD1G93A mouse at 12 weeks. Nonetheless, the number of DRG neurons from different sensory populations remained unchanged during all stages. Cutaneous sensory axons are affected in the SOD1G93A mouse, with non-peptidergic being slightly more vulnerable than peptidergic axons. Loss or lack of growth of the distal portion of sensory axons with preservation of the corresponding neuronal bodies suggest a distal axonopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Rubio
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences and CIBERNED, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mireia Herrando-Grabulosa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences and CIBERNED, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Nuria Gaja-Capdevila
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences and CIBERNED, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jorge J Vilches
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences and CIBERNED, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences and CIBERNED, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. .,Unitat de Fisiologia Medica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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11
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Sever B, Ciftci H, DeMirci H, Sever H, Ocak F, Yulug B, Tateishi H, Tateishi T, Otsuka M, Fujita M, Başak AN. Comprehensive Research on Past and Future Therapeutic Strategies Devoted to Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2400. [PMID: 35269543 PMCID: PMC8910198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly debilitating fatal neurodegenerative disorder, causing muscle atrophy and weakness, which leads to paralysis and eventual death. ALS has a multifaceted nature affected by many pathological mechanisms, including oxidative stress (also via protein aggregation), mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, axonal degeneration, skeletal muscle deterioration and viruses. This complexity is a major obstacle in defeating ALS. At present, riluzole and edaravone are the only drugs that have passed clinical trials for the treatment of ALS, notwithstanding that they showed modest benefits in a limited population of ALS. A dextromethorphan hydrobromide and quinidine sulfate combination was also approved to treat pseudobulbar affect (PBA) in the course of ALS. Globally, there is a struggle to prevent or alleviate the symptoms of this neurodegenerative disease, including implementation of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), CRISPR-9/Cas technique, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) or ALS-on-a-chip technology. Additionally, researchers have synthesized and screened new compounds to be effective in ALS beyond the drug repurposing strategy. Despite all these efforts, ALS treatment is largely limited to palliative care, and there is a strong need for new therapeutics to be developed. This review focuses on and discusses which therapeutic strategies have been followed so far and what can be done in the future for the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgin Sever
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Turkey;
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.C.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Halilibrahim Ciftci
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.C.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
| | - Hasan DeMirci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
| | - Hilal Sever
- Ministry of Health, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Istanbul 34098, Turkey;
| | - Firdevs Ocak
- Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey;
| | - Burak Yulug
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya 07425, Turkey;
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.C.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Takahisa Tateishi
- Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan;
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.C.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.C.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Ayşe Nazlı Başak
- Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (KUTTAM-NDAL), Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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12
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Whole and fractionated human platelet lysate biomaterials-based biotherapy induces strong neuroprotection in experimental models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biomaterials 2021; 280:121311. [PMID: 34952382 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons leading to death within 3 years and without a curative treatment. Neurotrophic growth factors (NTFs) are pivotal for cell survival. A reason for the lack of patient efficacy with single recombinant NTF brain infusion is likely to be due to the synergistic neuroprotective action of multiple NTFs on a diverse set of signaling pathways. Fractionated (protein size <50, <30, <10, <3 kDa) heat-treated human platelet lysate (HHPL) preparations were adapted for use in brain tissue with the aim of demonstrating therapeutic value in ALS models and further elucidation of the mechanisms of action. In neuronal culture all fractions induced Akt-dependent neuroprotection as well as a strong anti-apoptotic and anti-ferroptotic action. In the <3 kDa fraction anti-ferroptotic properties were shown to be GPX4 dependent highlighting a role for other platelet elements associated with NTFs. In the SOD1G86R mouse model, lifespan was strongly increased by intracerebroventricular delivery of HHPL or by intranasal administration of <3 kDa fraction. Our results suggest that the platelet lysate biomaterials are neuroprotective in ALS. Further studies would now validate theragnostic biomarker on its antiferroptotic action, for further clinical development.
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13
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Poulin-Brière A, Rezaei E, Pozzi S. Antibody-Based Therapeutic Interventions for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Literature Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:790114. [PMID: 34912191 PMCID: PMC8667723 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.790114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a mid-life onset neurodegenerative disease that manifests its symptomatology with motor impairments and cognitive deficits overlapping with Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD). The etiology of ALS remains elusive, with various mechanisms and cellular targets implicated, and no treatment can reverse or stop the progression of the pathology. Therapeutic interventions based on passive immunization are gaining attention for neurodegenerative diseases, and FDA recently approved the first antibody-based approach for Alzheimer's disease. The present systematic review of the literature aims to highlight the efforts made over the past years at developing antibody-based strategies to cure ALS. Thirty-one original research papers have been selected where the therapeutic efficacy of antibodies were investigated and described in patients and animal models of ALS. Antibody-based interventions analyzed, target both extracellular molecules implicated in the pathology and intracellular pathogenic proteins known to drive the disease, such as SOD1, TDP-43 or C9ORF72 repeats expansions. The potentials and limitations of these therapeutic interventions have been described and discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edris Rezaei
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Silvia Pozzi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Division, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec, QC, Canada
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14
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Martín-Cámara O, Cores Á, López-Alvarado P, Menéndez JC. Emerging targets in drug discovery against neurodegenerative diseases: Control of synapsis disfunction by the RhoA/ROCK pathway. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113742. [PMID: 34388381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic spine morphology is controlled by the activity of Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA, which need to be finely balanced, and in particular RhoA/ROCK prevents the formation of new protrusions by stabilizing actin formation. These processes are crucial to the maturation process, slowing the de novo generation of new spines. The RhoA/ROCK also influences plasticity processes, and selective modulation by ROCK1 of MLC-dependent actin dynamics leads to neurite retraction, but not to spine retraction. ROCK1 is also responsible for the reduction of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles. These and other evidences suggest that ROCK1 is the main isoform acting on the presynaptic neuron. On the other hand, ROCK2 seems to have broad effects on LIMK/cofilin-dependent plasticity processes such as cofilin-dependent PSD changes. The RhoA/ROCK pathway is an important factor in several different brain-related pathologies via both downstream and upstream pathways. In the aggregate, these evidences show that the RhoA/ROCK pathway has a central role in the etiopathogenesis of a large group of CNS diseases, which underscores the importance of the pharmacological modulation of RhoA/ROCK as an important pathway to drug discovery in the neurodegenerative disease area. This article aims at providing the first review of the role of compounds acting on the RhoA/ROCK pathway in the control of synaptic disfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olmo Martín-Cámara
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Cores
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar López-Alvarado
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Pradhan LK, Das SK. The Regulatory Role of Reticulons in Neurodegeneration: Insights Underpinning Therapeutic Potential for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1157-1174. [PMID: 32504327 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00893-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, cytoplasmic organellar dysfunction, such as that of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), has created a new area of research interest towards the development of serious health maladies including neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, the extensively dispersed family of ER-localized proteins, i.e. reticulons (RTNs), is gaining interest because of its regulative control over neural regeneration. As most neurodegenerative diseases are pathologically manifested with the accretion of misfolded proteins with subsequent induction of ER stress, the regulatory role of RTNs in neural dysfunction cannot be ignored. With the limited information available in the literature, delineation of the functional connection between rising consequences of neurodegenerative diseases and RTNs need to be elucidated. In this review, we provide a broad overview on the recently revealed regulatory roles of reticulons in the pathophysiology of several health maladies, with special emphasis on neurodegeneration. Additionally, we have also recapitulated the decisive role of RTN4 in neurite regeneration and highlighted how neurodegeneration and proteinopathies are mechanistically linked with each other through specific RTN paralogues. With the recent findings advocating zebrafish Rtn4b (a mammalian Nogo-A homologue) downregulation following central nervous system (CNS) lesion, RTNs provides new insight into the CNS regeneration. However, there are controversies with respect to the role of Rtn4b in zebrafish CNS regeneration. Given these controversies, the connection between the unique regenerative capabilities of zebrafish CNS by distinct compensatory mechanisms and Rtn4b signalling pathway could shed light on the development of new therapeutic strategies against serious neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilesh Kumar Pradhan
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed To Be University), Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Das
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed To Be University), Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India.
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16
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Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: Origin or Prognostic Factor for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Development? Cells 2021; 10:cells10061449. [PMID: 34207859 PMCID: PMC8226541 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive and selective loss of motor neurons, amyotrophy and skeletal muscle paralysis usually leading to death due to respiratory failure. While generally considered an intrinsic motor neuron disease, data obtained in recent years, including our own, suggest that motor neuron protection is not sufficient to counter the disease. The dismantling of the neuromuscular junction is closely linked to chronic energy deficit found throughout the body. Metabolic (hypermetabolism and dyslipidemia) and mitochondrial alterations described in patients and murine models of ALS are associated with the development and progression of disease pathology and they appear long before motor neurons die. It is clear that these metabolic changes participate in the pathology of the disease. In this review, we summarize these changes seen throughout the course of the disease, and the subsequent impact of glucose–fatty acid oxidation imbalance on disease progression. We also highlight studies that show that correcting this loss of metabolic flexibility should now be considered a major goal for the treatment of ALS.
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17
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Alhindi A, Boehm I, Chaytow H. Small junction, big problems: Neuromuscular junction pathology in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). J Anat 2021; 241:1089-1107. [PMID: 34101196 PMCID: PMC9558162 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease with an extremely heterogeneous clinical and genetic phenotype. In our efforts to find therapies for ALS, the scientific community has developed a plethora of mouse models, each with their own benefits and drawbacks. The peripheral nervous system, specifically the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), is known to be affected in ALS patients and shows marked dysfunction across mouse models. Evidence of pathology at the NMJ includes denervated NMJs, changes in endplate size and loss of terminal Schwann cells. This review compares the temporal disease progression with severity of disease at the NMJ in mouse models with the most commonly mutated genes in ALS patients (SOD1, C9ORF72, TARDBP and FUS). Despite variability, early NMJ dysfunction seems to be a common factor in models with SOD1, TARDBP and FUS mutations, while C9ORF72 models do not appear to follow the same pattern of pathology. Further work into determining the timing of NMJ pathology, particularly in newer ALS mouse models, will confirm its pivotal role in ALS pathogenesis and therefore highlight the NMJ as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Alhindi
- Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ines Boehm
- Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helena Chaytow
- Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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18
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The Implication of Reticulons (RTNs) in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094630. [PMID: 33924890 PMCID: PMC8125174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticulons (RTNs) are crucial regulatory factors in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as immune system and play pleiotropic functions. In CNS, RTNs are transmembrane proteins mediating neuroanatomical plasticity and functional recovery after central nervous system injury or diseases. Moreover, RTNs, particularly RTN4 and RTN3, are involved in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation processes. The crucial role of RTNs in the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or other neurological conditions such as brain injury or spinal cord injury, has attracted scientific interest. Reticulons, particularly RTN-4A (Nogo-A), could provide both an understanding of early pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and be potential therapeutic targets which may offer effective treatment or inhibit disease progression. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms and functions of RTNs and their potential usefulness in clinical practice as a diagnostic tool or therapeutic strategy.
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19
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Scaricamazza S, Salvatori I, Ferri A, Valle C. Skeletal Muscle in ALS: An Unappreciated Therapeutic Opportunity? Cells 2021; 10:525. [PMID: 33801336 PMCID: PMC8000428 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons and by the progressive weakness and paralysis of voluntary muscles. Despite intense research efforts and numerous clinical trials, it is still an incurable disease. ALS had long been considered a pure motor neuron disease; however, recent studies have shown that motor neuron protection is not sufficient to prevent the course of the disease since the dismantlement of neuromuscular junctions occurs before motor neuron degeneration. Skeletal muscle alterations have been described in the early stages of the disease, and they seem to be mainly involved in the "dying back" phenomenon of motor neurons and metabolic dysfunctions. In recent years, skeletal muscles have been considered crucial not only for the etiology of ALS but also for its treatment. Here, we review clinical and preclinical studies that targeted skeletal muscles and discuss the different approaches, including pharmacological interventions, supplements or diets, genetic modifications, and training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Scaricamazza
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, c/o CERC, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (I.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Illari Salvatori
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, c/o CERC, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (I.S.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferri
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, c/o CERC, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (I.S.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Valle
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, c/o CERC, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (I.S.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
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20
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Abstract
Nogo-A is considered one of the most important inhibitors of myelin-associated axonal regeneration in the central nervous system. It is mainly expressed by oligodendrocytes. Although previous studies have found regulatory roles for Nogo-A in neurite outgrowth inhibition, neuronal homeostasis, precursor migration, plasticity, and neurodegeneration, its functions in the process of oxidative injury are largely uncharacterized. In this study, oligodendrocytes were extracted from the cerebral cortex of newborn Sprague-Dawley rats. We used hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce an in vitro oligodendrocyte oxidative damage model and found that endogenously expressed Nogo-A is significantly upregulated in oligodendrocytes. After recombinant virus Ad-ZsGreen-rat Nogo-A infection of oligodendrocytes, Nogo-A expression was increased, and the infected oligodendrocytes were more susceptible to acute oxidative insults and exhibited a markedly elevated rate of cell death. Furthermore, knockdown of Nogo-A expression in oligodendrocytes by Ad-ZsGreen-shRNA-Nogo-A almost completely protected against oxidative stress induced by exogenous H2O2. Intervention with a Nogo-66 antibody, a LINGO1 blocker, or Y27632, an inhibitor in the Nogo-66-NgR/p75/LINGO-1-RhoA-ROCK pathway, did not affect the death of oligodendrocytes. Ad-ZsGreen-shRNA-Nogo-A also increased the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and inhibited BCL2 expression in oligodendrocytes. In conclusion, Nogo-A aggravated reactive oxygen species damage in oligodendrocytes, and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and BCL2 might be involved in this process. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University People’s Hospital, China (approval No. 2018PHC081) on December 18, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Han
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dao-Jun Hong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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21
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Manzano R, Toivonen JM, Moreno-Martínez L, de la Torre M, Moreno-García L, López-Royo T, Molina N, Zaragoza P, Calvo AC, Osta R. What skeletal muscle has to say in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Implications for therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:1279-1297. [PMID: 32986860 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult onset disorder characterized by progressive neuromuscular junction (NMJ) dismantling and degeneration of motor neurons leading to atrophy and paralysis of voluntary muscles responsible for motion and breathing. Except for a minority of patients harbouring genetic mutations, the origin of most ALS cases remains elusive. Peripheral tissues, and particularly skeletal muscle, have lately demonstrated an active contribution to disease pathology attracting a growing interest for these tissues as therapeutic targets in ALS. In this sense, molecular mechanisms essential for cell and tissue homeostasis have been shown to be deregulated in the disease. These include muscle metabolism and mitochondrial activity, RNA processing, tissue-resident stem cell function responsible for muscle regeneration, and proteostasis that regulates muscle mass in adulthood. This review aims to compile scientific evidence that demonstrates the role of skeletal muscle in ALS pathology and serves as reference for development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting this tissue to delay disease onset and progression. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Neurochemistry in Japan. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Manzano
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Agroalimentary Institute of Aragon (IA2), Institute of Health Research of Aragon (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Janne Markus Toivonen
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Agroalimentary Institute of Aragon (IA2), Institute of Health Research of Aragon (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Moreno-Martínez
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Agroalimentary Institute of Aragon (IA2), Institute of Health Research of Aragon (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miriam de la Torre
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Agroalimentary Institute of Aragon (IA2), Institute of Health Research of Aragon (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Leticia Moreno-García
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Agroalimentary Institute of Aragon (IA2), Institute of Health Research of Aragon (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tresa López-Royo
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Agroalimentary Institute of Aragon (IA2), Institute of Health Research of Aragon (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nora Molina
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Agroalimentary Institute of Aragon (IA2), Institute of Health Research of Aragon (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain.,Geriatrics Service, Hospital Nuestra Señora de Gracia, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Zaragoza
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Agroalimentary Institute of Aragon (IA2), Institute of Health Research of Aragon (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Cristina Calvo
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Agroalimentary Institute of Aragon (IA2), Institute of Health Research of Aragon (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosario Osta
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Agroalimentary Institute of Aragon (IA2), Institute of Health Research of Aragon (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
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22
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Liu H, Su D, Liu L, Chen L, Zhao Y, Chan SO, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wang J. Identification of a new functional domain of Nogo-A that promotes inflammatory pain and inhibits neurite growth through binding to NgR1. FASEB J 2020; 34:10948-10965. [PMID: 32598099 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000377r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nogo-A is a key inhibitory molecule to axon regeneration, and plays diverse roles in other pathological conditions, such as stroke, schizophrenia, and neurodegenerative diseases. Nogo-66 and Nogo-Δ20 fragments are two known functional domains of Nogo-A, which act through the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), respectively. Here, we reported a new functional domain of Nogo-A, Nogo-A aa 846-861, was identified in the Nogo-A-specific segment that promotes complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain. Intrathecal injection of its antagonist peptide 846-861PE or the specific antibody attenuated the CFA-induced inflammatory heat hyperalgesia. The 846-861 PE reduced the content of transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and decreased the response of DRG neurons to capsaicin. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in LIMK/cofilin phosphorylation and actin polymerization. GST pull-down and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays both showed that Nogo-A aa 846-861 bound to NgR1. Moreover, we demonstrated that Nogo-A aa 846-861 inhibited neurite outgrowth from cortical neurons and DRG explants. We concluded that Nogo-A aa 846-861 is a novel ligand of NgR1, which activates the downstream signaling pathways that inhibit axon growth and promote inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaicun Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqiang Su
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sun-On Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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23
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Sartori AM, Hofer AS, Schwab ME. Recovery after spinal cord injury is enhanced by anti-Nogo-A antibody therapy — from animal models to clinical trials. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Lin CY, Wu CL, Lee KZ, Chen YJ, Zhang PH, Chang CY, Harn HJ, Lin SZ, Tsai HJ. Extracellular Pgk1 enhances neurite outgrowth of motoneurons through Nogo66/NgR-independent targeting of NogoA. eLife 2019; 8:49175. [PMID: 31361595 PMCID: PMC6667276 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NogoA inhibits neurite outgrowth of motoneurons (NOM) through interaction with its receptors, Nogo66/NgR. Inhibition of Nogo receptors rescues NOM, but not to the extent exhibited by NogoA-knockout mice, suggesting the presence of other pathways. We found that NogoA-overexpressing muscle cells reduced phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (Pgk1) secretion, resulting in inhibiting NOM. Apart from its glycolytic role and independent of the Nogo66 pathway, extracellular Pgk1 stimulated NOM by triggering a reduction of p-Cofilin-S3, a growth cone collapse marker, through decreasing a novel Rac1-GTP/p-Pak1-T423/p-P38-T180/p-MK2-T334/p-Limk1-S323/p-Cofilin-S3 molecular pathway. Not only did supplementary Pgk1 enhance NOM in defective cells, but injection of Pgk1 rescued denervation in muscle-specific NogoA-overexpression of zebrafish and an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis mouse model, SOD1 G93A. Thus, Pgk1 secreted from muscle is detrimental to motoneuron neurite outgrowth and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia Lun Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kok Zhi Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You Jei Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po Hsiang Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia Yu Chang
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien City, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research and Neuroscience Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Horng Jyh Harn
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien City, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Shinn Zong Lin
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Huai Jen Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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25
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Campanari ML, Bourefis AR, Kabashi E. Diagnostic Challenge and Neuromuscular Junction Contribution to ALS Pathogenesis. Front Neurol 2019; 10:68. [PMID: 30787905 PMCID: PMC6372519 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) represents the major adult-onset motor neuron disease. Both human and animal studies reveal the critical implication of muscle and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in the initial phase of this disease. Despite the common efforts, ALS diagnosis remains particularly challenging since many other disorders can overlap yielding similar clinical phenotypic features. A combination of further research on the NMJ parameters that are specific for this disease and laboratory tests are crucial for the early determination of specific changes in the muscle, as well as in motor neuron and the prediction of ALS progression. Also, it could provide a powerful tool in the discrimination of particular ALS and ALS-mimic cases and increase the efficacy of therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Letizia Campanari
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université de Paris 06, Unité Mixte 75, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, INSERM Unité 1163, Paris Descartes Université, Paris, France
| | - Annis-Rayan Bourefis
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université de Paris 06, Unité Mixte 75, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, INSERM Unité 1163, Paris Descartes Université, Paris, France
| | - Edor Kabashi
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université de Paris 06, Unité Mixte 75, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, INSERM Unité 1163, Paris Descartes Université, Paris, France
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26
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Lin CY, Zhang PH, Chen YJ, Wu CL, Tsai HJ. Conditional Overexpression of rtn4al in Muscle of Adult Zebrafish Displays Defects Similar to Human Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:52-64. [PMID: 30443836 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The protein level of muscle-specific human NogoA is abnormally upregulated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice and patients. On the other hand, while the presence of miR-206 in muscle cells delays onset and death in ALS, the relationship between these two phenomena remains unclear. Mammalian NogoA protein, also known as Reticulon 4a (Rtn4a), plays an important role in inhibiting the outgrowth of motor neurons. Our group previously identified zebrafish rtn4al as the target gene of miR-206 and found that knockdown of miR-206 increases rtn4al mRNA and Rtn4al protein in zebrafish embryos. It can be concluded from these results that neurite outgrowth of motor neurons is inhibited by Rtn4a1, which is entirely consistent with overexpression of either human NogoA or zebrafish homolog Rtn4al. Since an animal model able to express NogoA/rtn4al at the mature stage is unavailable, we generated a zebrafish transgenic line, Tg(Zα:TetON-Rtn4al), which conditionally and specifically overexpresses Rtn4al in the muscle tissue. After doxycycline induction, adult zebrafish displayed denervation at neuromuscular junction during the first week, then muscle disintegration and split myofibers during the third week, and, finally, significant weight loss in the sixth week. These results suggest that this zebrafish transgenic line, representing the inducible overexpression of Rtn4a1 in muscle, may provide an alternative animal model with which to study ALS because it exhibits ALS-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Sec. 3, Zhongzhen Road, Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiang Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Sec. 3, Zhongzhen Road, Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan
| | - You-Jei Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lun Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Sec. 3, Zhongzhen Road, Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan.
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27
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Sengupta-Ghosh A, Dominguez SL, Xie L, Barck KH, Jiang Z, Earr T, Imperio J, Phu L, Budayeva HG, Kirkpatrick DS, Cai H, Eastham-Anderson J, Ngu H, Foreman O, Hedehus M, Reichelt M, Hotzel I, Shang Y, Carano RAD, Ayalon G, Easton A. Muscle specific kinase (MuSK) activation preserves neuromuscular junctions in the diaphragm but is not sufficient to provide a functional benefit in the SOD1 G93A mouse model of ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:340-352. [PMID: 30528255 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons, is characterized by rapid decline of motor function and ultimately respiratory failure. As motor neuron death occurs late in the disease, therapeutics that prevent the initial disassembly of the neuromuscular junction may offer optimal functional benefit and delay disease progression. To test this hypothesis, we treated the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS with an agonist antibody to muscle specific kinase (MuSK), a receptor tyrosine kinase required for the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction. Chronic MuSK antibody treatment fully preserved innervation of the neuromuscular junction when compared with control-treated mice; however, no preservation of diaphragm function, motor neurons, or survival benefit was detected. These data show that anatomical preservation of neuromuscular junctions in the diaphragm via MuSK activation does not correlate with functional benefit in SOD1G93A mice, suggesting caution in employing MuSK activation as a therapeutic strategy for ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara L Dominguez
- Departments of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Luke Xie
- Departments of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kai H Barck
- Departments of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyu Jiang
- Departments of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Earr
- Departments of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jose Imperio
- Departments of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lilian Phu
- Departments of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanna G Budayeva
- Departments of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Donald S Kirkpatrick
- Departments of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hao Cai
- Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Hai Ngu
- Departments of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oded Foreman
- Departments of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maj Hedehus
- Departments of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Departments of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isidro Hotzel
- Departments of Antibody Discovery, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yonglei Shang
- Departments of Antibody Discovery, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard A D Carano
- Departments of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gai Ayalon
- Departments of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Easton
- Departments of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Martineau É, Di Polo A, Vande Velde C, Robitaille R. Dynamic neuromuscular remodeling precedes motor-unit loss in a mouse model of ALS. eLife 2018; 7:41973. [PMID: 30320556 PMCID: PMC6234026 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being an early event in ALS, it remains unclear whether the denervation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) is simply the first manifestation of a globally degenerating motor neuron. Using in vivo imaging of single axons and their NMJs over a three-month period, we identify that single motor-units are dismantled asynchronously in SOD1G37R mice. We reveal that weeks prior to complete axonal degeneration, the dismantling of axonal branches is accompanied by contemporaneous new axonal sprouting resulting in synapse formation onto nearby NMJs. Denervation events tend to propagate from the first lost NMJ, consistent with a contribution of neuromuscular factors extrinsic to motor neurons, with distal branches being more susceptible. These results show that NMJ denervation in ALS is a complex and dynamic process of continuous denervation and new innervation rather than a manifestation of sudden global motor neuron degeneration. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder. It occurs when the neurons that control muscles – the motoneurons – disconnect from their target muscles and die. This causes the muscles to weaken and waste away. More and more muscles become affected over time until eventually the muscles that control breathing also become paralyzed. Most patients die within two to five years of diagnosis. Motoneurons consist of a cell body plus a cable-like structure called the axon. The cell body of each motoneuron sits within the spinal cord, and the axon extends out of the spinal cord to the motoneuron’s target muscle. Within the muscle the axon divides into branches, each of which connects with multiple muscle fibers. The breakdown of these connections, known as neuromuscular junctions, is one of the first signs of ALS. Does a motoneuron lose all of its connections with muscle fibers at once, or do the connections break down a few at a time? This distinction is important as it will help to identify the events that lead to muscle paralysis in ALS. To find out, Martineau et al. studied mice that had two genetic mutations: one that causes ALS and another that produces fluorescent molecules in some motoneurons. This allowed the branches of the motoneurons to be tracked over time with a fluorescence microscope. Martineau et al. found that individual neurons lose their connections to muscle fibers gradually. Moreover, motoneurons grow new branches and form new connections even while losing their old ones. This dual process of pruning and budding lasts for several weeks, until eventually the motoneuron dies. Developing drugs to stabilize neuromuscular junctions during the period when motoneurons gradually disconnect from muscles could be a promising avenue to explore to improve the quality of life of ALS patients. One advantage of this treatment strategy is that neuromuscular junctions in muscles are easier to access than motoneurons inside the spinal cord. To identify potential drugs, future studies will need to focus on the proteins and signals that cause the neuromuscular junctions to break down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éric Martineau
- Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine Vande Velde
- Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Robitaille
- Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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29
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Di Pietro L, Lattanzi W, Bernardini C. Skeletal Muscle MicroRNAs as Key Players in the Pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051534. [PMID: 29786645 PMCID: PMC5983603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder, for which, to date, no effective treatment to ameliorate the clinical manifestations is available. The long-standing view of ALS as affecting only motor neurons has been challenged by the finding that the skeletal muscle plays an active role in the disease pathogenesis and can be a valuable target for therapeutic strategies. In recent years, non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, have emerged as important molecules that play key roles in several cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying various human conditions. In this review, we summarize how the expression of some microRNAs is dysregulated in the skeletal muscle of ALS mouse models and patients. Shedding light on the mechanisms underlying microRNAs dysregulation in the skeletal muscle could clarify some of the processes involved in the pathogenesis of ALS and especially identify new promising therapeutic targets in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Di Pietro
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Camilla Bernardini
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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30
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Xu L, Li J, Tian D, Chen L, Tang L, Fan D. The rs696880 Polymorphism in the Nogo-A Receptor Gene ( RTN4R) Is Associated With Susceptibility to Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in the Chinese Population. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:108. [PMID: 29706887 PMCID: PMC5906538 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Nogo-A receptor gene (RTN4R) have been associated with increased risk for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS) in the French population. In the present study, we investigated the associations between RTN4R tag SNPs and SALS in a large Chinese population. Four tag SNPs (rs854971, rs887765, rs696880 and rs1567871) in the RTN4R gene with an r2 threshold of 0.8 and a minor allele frequency (MAF) greater than 0.2% were selected based on Chinese population data from HapMap. A total of 499 SALS patients and 503 healthy controls were genotyped for the SNPs by SNaPshot technology. Haplotype analysis of the four SNPs was performed using the SHEsis software platform. The results showed a significant association between the rs696880 risk allele (A) and SALS in the Han Chinese population (P = 0.009, odds ratio (OR) = 1.266 [1.06-1.51]). The allele and genotype frequencies of rs854971, rs887765 and rs1567871 were not associated with SALS. The distribution of the GAAT haplotype was different between the case and control groups (P = 0.008, OR = 1.289 [1.066-1.558]). In conclusion, our study showed an association between the RTN4R SNP rs696880 and the risk of SALS in the Han Chinese population, with the A allele increasing risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianping Xu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Danyang Tian
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health & Family Planning Commission, Peking University Beijing, China
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31
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Rando A, Pastor D, Viso-León MC, Martínez A, Manzano R, Navarro X, Osta R, Martínez S. Intramuscular transplantation of bone marrow cells prolongs the lifespan of SOD1 G93A mice and modulates expression of prognosis biomarkers of the disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:90. [PMID: 29625589 PMCID: PMC5889612 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness, paralysis and death. There is no effective treatment for ALS and stem cell therapy has arisen as a potential therapeutic approach. METHODS SOD1 mutant mice were used to study the potential neurotrophic effect of bone marrow cells grafted into quadriceps femoris muscle. RESULTS Bone marrow intramuscular transplants resulted in increased longevity with improved motor function and decreased motoneuron degeneration in the spinal cord. Moreover, the increment of the glial-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 4 observed in the grafted muscles suggests that this partial neuroprotective effect is mediated by neurotrophic factor release at the neuromuscular junction level. Finally, certain neurodegeneration and muscle disease-specific markers, which are altered in the SOD1G93A mutant mouse and may serve as molecular biomarkers for the early detection of ALS in patients, have been studied with encouraging results. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that stem cell transplantation in the muscle prolonged the lifespan, increased motoneuron survival and slowed disease progression, which was also assessed by genetic expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Rando
- LAGENBIO-I3A, Facultad de Veterinaria, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego Pastor
- Centro de Investigación Deporte, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, UMH-CSIC, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Viso-León
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, UMH-CSIC, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Anna Martínez
- Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Regeneración, Instituto de Neurociencias y Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Manzano
- LAGENBIO-I3A, Facultad de Veterinaria, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Grupo de Neuroplasticidad y Regeneración, Instituto de Neurociencias y Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosario Osta
- LAGENBIO-I3A, Facultad de Veterinaria, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Salvador Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, UMH-CSIC, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
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32
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Miyoshi S, Tezuka T, Arimura S, Tomono T, Okada T, Yamanashi Y. DOK7 gene therapy enhances motor activity and life span in ALS model mice. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:880-889. [PMID: 28490573 PMCID: PMC5494517 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, multifactorial motor neurodegenerative disease with severe muscle atrophy. The glutamate release inhibitor riluzole is the only medication approved by the FDA, and prolongs patient life span by a few months, testifying to a strong need for new treatment strategies. In ALS, motor neuron degeneration first becomes evident at the motor nerve terminals in neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), the cholinergic synapse between motor neuron and skeletal muscle; degeneration then progresses proximally, implicating the NMJ as a therapeutic target. We previously demonstrated that activation of muscle‐specific kinase MuSK by the cytoplasmic protein Dok‐7 is essential for NMJ formation, and forced expression of Dok‐7 in muscle activates MuSK and enlarges NMJs. Here, we show that therapeutic administration of an adeno‐associated virus vector encoding the human DOK7 gene suppressed motor nerve terminal degeneration at NMJs together with muscle atrophy in the SOD1‐G93A ALS mouse model. Ultimately, we show that DOK7 gene therapy enhanced motor activity and life span in ALS model mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadanori Miyoshi
- Division of Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Tezuka
- Division of Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumimasa Arimura
- Division of Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Tomono
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Majors in Medical Sciences University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamanashi
- Division of Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Ling KK, Jackson M, Alkam D, Liu D, Allaire N, Sun C, Kiaei M, McCampbell A, Rigo F. Antisense-mediated reduction of EphA4 in the adult CNS does not improve the function of mice with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2018. [PMID: 29518482 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal adult onset motor neuron disease characterized by progressive denervation and subsequent motor impairment. EphA4, a negative regulator of axonal growth, was recently identified as a genetic modifier in fish and rodent models of ALS. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of EphA4 for ALS, we examined the effect of CNS-directed EphA4 reduction in preclinical mouse models of ALS, and assessed if the levels of EPHA4 mRNA in blood correlate with disease onset and progression in human ALS patients. We developed antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to specifically reduce the expression of EphA4 in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mice. Intracerebroventricular administration of an Epha4-ASO in wild-type mice inhibited Epha4 mRNA and protein in the brain and spinal cord, and promoted re-innervation and functional recovery after sciatic nerve crush. In contrast, lowering of EphA4 in the CNS of two mouse models of ALS (SOD1G93A and PFN1G118V) did not improve their motor function or survival. Furthermore, the level of EPHA4 mRNA in human blood correlated weakly with age of disease onset, and it was not a significant predictor of disease progression as measured by ALS Functional Rating Scores (ALSFRS). Our data demonstrates that lowering EphA4 in the adult CNS may not be a stand-alone viable strategy for treating ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Duah Alkam
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mahmoud Kiaei
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA.
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34
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Vergouts M, Doyen PJ, Peeters M, Opsomer R, Hermans E. Constitutive downregulation protein kinase C epsilon in hSOD1 G93A astrocytes influences mGluR5 signaling and the regulation of glutamate uptake. Glia 2017; 66:749-761. [PMID: 29266405 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a non-cell-autonomous process and that impaired glutamate clearance by astrocytes, leading to excitotoxicity, could participate in progression of the disease. In astrocytes derived from an animal model of ALS (hSOD1G93A rats), activation of type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5) fails to increase glutamate uptake, impeding a putative dynamic neuroprotective mechanism involving astrocytes. Using astrocyte cultures from hSOD1G93A rats, we have demonstrated that the typical Ca2+ oscillations associated with mGluR5 activation were reduced, and that the majority of cells responded with a sustained elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Since the expression of protein kinase C epsilon isoform (PKCɛ) has been found to be considerably reduced in astrocytes from hSOD1G93A rats, the consequences of manipulating its activity and expression on mGluR5 signaling and on the regulation of glutamate uptake have been examined. Increasing PKCɛ expression was found to restore Ca2+ oscillations induced by mGluR5 activation in hSOD1G93A -expressing astrocytes. This was also associated with an increase in glutamate uptake capacity in response to mGluR5 activation. Conversely, reducing PKCɛ expression in astrocytes from wild-type animals with specific PKCɛ-shRNAs was found to alter the mGluR5 associated oscillatory signaling profile, and consistently reduced the regulation of the glutamate uptake-mediated by mGluR5 activation. These results suggest that PKCɛ is required to generate Ca2+ oscillations following mGluR5 activation, which support the regulation of astrocytic glutamate uptake. Reduced expression of astrocytic PKCɛ could impair this neuroprotective process and participate in the progression of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Vergouts
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Pierre J Doyen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Michael Peeters
- De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate VIRO B1.74.07, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Remi Opsomer
- Alzheimer Dementia Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier B1.53.02, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Hermans
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
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Lavado A, Guo X, Smith AST, Akanda N, Martin C, Cai Y, Elbrecht D, Tran M, Bryant JP, Colon A, Long CJ, Lambert S, Morgan D, Hickman JJ. Evaluation of Holistic Treatment for ALS Reveals Possible Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH 2017; 11:348-374. [PMID: 30637316 PMCID: PMC6326589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There has been a tremendous amount of research into the causes of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), but yet very few treatment options beyond amelioration of symptoms. A holistic approach has shown anecdotal evidence of slowing disease progression and this treatment, known as the Deanna protocol (DP), postulates that ALS is a metabolic disease caused by glutamate that induces toxicity. In this study, glutamate exposure to human motoneurons was investigated and found not to significantly affect cell viability or electrophysiological properties. However, varicosities were observed in axons suggestive of transport impairment that was dose dependent for glutamate exposure. Surprisingly, a subset of the components of the DP eliminated these varicosities. To verify this finding a human SOD1 patient-derived iPSC line was examined and significant numbers of varicosities were present without glutamate treatment, compared to the iPSC control, indicating the possibility of a common mechanism despite different origins for the varicosities. Importantly, the DP ameliorated these varicosities by over 70% in the patient derived cells as well. These results are consistent with much of the literature on ALS and give hope for treatment not only for arresting disease progression using compounds considered safe but also the potential for restoration of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lavado
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826
| | - Xiufang Guo
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826
| | - Alec ST Smith
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826
| | - Nesar Akanda
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826
| | - Candace Martin
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826
| | - Yunqing Cai
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826
| | - Dan Elbrecht
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826
| | - My Tran
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826
| | - Jean-Paul Bryant
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826
| | - Alisha Colon
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826
| | - Christopher J Long
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826
| | - Stephen Lambert
- College of Medicine, Biomedical Science Program, University of Central Florida, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd. Orlando, Fl 32827
| | - Dave Morgan
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 4001 E. Fletcher Ave., Tampa FL 33613
| | - James J Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826
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Maguire G. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as a protein level, non-genomic disease: Therapy with S2RM exosome released molecules. World J Stem Cells 2017; 9:187-202. [PMID: 29312526 PMCID: PMC5745587 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v9.i11.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease that leads to death. No effective treatments are currently available. Based on data from epidemiological, etiological, laboratory, and clinical studies, I offer a new way of thinking about ALS and its treatment. This paper describes a host of extrinsic factors, including the exposome, that disrupt the extracellular matrix and protein function such that a spreading, prion-like disease leads to neurodegeneration in the motor tracts. A treatment regimen is described using the stem cell released molecules from a number of types of adult stem cells to provide tissue dependent molecules that restore homeostasis, including proteostasis, in the ALS patient. Because stem cells themselves as a therapeutic are cumbersome and expensive, and when implanted in a host cause aging of the host tissue and often fail to engraft or remain viable, only the S2RM molecules are used. Rebuilding of the extracellular matrix and repair of the dysfunctional proteins in the ALS patient ensues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Maguire
- BioRegenerative Sciences, Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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Pernet V. Nogo-A in the visual system development and in ocular diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1300-1311. [PMID: 28408340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nogo-A is a potent myelin-associated inhibitor for neuronal growth and plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). Its effects are mediated by the activation of specific receptors that intracellularly control cytoskeleton rearrangements, protein synthesis and gene expression. Moreover, Nogo-A has been involved in the development of the visual system and in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases and injury processes that can alter its function. For example, Nogo-A was shown to influence optic nerve myelinogenesis, the formation and maturation of retinal axon projections, and retinal angiogenesis. In adult animals, the inactivation of Nogo-A exerted remarkable effects on visual plasticity. Relieving Nogo-A-induced inhibition increased axonal sprouting after optic nerve lesion and axonal rewiring in the visual cortex of intact adult mice. This review aims at presenting our current knowledge on the role of Nogo-A in the visual system and to discuss how its therapeutic targeting may promote visual improvement in ophthalmic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pernet
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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Wills AM. Blockade of the neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo-A in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2017; 16:175-176. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Safety and efficacy of ozanezumab in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol 2017; 16:208-216. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Tsitkanou S, Della Gatta PA, Russell AP. Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells, Mitochondria, and MicroRNAs: Their Involvement in the Pathogenesis of ALS. Front Physiol 2016; 7:403. [PMID: 27679581 PMCID: PMC5020084 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND), is a fatal motor neuron disorder. It results in progressive degeneration and death of upper and lower motor neurons, protein aggregation, severe muscle atrophy and respiratory insufficiency. Median survival with ALS is between 2 and 5 years from the onset of symptoms. ALS manifests as either familial ALS (FALS) (~10% of cases) or sporadic ALS (SALS), (~90% of cases). Mutations in the copper/zinc (CuZn) superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene account for ~20% of FALS cases and the mutant SOD1 mouse model has been used extensively to help understand the ALS pathology. As the precise mechanisms causing ALS are not well understood there is presently no cure. Recent evidence suggests that motor neuron degradation may involve a cell non-autonomous phenomenon involving numerous cell types within various tissues. Skeletal muscle is now considered as an important tissue involved in the pathogenesis of ALS by activating a retrograde signaling cascade that degrades motor neurons. Skeletal muscle heath and function are regulated by numerous factors including satellite cells, mitochondria and microRNAs. Studies demonstrate that in ALS these factors show various levels of dysregulation within the skeletal muscle. This review provides an overview of their dysregulation in various ALS models as well as how they may contribute individually and/or synergistically to the ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Tsitkanou
- Athletics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Paul A Della Gatta
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron P Russell
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Severe muscle wasting and denervation in mice lacking the RNA-binding protein ZFP106. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4494-503. [PMID: 27418600 PMCID: PMC4978283 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608423113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innervation of skeletal muscle by motor neurons occurs through the neuromuscular junction, a cholinergic synapse essential for normal muscle growth and function. Defects in nerve-muscle signaling cause a variety of neuromuscular disorders with features of ataxia, paralysis, skeletal muscle wasting, and degeneration. Here we show that the nuclear zinc finger protein ZFP106 is highly enriched in skeletal muscle and is required for postnatal maintenance of myofiber innervation by motor neurons. Genetic disruption of Zfp106 in mice results in progressive ataxia and hindlimb paralysis associated with motor neuron degeneration, severe muscle wasting, and premature death by 6 mo of age. We show that ZFP106 is an RNA-binding protein that associates with the core splicing factor RNA binding motif protein 39 (RBM39) and localizes to nuclear speckles adjacent to spliceosomes. Upon inhibition of pre-mRNA synthesis, ZFP106 translocates with other splicing factors to the nucleolus. Muscle and spinal cord of Zfp106 knockout mice displayed a gene expression signature of neuromuscular degeneration. Strikingly, altered splicing of the Nogo (Rtn4) gene locus in skeletal muscle of Zfp106 knockout mice resulted in ectopic expression of NOGO-A, the neurite outgrowth factor that inhibits nerve regeneration and destabilizes neuromuscular junctions. These findings reveal a central role for Zfp106 in the maintenance of nerve-muscle signaling, and highlight the involvement of aberrant RNA processing in neuromuscular disease pathogenesis.
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Casas C, Manzano R, Vaz R, Osta R, Brites D. Synaptic Failure: Focus in an Integrative View of ALS. Brain Plast 2016; 1:159-175. [PMID: 29765840 PMCID: PMC5928542 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-140001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
From early description by Charcot, the classification of the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is evolving from a subtype of Motor Neuron (MN) Disease to be considered rather a multi-systemic, non-cell autonomous and complex neurodegenerative disease. In the last decade, the huge amount of knowledge acquired has shed new insights on the pathological mechanisms underlying ALS from different perspectives. However, a whole vision on the multiple dysfunctional pathways is needed with the inclusion of information often excluded in other published revisions. We propose an integrative view of ALS pathology, although centered on the synaptic failure as a converging and crucial player to the etiology of the disease. Homeostasis of input and output synaptic activity of MNs has been proved to be severely and early disrupted and to definitively contribute to microcircuitry alterations at the spinal cord. Several cells play roles in synaptic communication across the MNs network system such as interneurons, astrocytes, microglia, Schwann and skeletal muscle cells. Microglia are described as highly dynamic surveying cells of the nervous system but also as determinant contributors to the synaptic plasticity linked to neuronal activity. Several signaling axis such as TNFα/TNFR1 and CX3CR1/CX3CL1 that characterize MN-microglia cross talk contribute to synaptic scaling and maintenance, have been found altered in ALS. The presence of dystrophic and atypical microglia in late stages of ALS, with a decline in their dynamic motility and phagocytic ability, together with less synaptic and neuronal contacts disrupts the MN-microglia dialogue, decreases homeostatic regulation of neuronal activity, perturbs “on/off” signals and accelerates disease progression associated to impaired synaptic function and regeneration. Other hotspot in the ALS affected network system is the unstable neuromuscular junction (NMJ) leading to distal axonal degeneration. Reduced neuromuscular spontaneous synaptic activity in ALS mice models was also suggested to account for the selective vulnerability of MNs and decreased regenerative capability. Synaptic destabilization may as well derive from increased release of molecules by muscle cells (e.g. NogoA) and by terminal Schwann cells (e.g. semaphorin 3A) conceivably causing nerve terminal retraction and denervation, as well as inhibition of re-connection to muscle fibers. Indeed, we have overviewed the alterations on the metabolic pathways and self-regenerative capacity presented in skeletal muscle cells that contribute to muscle wasting in ALS. Finally, a detailed footpath of pathologic changes on MNs and associated dysfunctional and synaptic alterations is provided. The oriented motivation in future ALS studies as outlined in the present article will help in fruitful novel achievements on the mechanisms involved and in developing more target-driven therapies that will bring new hope in halting or delaying disease progression in ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caty Casas
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Manzano
- Laboratory of Genetic Biochemistry (LAGENBIO-I3A), Aragón Institute of Health Sciences, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rita Vaz
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rosario Osta
- Laboratory of Genetic Biochemistry (LAGENBIO-I3A), Aragón Institute of Health Sciences, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
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Loeffler J, Picchiarelli G, Dupuis L, Gonzalez De Aguilar J. The Role of Skeletal Muscle in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:227-36. [PMID: 26780251 PMCID: PMC8029271 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal adult-onset disease primarily characterized by upper and lower motor neuron degeneration, muscle wasting and paralysis. It is increasingly accepted that the pathological process leading to ALS is the result of multiple disease mechanisms that operate within motor neurons and other cell types both inside and outside the central nervous system. The implication of skeletal muscle has been the subject of a number of studies conducted on patients and related animal models. In this review, we describe the features of ALS muscle pathology and discuss on the contribution of muscle to the pathological process. We also give an overview of the therapeutic strategies proposed to alleviate muscle pathology or to deliver curative agents to motor neurons. ALS muscle mainly suffers from oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and bioenergetic disturbances. However, the way by which the disease affects different types of myofibers depends on their contractile and metabolic features. Although the implication of muscle in nourishing the degenerative process is still debated, there is compelling evidence suggesting that it may play a critical role. Detailed understanding of the muscle pathology in ALS could, therefore, lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Philippe Loeffler
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR_S 1118StrasbourgFrance
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Péripheriques de la NeurodégénérescenceStrasbourgFrance
| | - Gina Picchiarelli
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR_S 1118StrasbourgFrance
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Péripheriques de la NeurodégénérescenceStrasbourgFrance
| | - Luc Dupuis
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR_S 1118StrasbourgFrance
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Péripheriques de la NeurodégénérescenceStrasbourgFrance
| | - Jose‐Luis Gonzalez De Aguilar
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR_S 1118StrasbourgFrance
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Péripheriques de la NeurodégénérescenceStrasbourgFrance
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El Oussini H, Bayer H, Scekic-Zahirovic J, Vercruysse P, Sinniger J, Dirrig-Grosch S, Dieterlé S, Echaniz-Laguna A, Larmet Y, Müller K, Weishaupt JH, Thal DR, van Rheenen W, van Eijk K, Lawson R, Monassier L, Maroteaux L, Roumier A, Wong PC, van den Berg LH, Ludolph AC, Veldink JH, Witting A, Dupuis L. Serotonin 2B receptor slows disease progression and prevents degeneration of spinal cord mononuclear phagocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:465-80. [PMID: 26744351 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident mononuclear phagocytes of the central nervous system and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). During neurodegeneration, microglial activation is accompanied by infiltration of circulating monocytes, leading to production of multiple inflammatory mediators in the spinal cord. Degenerative alterations in mononuclear phagocytes are commonly observed during neurodegenerative diseases, yet little is known concerning the mechanisms leading to their degeneration, or the consequences on disease progression. Here we observed that the serotonin 2B receptor (5-HT2B), a serotonin receptor expressed in microglia, is upregulated in the spinal cord of three different transgenic mouse models of ALS. In mutant SOD1 mice, this upregulation was restricted to cells positive for CD11b, a marker of mononuclear phagocytes. Ablation of 5-HT2B receptor in transgenic ALS mice expressing mutant SOD1 resulted in increased degeneration of mononuclear phagocytes, as evidenced by fragmentation of Iba1-positive cellular processes. This was accompanied by decreased expression of key neuroinflammatory genes but also loss of expression of homeostatic microglial genes. Importantly, the dramatic effect of 5-HT2B receptor ablation on mononuclear phagocytes was associated with acceleration of disease progression. To determine the translational relevance of these results, we studied polymorphisms in the human HTR2B gene, which encodes the 5-HT2B receptor, in a large cohort of ALS patients. In this cohort, the C allele of SNP rs10199752 in HTR2B was associated with longer survival. Moreover, patients carrying one copy of the C allele of SNP rs10199752 showed increased 5-HT2B mRNA in spinal cord and displayed less pronounced degeneration of Iba1 positive cells than patients carrying two copies of the more common A allele. Thus, the 5-HT2B receptor limits degeneration of spinal cord mononuclear phagocytes, most likely microglia, and slows disease progression in ALS. Targeting this receptor might be therapeutically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer El Oussini
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hanna Bayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jelena Scekic-Zahirovic
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pauline Vercruysse
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jérôme Sinniger
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Dirrig-Grosch
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Dieterlé
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andoni Echaniz-Laguna
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
- Neurology Department, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yves Larmet
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kathrin Müller
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar R Thal
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neuroscience, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel van Eijk
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Lawson
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
- Neurology Department, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Monassier
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
- Neurology Department, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luc Maroteaux
- Inserm, UMR-S839, Paris, 75005, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR-S839, Paris, 75005, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Anne Roumier
- Inserm, UMR-S839, Paris, 75005, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR-S839, Paris, 75005, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Philip C Wong
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Witting
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Luc Dupuis
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France.
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Blocking the Nogo-A Signaling Pathway to Promote Regeneration and Plasticity After Spinal Cord Injury and Stroke. Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Seiler S, Di Santo S, Widmer HR. Non-canonical actions of Nogo-A and its receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 100:28-39. [PMID: 26348872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nogo-A is a myelin associated protein and one of the most potent neurite growth inhibitors in the central nervous system. Interference with Nogo-A signaling has thus been investigated as therapeutic target to promote functional recovery in CNS injuries. Still, the finding that Nogo-A presents a fairly ubiquitous expression in many types of neurons in different brain regions, in the eye and even in the inner ear suggests for further functions besides the neurite growth repression. Indeed, a growing number of studies identified a variety of functions including regulation of neuronal stem cells, modulation of microglial activity, inhibition of angiogenesis and interference with memory formation. Aim of the present commentary is to draw attention on these less well-known and sometimes controversial roles of Nogo-A. Furthermore, we are addressing the role of Nogo-A in neuropathological conditions such as ischemic stroke, schizophrenia and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Seiler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Di Santo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Rudolf Widmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Sui YP, Zhang XX, Lu JL, Sui F. New Insights into the Roles of Nogo-A in CNS Biology and Diseases. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1767-85. [PMID: 26266872 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nogos have become a hot topic for its well-known number Nogo-A's big role in clinical matters. It has been recognized that the expression of Nogo-A and the receptor NgR1 inhibit the neuron's growth after CNS injuries or the onset of the MS. The piling evidence supports the notion that the Nogo-A is also involved in the synaptic plasticity, which was shown to negatively regulate the strength of synaptic transmission. The occurrence of significant schizophrenia-like behavioral phenotypes in Nogo-A KO rats also added strong proof to this conclusion. This review mainly focuses on the structure of Nogo-A and its corresponding receptor-NgR1, its intra- and extra-cellular signaling, together with its major physiological functions such as regulation of migration and distribution and its related diseases like stroke, AD, ALS and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Peng Sui
- Institute of Chinese Material Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
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Mancuso R, Navarro X. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Current perspectives from basic research to the clinic. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 133:1-26. [PMID: 26253783 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of upper and lower motoneurons, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis, and finally death. Considerable recent advances have been made in basic research and preclinical therapeutic attempts using experimental models, leading to increasing clinical and translational research in the context of this disease. In this review we aim to summarize the most relevant findings from a variety of aspects about ALS, including evaluation methods, animal models, pathophysiology, and clinical findings, with particular emphasis in understanding the role of every contributing mechanism to the disease for elucidating the causes underlying degeneration of motoneurons and the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Mancuso
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain.
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Amy M, Staehlin O, René F, Blasco H, Marouillat S, Daoud H, Vourc'h P, Gordon PH, Camu W, Corcia P, Loeffler JP, Palkovits M, Sommer WH, Andres CR. A common functional allele of the Nogo receptor gene, reticulon 4 receptor (RTN4R), is associated with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a French population. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2015; 16:490-6. [PMID: 26083872 DOI: 10.3109/21678421.2015.1051988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is sporadic (SALS) in 90% of cases and has complex environmental and genetic influences. Nogo protein inhibits neurite outgrowth and is overexpressed in muscle in ALS. Our aims were to study the reticulon 4 receptor gene RTN4R which encodes Nogo 1 receptor (NgR1) in SALS, to test if the variants were associated with variable expression of the gene and whether NgR1 protein expression was modified in a transgenic mouse model of ALS. We genotyped three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs701421, rs701427, and rs1567871) of the RTN4R gene in 364 SALS French patients and 430 controls. We examined expression of RTN4R mRNA by quantitative PCR in control post mortem human brain tissue. We determined the expression of NgR1 protein in spinal motor neurons from a SOD1 G86R ALS mouse model. We observed significant associations between SALS and RTN4R alleles. Messenger RNA expression from RTN4R in human cortical brain tissue correlated significantly with the genotypes of rs701427. NgR1 protein expression was reduced in Nogo A positive motor neurons from diseased transgenic animals. In conclusion, these observations suggest that a functional RTN4R gene variant is associated with SALS. This variant may act in concert with other genetic variants or environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïté Amy
- a INSERM U930 , Tours , France.,b Université François Rabelais , Tours , France
| | - Oliver Staehlin
- c Institute of Psychopharmacology at Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Frédérique René
- d INSERM U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence , Strasbourg , France.,e Université de Strasbourg, UMRS 1118 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Hélène Blasco
- a INSERM U930 , Tours , France.,b Université François Rabelais , Tours , France.,f Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Bretonneau , CHRU de Tours, Tours , France
| | | | | | - Patrick Vourc'h
- a INSERM U930 , Tours , France.,b Université François Rabelais , Tours , France.,f Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Bretonneau , CHRU de Tours, Tours , France
| | - Paul H Gordon
- g Northern Navajo Medical Center , Shiprock NM , USA
| | - William Camu
- h ALS Centre, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, CHU de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Philippe Corcia
- a INSERM U930 , Tours , France.,b Université François Rabelais , Tours , France.,i ALS Centre, Department of Neurology , CHRU de Tours, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Loeffler
- d INSERM U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence , Strasbourg , France.,e Université de Strasbourg, UMRS 1118 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- j Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- c Institute of Psychopharmacology at Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Christian R Andres
- a INSERM U930 , Tours , France.,b Université François Rabelais , Tours , France.,f Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Bretonneau , CHRU de Tours, Tours , France
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Bloch-Gallego E. Mechanisms controlling neuromuscular junction stability. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1029-43. [PMID: 25359233 PMCID: PMC11113273 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the synaptic connection between motor neurons and muscle fibers. It is involved in crucial processes such as body movements and breathing. Its proper development requires the guidance of motor axons toward their specific targets, the development of multi-innervated myofibers, and a selective synapse stabilization. It first consists of the removal of excessive motor axons on myofibers, going from multi-innervation to a single innervation of each myofiber. Whereas guidance cues of motor axons toward their specific muscular targets are well characterized, only few molecular and cellular cues have been reported as clues for selecting and stabilizing specific neuromuscular junctions. We will first provide a brief summary on NMJ development. We will then review molecular cues that are involved in NMJ stabilization, in both pre- and post-synaptic compartments, considering motor neurons and Schwann cells on the one hand, and muscle on the other hand. We will provide links with pathologies and highlight advances that can be brought both by basic research on NMJ development and clinical data resulting from the analyses of neurodegeneration of synaptic connections to obtain a better understanding of this process. The goal of this review is to highlight the findings toward understanding the roles of poly- or single-innervations and the underlying mechanisms of NMJ stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Bloch-Gallego
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U. 1016, CNRS UMR 8104, University Paris Descartes 24, rue du Fbg St-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France,
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