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Bardugo A, Bendor CD, Libruder C, Lutski M, Zucker I, Tsur AM, Derazne E, Yaniv G, Gardner RC, Gerstein HC, Cukierman-Yaffe T, Lebenthal Y, Batty D, Tanne D, Furer A, Afek A, Twig G. Cognitive function in adolescence and the risk of early-onset stroke. J Epidemiol Community Health 2024; 78:570-577. [PMID: 38937113 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2024-222114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is increasingly prevalent at younger ages but the risk factors are uncertain. We examined the association between adolescent cognitive function and early-onset stroke. METHODS This was a nationwide population-based cohort study of 1 741 345 Israeli adolescents (42% women) who underwent comprehensive cognitive function tests at age 16-20 years, before mandatory military service, during 1987-2012. Cognitive function (range: 1-9) was categorised as low (1-3, corresponding to IQ score below 89), medium (4-7, IQ score range: 89-118), or high (8-9, IQ score above 118). Participant data were linked to the Israeli National Stroke Registry. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate risks for the first occurrence of ischaemic stroke during 2014-2018. RESULTS During 8 689 329 person-years of follow-up, up to a maximum age of 50 years, 908 first stroke events occurred (767 ischaemic and 141 haemorrhagic). Compared with a reference group of people with high cognitive function, body mass index-adjusted and sociodemographic-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for early-onset stroke were 1.78 (1.33-2.38) in medium and 2.68 (1.96-3.67) in low cognitive function groups. There was evidence of a dose-response relationship (P for trend <0.0001) such that one-unit of lower cognitive function z-score was associated with a 33% increased risk of stroke (1.33; 1.23-1.42). These associations were similar for ischaemic stroke but lower for haemorrhagic stroke; persisted in sensitivity analyses that accounted for diabetes status and hypertension; and were evident before age 40 years. CONCLUSIONS Alongside adolescent obesity and hypertension, lower cognitive function may be a risk factor for early-onset stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Bardugo
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology & Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Cole D Bendor
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology & Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Carmit Libruder
- Israel Center for Disease Control, State of Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Miri Lutski
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Israel Center for Disease Control, State of Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Inbar Zucker
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Israel Center for Disease Control, State of Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Avishai M Tsur
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology & Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Estela Derazne
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Yaniv
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Raquel C Gardner
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Tali Cukierman-Yaffe
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yael Lebenthal
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Institute of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Batty
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Tanne
- Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Furer
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Gilad Twig
- The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology & Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Chiesa ST, Norris T, Garfield V, Richards M, Hughes AD. Early-life cumulative exposure to excess bodyweight and midlife cognitive function: longitudinal analysis in three British birth cohorts. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2024; 5:e204-e213. [PMID: 38432248 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(24)00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess bodyweight (BMI >25 kg/m2) in midlife (age 40-65 years) has been linked to future cognitive decline and an increased risk of dementia. Whether chronic exposure to excess bodyweight in the early decades of life (<40 years) is associated with compromised cognitive function by midlife, however, remains unclear. This study therefore aimed to test potential bidirectional direct and indirect pathways linking cumulative exposure to excess bodyweight and cognitive function in the early decades of life. METHODS In this longitudinal analysis, harmonised measures of BMI and cognitive function were available in 19 742 participants aged 47-53 years recruited to the 1946 National Survey of Health and Development (n=2131), the 1958 National Child Development Study (n=9385), and the 1970 British Cohort Study (n=8226). Individual BMI trajectories spanning three decades from age 10-40 years were created for each participant and excess bodyweight duration, BMI change between ages, and cumulative excess bodyweight exposure were calculated. Harmonised measures of verbal and non-verbal ability, mathematical ability, and reading ability were used to create a latent factor for childhood cognitive function, and immediate and delayed recall, animal naming, and letter-search speed tests were used for midlife cognitive function. Multivariable linear regression and structural equation models (SEM) were used to test for potential bidirectional relationships between cognition and excess bodyweight in both individual cohorts and pooled datasets while accounting for other potential early-life confounders. FINDINGS Increases in BMI during adolescence and greater cumulative exposure to excess bodyweight across early life were associated with lower midlife cognitive function in all cohorts (eg, pooled difference in cognitive function per 10 years excess bodyweight duration -0·10; 95% CI -0·12 to -0·08; p<0·001). Further adjustment for childhood cognitive function attenuated many of these associations towards the null (eg, pooled difference in cognitive function per 10 years excess bodyweight duration -0·04; 95% CI -0·06 to -0·02; p=0·001), however, with any remaining associations then fully attenuating once further adjusted for other early-life factors (eg, pooled difference in cognitive function per 10 years excess bodyweight duration 0, -0·03 to 0·01; p=0·38). In the reverse direction, low childhood cognition was associated with greater cumulative exposure to excess bodyweight over the next four decades, although much of this relationship was found to probably be explained via other potentially modifiable upstream early-life factors such as childhood disadvantage. SEM in all cohorts suggested the presence of modest direct and indirect pathways connecting earlier cognitive function to later excess bodyweight, but scarce evidence for an effect of early-life excess bodyweight on cognitive function by midlife. INTERPRETATION The association between cumulative exposure to excess bodyweight in early life and lower cognitive function in midlife is probably confounded by a persistently lower cognitive function from childhood. Initiatives to improve early-life factors such as childhood disadvantage and education, however, might exert dual but independent benefits on both of these factors before old age. FUNDING Alzheimer's Research UK, Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation, Diabetes UK, British Heart Foundation, and Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Chiesa
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, UCL, London, UK.
| | - Tom Norris
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Victoria Garfield
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, UCL, London, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, UCL, London, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, UCL, London, UK
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Pulli EP, Nolvi S, Eskola E, Nordenswan E, Holmberg E, Copeland A, Kumpulainen V, Silver E, Merisaari H, Saunavaara J, Parkkola R, Lähdesmäki T, Saukko E, Kataja E, Korja R, Karlsson L, Karlsson H, Tuulari JJ. Structural brain correlates of non-verbal cognitive ability in 5-year-old children: Findings from the FinnBrain birth cohort study. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:5582-5601. [PMID: 37606608 PMCID: PMC10619410 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-verbal cognitive ability predicts multiple important life outcomes, for example, school and job performance. It has been associated with parieto-frontal cortical anatomy in prior studies in adult and adolescent populations, while young children have received relatively little attention. We explored the associations between cortical anatomy and non-verbal cognitive ability in 165 5-year-old participants (mean scan age 5.40 years, SD 0.13; 90 males) from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort study. T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance images were processed using FreeSurfer. Non-verbal cognitive ability was measured using the Performance Intelligence Quotient (PIQ) estimated from the Block Design and Matrix Reasoning subtests from the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III). In vertex-wise general linear models, PIQ scores associated positively with volumes in the left caudal middle frontal and right pericalcarine regions, as well as surface area in left the caudal middle frontal, left inferior temporal, and right lingual regions. There were no associations between PIQ and cortical thickness. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine structural correlates of non-verbal cognitive ability in a large sample of typically developing 5-year-olds. The findings are generally in line with prior findings from older age groups, with the important addition of the positive association between volume / surface area in the right medial occipital region and non-verbal cognitive ability. This finding adds to the literature by discovering a new brain region that should be considered in future studies exploring the role of cortical structure for cognitive development in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmo P. Pulli
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Saara Nolvi
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, Department of Psychology and Speech‐Language PathologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Eeva Eskola
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Elisabeth Nordenswan
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Eeva Holmberg
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Anni Copeland
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Venla Kumpulainen
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Eero Silver
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Harri Merisaari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Jani Saunavaara
- Department of Medical PhysicsTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of RadiologyTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Tuire Lähdesmäki
- Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | | | - Eeva‐Leena Kataja
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Riikka Korja
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of PsychiatryTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Jetro J. Tuulari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of PsychiatryTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Turku Collegium for Science, Medicine and TechnologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Furnham A, Cheng H. Childhood onset of migraine, gender, psychological distress and locus of control as predictors of migraine in adulthood. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2023; 28:2045-2057. [PMID: 36168749 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2129083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study explored a set of psychological and socio-demographic factors in childhood and adulthood associated with migraines assessed at age 42 years. Data were drawn from a large, nationally representative, prospective longitudinal study: the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70). In total, 5628 cohort members with data on parental social class at birth, cognitive ability (intelligence), self-esteem and locus of control at age 10 years, psychological distress and educational qualifications at age 34, and current occupation at age 42 years were examined. We assessed whether or not they regularly experienced migraines at age 42 years. Logistic regression analysis showed that childhood migraine, gender and adult psychological distress, as well as childhood locus of control (for females only), were significant and independent predictors of the prevalence of migraine in adulthood. Childhood migraine seemed to have a long-lasting effect on adult migraine, and psychological distress also appeared to detrimentally affect adult migraine over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Furnham
- Department of Leadership and Organisational Behaviour, BI: Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helen Cheng
- Department of Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- ESRC Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
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5
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Suárez Bagnasco M, Paz EFV, Jerez J, Gonzalez A. Association between intelligence quotient scores and body mass index in pediatric multiple sclerosis. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2023; 12:227-234. [PMID: 35705260 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2022.2082874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and intelligence quotient scores (IQ). The sample included 11 patients with pediatric multiple sclerosis between 8 and 17 years, mean age 14.45 years (SD = 2.69). The BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children V and the Abbreviated Weschler Intelligence Scale were used to measure total IQ. Average sample BMI and IQ were 24.61 (SD = 5.53) (range: 19-39.4) and 86.63 (SD = 14.79) (range: 66-111), respectively. Results of the Pearson correlation indicated that there was a significant negative association between BMI and IQ, (r = -0.608, p = 0.042). R-squared was 0.370. We discuss if lower IQ lead to BMI gains or whether overweight/obesity lead to intellectual functioning changes. Implication for practice and future research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Suárez Bagnasco
- Department of Child Neurology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Javier Jerez
- Department of Child Neurology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Gonzalez
- Department of Child Neurology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Egele VS, Stark R. Specific health beliefs mediate sex differences in food choice. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1159809. [PMID: 37342550 PMCID: PMC10277620 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1159809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Although sex differences in dietary habits are well documented, the etiology of those differences is still a focus of research. The present study examines the role of specific health beliefs regarding healthy amounts of food for food choice and its relation to sex, more specifically, the assumption that sex differences in food choices are mediated by differentiating health beliefs. Method 212 German participants (44.3% female) aged 18-70 answered an online self-report questionnaire on their dietary habits and health beliefs, based on the recommendations of the German Nutrition Society. Results Most of the anticipated sex differences in food choice and some differences in health beliefs were found. The mediation hypothesis was partly supported, as the relationship between sex and fruit, vegetable, and fish consumption was mediated by the respective health beliefs. However, no mediation effects were found for meat, egg, cereal, and milk product consumption. Conclusion The support for the mediation hypothesis aligns with previous findings and indicates that health beliefs might be an important pathway to fostering healthier food choices, especially for men. Nonetheless, sex differences in food choice were only partially mediated by sex differences in specific health beliefs, indicating that future studies might benefit from parallel mediation analyses to reveal the impact of other relevant factors influencing sex differences in food choice.
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de Klerk MT, Smeets PAM, la Fleur SE. Inhibitory control as a potential treatment target for obesity. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:429-444. [PMID: 35343884 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2053406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Strong reward responsiveness to food and insufficient inhibitory control are thought to be implicated in the development and maintenance of obesity. This narrative review addresses the role of inhibitory control in obesity and weight loss, and in how far inhibitory control is a promising target for weight loss interventions. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for papers up to May 2021. 41 papers were included. RESULTS Individuals with obesity have poorer food-specific inhibitory control, particularly when hungry, and less concurrent activation of inhibitory brain areas. Moreover, this was strongly predictive of future weight gain. More activation of inhibitory brain areas, on the other hand, was predictive of weight loss: individuals with successful weight loss initially show inhibitory brain activity comparable to that of normal weight individuals. When successful weight maintenance is achieved for at least 1 year, this inhibitory activity is further increased. Interventions targeting inhibitory control in obese individuals have divergent effects. Firstly, food-specific inhibitory control training is particularly effective for people with low inhibitory control and high BMI. Secondly, neuromodulation paradigms are rather heterogeneous: although rTMS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex induced some weight-loss, multiple sessions of tDCS reduced food consumption (desire) and induced weight loss in two thirds of the papers. Thirdly, neurofeedback results in successful upregulation of brain activity and connectivity, but occasionally leads to increased food intake. In conclusion, inhibitory control is implicated in obesity. It can be targeted to promote weight loss although major weight losses have not been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T de Klerk
- Image Sciences Institute, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Neurobiology of Energy Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P A M Smeets
- Image Sciences Institute, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S E la Fleur
- Neurobiology of Energy Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wright L, Davies NM, Bann D. The association between cognitive ability and body mass index: A sibling-comparison analysis in four longitudinal studies. PLoS Med 2023; 20:e1004207. [PMID: 37053134 PMCID: PMC10101525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body mass index (BMI) and obesity rates have increased sharply since the 1980s. While multiple epidemiologic studies have found that higher adolescent cognitive ability is associated with lower adult BMI, residual and unobserved confounding due to family background may explain these associations. We used a sibling design to test this association accounting for confounding factors shared within households. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used data from four United States general youth population cohort studies: the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY-79), the NLSY-79 Children and Young Adult, the NLSY 1997 (NLSY-97), and the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS); a total of 12,250 siblings from 5,602 households followed from adolescence up to age 62. We used random effects within-between (REWB) and residualized quantile regression (RQR) models to compare between- and within-family estimates of the association between adolescent cognitive ability and adult BMI (20 to 64 years). In REWB models, moving from the 25th to 75th percentile of adolescent cognitive ability was associated with -0.95 kg/m2 (95% CI = -1.21, -0.69) lower BMI between families. Adjusting for family socioeconomic position reduced the association to -0.61 kg/m2 (-0.90, -0.33). However, within families, the association was just -0.06 kg/m2 (-0.35, 0.23). This pattern of results was found across multiple specifications, including analyses conducted in separate cohorts, models examining age-differences in association, and in RQR models examining the association across the distribution of BMI. Limitations include the possibility that within-family estimates are biased due to measurement error of the exposure, confounding via non-shared factors, and carryover effects. CONCLUSIONS The association between high adolescent cognitive ability and low adult BMI was substantially smaller in within-family compared with between-family analysis. The well-replicated associations between cognitive ability and subsequent BMI may largely reflect confounding by family background factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Wright
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil M. Davies
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Cheng H, Montgomery S, Green A, Furnham A. Biomedical, psychological, environmental and behavioural factors associated with adult obesity in a nationally representative sample. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 42:570-578. [PMID: 30799484 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify personality, biomedical and behavioural factors associated with adult obesity in a large longitudinal sample. METHOD In total, 5360 participants with data on personality, neurological functioning, maternal smoking during pregnancy, education and occupation, physical exercise, adult self-reported BMI and obesity were included in the study. Obesity at 55 years was the outcome variable. RESULTS The rates of obesity increased from 9.5 to 22.8% from age 33 to 55 years. Logistic regression analyses (adjusted estimates) showed that childhood neurological functioning (OR = 1.32: 1.07-1.63, P < 0.01), maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR = 1.42: 1.22-1.65, P < 0.001), educational qualifications (OR = 0.54: 0.37-0.79, P < 0.01), trait conscientiousness (OR = 0.80:0.74-0.86, P < 0.001) and physical exercise (OR = 0.87: 0.82-0.92, P < 0.001) were significant predictors of obesity at age 55 years for both men and women. Trait extraversion for men (OR = 1.16: 1.07-1.26, P < 0.001) and trait emotional stability for women (OR = 0.90: 0.82-0.99, P < 0.05) were also significant predictors of the outcome variable. CONCLUSION Biomedical, psychological, environmental and behavioural factors were all associated with adult obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Cheng
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.,ESRC Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Scott Montgomery
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, UK.,Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andy Green
- ESRC Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adrian Furnham
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.,BI: Norwegian Business School, Nydalsveien 37, Oslo, Norway
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Refinetti FM, Drews R, Corrêa UC, Bastos FH. Obesity impairs performing and learning a timing perception task regardless of the body position. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:351-361. [PMID: 33386875 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-06004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with poorer sensorimotor performance. However, it remains unclear whether these obesity-related impairments can be mitigated by practice. In the present study, we sought to investigate the effects of practice on performing and learning a temporal estimation task, in women with and without obesity. The experimental task consisted of synchronizing the arrival of two rectangles at a target point. Limited to the pressing of a switch, the task was intended to minimize possible muscular fatigue, self-generated perturbations to balance and the need to accelerate/decelerate body segments. Participants were allowed to choose the displacement velocity of the rectangle they controlled and were informed that they would not be offered any choice over it during a test to come. To control for the effect of different body positions on sensorimotor performance and learning, the 19 women with obesity (BMI = 40.0 + 7.33, age = 44.2 + 6.6) and 20 without obesity (BMI = 22.3 + 1.95, age = 43 + 6.9) were assigned into 4 groups, according to their BMI and body position assumed during practice (standing upright with feet together or sitting). As no significant differences concerning body position were found, the data were reanalysed disregarding this factor. Results revealed that while both groups reduced errors during the Acquisition, participants with obesity showed poorer performance (Acquisition) and sensorimotor learning (Transfer). Given the experimental task and adopted procedures, our results tend to support the hypothesis that hindered perception and/or integration of sensory information is associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Mottin Refinetti
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65 - Cidade Universitária - São Paulo, São Paulo, ZIP 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Drews
- Motor Behavior Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Uberlândia, Rua Benjamim Constant, 1286 - Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, ZIP 38400-678, Brazil
| | - Umberto Cesar Corrêa
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65 - Cidade Universitária - São Paulo, São Paulo, ZIP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Flavio Henrique Bastos
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65 - Cidade Universitária - São Paulo, São Paulo, ZIP 05508-030, Brazil
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11
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Keage HA, Muniz G, Kurylowicz L, Van hooff M, Clark L, Searle AK, Sawyer MG, Baghurst P, Mcfarlane A. Age 7 intelligence and paternal education appear best predictors of educational attainment: The Port Pirie Cohort Study. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A.d. Keage
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,
| | - Graciela Muniz
- Centre for Traumatic Stress Studies, School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,
| | - Lisa Kurylowicz
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,
| | - Miranda Van hooff
- Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,
| | - Levina Clark
- Discipline of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,
| | - Amelia K. Searle
- Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,
| | - Michael G. Sawyer
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,
- Research and Evaluation Unit, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,
| | - Peter Baghurst
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK,
| | - Alexander Mcfarlane
- Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,
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12
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D'Ardenne K, Savage CR, Small D, Vainik U, Stoeckel LE. Core Neuropsychological Measures for Obesity and Diabetes Trials: Initial Report. Front Psychol 2020; 11:554127. [PMID: 33117225 PMCID: PMC7557362 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are known to be related to cognitive abilities. The Core Neuropsychological Measures for Obesity and Diabetes Trials Project aimed to identify the key cognitive and perceptual domains in which performance can influence treatment outcomes, including predicting, mediating, and moderating treatment outcome and to generate neuropsychological batteries comprised of well-validated, easy-to-administer tests that best measure these key domains. The ultimate goal is to facilitate inclusion of neuropsychological measures in clinical studies and trials so that we can gather more information on potential mediators of obesity and diabetes treatment outcomes. We will present the rationale for the project and three options for the neuropsychological batteries to satisfy varying time and other administration constraints. Future directions are discussed. Preprint version of the document is available at https://osf.io/preprints/nutrixiv/7jygx/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberlee D'Ardenne
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Cary R Savage
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Dana Small
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center (MDPRC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uku Vainik
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luke E Stoeckel
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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13
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Jacob L, Haro JM, Smith L, Koyanagi A. Association between intelligence quotient and obesity in England. LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/lim2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Jacob
- Faculty of Medicine University of Versailles Saint‐Quentin‐en‐Yvelines Montigny‐le‐Bretonneux France
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Madrid Spain
| | - Lee Smith
- Cambridge Center for Exercise Science Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge UK
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Madrid Spain
- ICREA Barcelona Spain
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14
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Robinson E, Roberts C, Vainik U, Jones A. The psychology of obesity: An umbrella review and evidence-based map of the psychological correlates of heavier body weight. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:468-480. [PMID: 33086131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Psychological factors may explain why some people develop obesity and others remain a normal weight during their life course. We use an umbrella review approach to build an evidence-based map of the psychological correlates of heavier body weight. Synthesising findings from 42 meta-analyses that have examined associations between psychological factors and heavier body weight, we assessed level of evidence for a range of cognitive, psychosocial and mental health individual difference factors. There is convincing evidence that impaired mental health is associated with heavier body weight and highly suggestive evidence that numerous cognitive factors are associated with heavier body weight. However, the relatively low methodological quality of meta-analyses resulted in lower evidential certainty for most psychosocial factors. Psychological correlates of heavier body weight tended to be small in statistical size and on average, people with obesity were likely to be more psychologically similar than different to people with normal weight. We consider implications for understanding the development of heavier body weight and identifying effective public health interventions to reduce obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Robinson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.
| | - Carl Roberts
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Uku Vainik
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tartu, Näituse 2 50409, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3801 Rue Université, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Andrew Jones
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
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15
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Flores-Dorantes MT, Díaz-López YE, Gutiérrez-Aguilar R. Environment and Gene Association With Obesity and Their Impact on Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:863. [PMID: 32982666 PMCID: PMC7483585 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease in which environmental conditions and several genes play an important role in the development of this disease. Obesity is associated with neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington diseases) and with neurodevelopmental diseases (autism disorder, schizophrenia, and fragile X syndrome). Some of the environmental conditions that lead to obesity are physical activity, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status, parent feeding behavior, and diet. Interestingly, some of these environmental conditions are shared with neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Obesity impairs neurodevelopment abilities as memory and fine-motor skills. Moreover, maternal obesity affects the cognitive function and mental health of the offspring. The common biological mechanisms involved in obesity and neurodegenerative/neurodevelopmental diseases are insulin resistance, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative damage, among others, leading to impaired brain development or cell death. Obesogenic environmental conditions are not the only factors that influence neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. In fact, several genes implicated in the leptin-melanocortin pathway (LEP, LEPR, POMC, BDNF, MC4R, PCSK1, SIM1, BDNF, TrkB, etc.) are associated with obesity and neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Moreover, in the last decades, the discovery of new genes associated with obesity (FTO, NRXN3, NPC1, NEGR1, MTCH2, GNPDA2, among others) and with neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental diseases (APOE, CD38, SIRT1, TNFα, PAI-1, TREM2, SYT4, FMR1, TET3, among others) had opened new pathways to comprehend the common mechanisms involved in these diseases. In conclusion, the obesogenic environmental conditions, the genes, and the interaction gene-environment would lead to a better understanding of the etiology of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Flores-Dorantes
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Farmacogenómica, Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco, División Académica de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Yael Efren Díaz-López
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez,”Mexico City, Mexico
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruth Gutiérrez-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez,”Mexico City, Mexico
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Gray JC, Schvey NA, Tanofsky-Kraff M. Demographic, psychological, behavioral, and cognitive correlates of BMI in youth: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Psychol Med 2020; 50:1539-1547. [PMID: 31288867 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has implicated demographic, psychological, behavioral, and cognitive variables in the onset and maintenance of pediatric overweight/obesity. No adequately-powered study has simultaneously modeled these variables to assess their relative associations with body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) in a nationally representative sample of youth. METHODS Multiple machine learning regression approaches were employed to estimate the relative importance of 43 demographic, psychological, behavioral, and cognitive variables previously associated with BMI in youth to elucidate the associations of both fixed (e.g. demographics) and potentially modifiable (e.g. psychological/behavioral) variables with BMI in a diverse representative sample of youth. The primary analyses consisted of 9-10 year olds divided into a training (n = 2724) and test (n = 1123) sets. Secondary analyses were conducted by sex, ethnicity, and race. RESULTS The full sample model captured 12% of the variance in both the training and test sets, suggesting good generalizability. Stimulant medications and demographic factors were most strongly associated with BMI. Lower attention problems and matrix reasoning (i.e. nonverbal abstract problem solving and inductive reasoning) and higher social problems and screen time were robust positive correlates in the primary analyses and in analyses separated by sex. CONCLUSIONS Beyond demographics and stimulant use, this study highlights abstract reasoning as an important cognitive variable and reaffirms social problems and screen time as significant correlates of BMI and as modifiable therapeutic targets. Prospective data are needed to understand the predictive power of these variables for BMI gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Gray
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD20814, USA
| | - Natasha A Schvey
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD20814, USA
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD20814, USA
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17
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Altschul DM, Wraw C, Gale CR, Deary IJ. How youth cognitive and sociodemographic factors relate to the development of overweight and obesity in the UK and the USA: a prospective cross-cohort study of the National Child Development Study and National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e033011. [PMID: 31852706 PMCID: PMC6937025 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated how youth cognitive and sociodemographic factors are associated with the aetiology of overweight and obesity. We examined both onset (who is at early risk for overweight and obesity) and development (who gains weight and when). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING We used data from the US National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY) and the UK National Child Development Study (NCDS); most of both studies completed a cognitive function test in youth. PARTICIPANTS 12 686 and 18 558 members of the NLSY and NCDS, respectively, with data on validated measures of youth cognitive function, youth socioeconomic disadvantage (eg, parental occupational class and time spent in school) and educational attainment. Height, weight and income data were available from across adulthood, from individuals' 20s into their 50s. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Body mass index (BMI) for four time points in adulthood. We modelled gain in BMI using latent growth curve models to capture linear and quadratic components of change in BMI over time. RESULTS Across cohorts, higher cognitive function was associated with lower overall BMI. In the UK, 1 SD higher score in cognitive function was associated with lower BMI (β=-0.20, 95% CI -0.33 to -0.06 kg/m²). In America, this was true only for women (β=-0.53, 95% CI -0.90 to -0.15 kg/m²), for whom higher cognitive function was associated with lower BMI. In British participants only, we found limited evidence for negative and positive associations, respectively, between education (β=-0.15, 95% CI -0.26 to -0.04 kg/m²) and socioeconomic disadvantage (β=0.33, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.43 kg/m²) and higher BMI. Overall, no cognitive or socioeconomic factors in youth were associated with longitudinal changes in BMI. CONCLUSIONS While sociodemographic and particularly cognitive factors can explain some patterns in individuals' overall weight levels, differences in who gains weight in adulthood could not be explained by any of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M Altschul
- Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Catharine R Gale
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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18
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de Mestral C, Bell S, Hamer M, Batty GD. Out-of-home care in childhood and biomedical risk factors in middle-age: National birth cohort study. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 32:e23343. [PMID: 31691459 PMCID: PMC7317568 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective With there being an apparent impact of experience of out‐of‐home care in childhood on chronic disease and mortality, we examined how such adversity might be embodied such that it has a measurable impact on human biology, so mediating this relationship. Methods We used data from the UK National Child Development Study in which exposure to public care was prospectively gathered on three occasions up to age 16. Study members also participated in a social survey at age 42 and a clinical examination at age 44/45 when cardiovascular, inflammatory, neuroendocrine, and respiratory risk markers for mortality were collected, 19 of which were included as endpoints in the present analyses. Results Of the 8012 participants in the biomedical survey, 4% (n = 322) had been in care at some point in childhood and/or adolescence. We found the expected marked differences in the early life characteristics of poverty, health, and disability in children with experience of public care relative to their unexposed counterparts. After controlling for these confounding factors, however, care in childhood was essentially unrelated to biomarkers in middle‐age. We also found no consistent links between these biomarkers and the duration, timing, or type of care. Conclusions Our results suggest that the biomarkers captured in the present study are unlikely to mediate the link between public care in childhood and later chronic disease or mortality. Processes involving mental health, socioeconomic position, and health behaviors would seem to be a potential alternative pathway warranting investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos de Mestral
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, London, UK.,Center for Primary Care Medicine & Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steven Bell
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Hamer
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - George David Batty
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, London, UK.,School of Biological & Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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19
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Gill D, Efstathiadou A, Cawood K, Tzoulaki I, Dehghan A. Education protects against coronary heart disease and stroke independently of cognitive function: evidence from Mendelian randomization. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 48:1468-1477. [PMID: 31562522 PMCID: PMC6857750 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that education protects against cardiovascular disease. However, it is not known whether such an effect is independent of cognition. METHODS We performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to investigate the effect of education and cognition, respectively, on risk of CHD and ischaemic stroke. Additionally, we used multivariable MR to adjust for the effects of cognition and education in the respective analyses to measure the effects of these traits independently of each other. RESULTS In unadjusted MR, there was evidence that education is causally associated with both CHD and stroke risk [CHD: odds ratio (OR) 0.65 per 1-standard deviation (SD; 3.6 years) increase in education; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61-0.70, stroke: OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.69-0.86]. This effect persisted after adjusting for cognition in multivariable MR (CHD: OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.65-0.89, stroke OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.59-0.92). Cognition had an apparent effect on CHD risk in unadjusted MR (OR per 1-SD increase 0.80; 95% CI 0.74-0.85), however after adjusting for education this was no longer observed (OR 1.03; 95% CI 0.86-1.25). Cognition did not have any notable effect on the risk of developing ischaemic stroke, with (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.87-1.08) or without adjustment for education (OR 1.04; 95% CI 0.79-1.36). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence to support that education protects against CHD and ischaemic stroke risk independently of cognition, but does not provide evidence to support that cognition protects against CHD and stroke risk independently of education. These findings could have implications for education and health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anthoula Efstathiadou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council–Public Health England Centre for Environment, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council–Public Health England Centre for Environment, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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20
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Cheng H, Furnham A. Childhood locus of control and self-esteem, education, psychological distress and physical exercise as predictors of adult obesity. J Public Health (Oxf) 2019; 41:439-446. [PMID: 30239855 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdy125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate to what extent locus of control, self-esteem, psychological distress, physical exercise, as well as socio-demographic factors are associated with obesity in 42-year-old adults in a longitudinal birth cohort study. METHOD The sample consisted of 5645 participants born in Great Britain in 1970 and followed up at 10, 34 and 42 years with data on body mass index measured at 34 and 42 years. RESULTS There was an increase of adult obesity from 15.5% at age 34 to 21.2% at 42 years. Locus of control and self-esteem measured at age 10 years, psychological distress and educational qualifications assessed at age 34, and current occupational levels and physical exercise were all significantly associated with adult obesity at age 42. The associations remained significant after controlling for birth weight and gestation, maternal and paternal BMI, childhood BMI, and intelligence. CONCLUSION Childhood locus of control and self-esteem, educational qualifications, psychological distress and physical exercise were all significantly and independently associated with adult obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Cheng
- Department of Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,ESRC Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies, Institute of Education, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK
| | - Adrian Furnham
- BI Norwegian Business School, Nydalsveien 37, 0484 Oslo, Norway
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21
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Guan M, Han B. Association between intestinal worm infection and malnutrition among rural children aged 9-11 years old in Guizhou Province, China. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1204. [PMID: 31477069 PMCID: PMC6719348 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal worm infection adversely impacted child health and was one of the China's largest health burdens. However, yet little was known about associations between intestinal worm infection and malnutrition in school-aged children in rural China. This study aimed to fill into the gap. METHODS Data were from a survey of children aged 9-11 years old in Guizhou Province, China conducted in June 2013. Considering anemia and low intelligent quotient (IQ) as mediating factors, binomial logistic regression was used to estimate the associations of intestinal worm infection with thinness, underweight, and stunting. Moreover, the associations between socio-demographic factors and malnutrition were also explored. RESULTS Among 2179 children, part of children was infected by intestinal worm (41.85%). Stunting (28%), low memory IQ (87.52%), and low process IQ (62.59%) were highly prevalent in the sample. Socio-demographic factors were associated with thinness, underweight, stunting, low memory IQ, low process IQ, anaemia, and intestinal worm infection. Intestinal worm infection was associated with low IQ, anemia, and stunting. In addition, anemia and low IQ could not confound the other expected associations. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the association between intestinal worm infections and stunting appeared to be largely mediated via low IQ. The study highlighted the importance of deworming and improving nutrition in the surveyed areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guan
- Family Issues Center, Xuchang University, Road Bayi, Xuchang, 88, Henan, China.,School of Business, Xuchang University, Road Bayi, Xuchang, 88, Henan, China
| | - Bingxue Han
- Family Issues Center, Xuchang University, Road Bayi, Xuchang, 88, Henan, China. .,College of Urban and Rural Planning and Gardening, Xuchang University, Road Bayi, Xuchang, 88, Henan, China.
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22
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Farruggia MC, Small DM. Effects of adiposity and metabolic dysfunction on cognition: A review. Physiol Behav 2019; 208:112578. [PMID: 31194997 PMCID: PMC6625347 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic dysfunction are both correlated with increased rates of cognitive decline. However, because these two conditions often co-occur, it remains unclear whether their cognitive consequences are independent. In this review, we carefully consider literature examining the effects of metabolic dysfunction and increased adiposity on cognition across the lifespan, including only well-controlled studies that attempt to dissociate their effects. We found a total of 36 studies, 17 examining metabolic dysfunction and 19 examining the effects of adiposity. We found evidence from the literature suggesting that increased adiposity and metabolic dysfunction may contribute to deficits in executive function, memory, and medial temporal lobe structures largely independent of one another. These deficits are thought to arise principally from physiological changes associated with inflammation, vascularization, and oxidative stress, among others. Such processes may result from excess adipose tissue and insulin resistance that occur independently and can further exacerbate when the two conditions co-occur. However, we also find it likely that impaired cognition plays a role in behavioral and lifestyle choices that lead to increased adiposity and metabolic dysfunction, which can then perpetuate and augment cognitive decline. We recommend additional prospective and longitudinal studies to examine whether impaired cognition is a cause and/or consequence of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Farruggia
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Dana M Small
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; fMEG Center, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany.
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Jacob L, Haro JM, Koyanagi A. Association between intelligence quotient and violence perpetration in the English general population. Psychol Med 2019; 49:1316-1323. [PMID: 30058504 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the relationship between intelligence quotient (IQ) and violence perpetration are scarce and nationally representative data from the UK adult population is lacking. Therefore, our goal was to examine the relationship between IQ and violence perpetration using nationally representative community-based data from the UK. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. IQ was estimated using the National Adult Reading Test (NART). Violence perpetration referred to being in a physical fight or having deliberately hit anyone in the past 5 years. We conducted logistic regression analysis to assess the association between IQ (exposure variable) and violence perpetration (outcome variable). RESULTS There were 6872 participants aged ⩾16 years included in this study. The prevalence of violence perpetration decreased linearly with increasing IQ [16.3% (IQ 70-79) v. 2.9% (IQ 120-129)]. After adjusting for demographic and behavioral factors, childhood adversity, and psychiatric morbidity, compared with those with IQ 120-129, IQ scores of 110-119, 100-109, 90-99, 80-89, and 70-79 were associated with 1.07 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63-1.84], 1.90 (95% CI 1.12-3.22), 1.80 (95% CI 1.05-3.13), 2.36 (95% CI 1.32-4.22), and 2.25 (95% CI 1.26-4.01) times higher odds for violence perpetration, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Lower IQ was associated with violence perpetration in the UK general population. Further studies are warranted to assess how low IQ can lead to violence perpetration, and whether interventions are possible for this high-risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Jacob
- Faculty of Medicine,University of Paris 5,Paris 75006,France
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Research and Development Unit,Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu,Universitat de Barcelona,Fundació Sant Joan de Déu,Dr Antoni Pujadas,42,Sant Boi de Llobregat,Barcelona 08830,Spain
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit,Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu,Universitat de Barcelona,Fundació Sant Joan de Déu,Dr Antoni Pujadas,42,Sant Boi de Llobregat,Barcelona 08830,Spain
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Sanderson E, Davey Smith G, Windmeijer F, Bowden J. An examination of multivariable Mendelian randomization in the single-sample and two-sample summary data settings. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 48:713-727. [PMID: 30535378 PMCID: PMC6734942 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mendelian randomization (MR) is a powerful tool in epidemiology that can be used to estimate the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome in the presence of unobserved confounding, by utilizing genetic variants that are instrumental variables (IVs) for the exposure. This has been extended to multivariable MR (MVMR) to estimate the effect of two or more exposures on an outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS We use simulations and theory to clarify the interpretation of estimated effects in a MVMR analysis under a range of underlying scenarios, where a secondary exposure acts variously as a confounder, a mediator, a pleiotropic pathway and a collider. We then describe how instrument strength and validity can be assessed for an MVMR analysis in the single-sample setting, and develop tests to assess these assumptions in the popular two-sample summary data setting. We illustrate our methods using data from UK Biobank to estimate the effect of education and cognitive ability on body mass index. CONCLUSION MVMR analysis consistently estimates the direct causal effect of an exposure, or exposures, of interest and provides a powerful tool for determining causal effects in a wide range of scenarios with either individual- or summary-level data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Sanderson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Frank Windmeijer
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Economics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jack Bowden
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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25
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Sex-specific moderation by lifestyle and psychosocial factors on the genetic contributions to adiposity in 112,151 individuals from UK Biobank. Sci Rep 2019; 9:363. [PMID: 30675005 PMCID: PMC6344557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that lifestyle factors, e.g. physical activity, moderate the manifestation of genetic susceptibility to obesity. The present study uses UK Biobank data to investigate interaction between polygenic scores (PGS) for two obesity indicators, and lifestyle and psychosocial factors in the prediction of the two indicators, with attention to sex-specific effects. Analyses were of 112 151 participants (58 914 females; 40 to 73 years) whose genetic data passed quality control. Moderation effects were analysed in linear regression models predicting body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), including interaction terms for PGS and each exposure. Greater physical activity, more education, higher income, moderate vs low alcohol consumption, and low material deprivation were each associated with a relatively lower risk for manifestation of genetic susceptibility to obesity (p < 0.001); the moderating effects of physical activity and alcohol consumption were greater in women than men (three-way interaction: p = 0.009 and p = 0.008, respectively). More income and less neuroticism were related to reduced manifestation of genetic susceptibility to high WHR (p = 0.007; p = 0.003); the effect of income was greater in women (three-way interaction: p = 0.001). Lifestyle and psychosocial factors appear to offset genetic risk for adiposity in mid to late adulthood, with some sex-specific associations.
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Cheng H, Montgomery S, Green A, Furnham A. Childhood heart problems, adulthood emotional stability, and sex associated with self-report heart conditions in adulthood. J Health Psychol 2019; 26:489-499. [PMID: 30599789 DOI: 10.1177/1359105318820107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated biomedical, social, and psychological factors associated with self-reported heart conditions in adulthood in a British cohort. In total, 5697 (50.7% males) participants with data on parental socioeconomic status, childhood cognitive ability, childhood heart problems, educational qualifications, current occupational levels, adulthood personality traits, and the prevalence of self-reported heart conditions in adulthood were included in the study. The prevalence of self-reported heart conditions measured at age 54 years was the outcome variable. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis showed that childhood heart problems identified by physicians (OR = 3.47:1.74-6.92, p < 0.001) and trait emotional stability (OR = 0.83:0.75-0.93, p < 0.001) were the significant and independent predictors of self-reported heart conditions in adulthood. There were also significant sex effects on the prevalence of the outcome variable (OR = 0.53:0.42-0.63, p < 0.001). Both a biomedical and a psychological factor were significantly associated with self-reported heart conditions in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adrian Furnham
- University College London, UK
- BI Norwegian Business School, Norway
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27
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DO BIOMARKERS VARY BY SOCIAL CLASS, EDUCATION AND REGION AND IS MIGRATION IMPORTANT? EVIDENCE FROM A COHORT OF BRITISH ADULTS. J Biosoc Sci 2018; 51:95-117. [DOI: 10.1017/s0021932017000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe aim of this study was to test whether Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) and Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) vary in relation to social class at birth and adulthood, educational level and region of residence, and also with inter-generational social, educational and regional mobility/migration. The study used 5702 adults (2894 males and 2718 females) from the longitudinal British National Child Development Study (all children born in England, Scotland and Wales during the first week in March 1958 with follow-up throughout childhood and adulthood, most recently at 55 years of age). In both sexes BMI and waist circumference tended to increase from social classes I+II to IV+V and higher social class was associated with higher mean FEV1 and PEF. Better-educated adults tended to have lower BMI and waist circumference, and higher mean FEV1 and PEF. Women from Wales had the highest mean BMI and waist circumference but the lowest mean PEF, while women in Scotland had the highest mean systolic blood pressure and the lowest mean FEV1. For men only, FEV1 and PEF showed regional variation and the lowest mean FEV1 was in Wales and the lowest PEF in Yorkshire & Humberside. Inter-generational social mobility was not found to be associated with any of the biomarkers, while educational mobility was related only to FEV1 and PEF. In both sexes, in unadjusted regression analysis regional migrant cohort members tended to have a lower mean BMI than sedentes. Regional male migrants also tended to have a lower waist circumference and a higher FEV1 and PEF than sedentes.
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Abstract
Objective The present study tested the association between both mothers’ and offspring’s intelligence and offspring’s body mass index (BMI) in youth. Method Participants were members of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY-79) Children and Young Adults cohort (n = 11,512) and their biological mothers who were members of the NLSY-79 (n = 4932). Offspring’s IQ was measured with the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT). Mothers’ IQ was measured with the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT). A series of regression analyses tested the association between IQ and offspring’s BMI by age group, while adjusting for pre-pregnancy BMI and family SES. The analyses were stratified by sex and ethnicity (non-Black and non-Hispanic, Black, and Hispanic). Results The following associations were observed in the fully adjusted analyses. For the non-Blacks and non-Hispanics, a SD increment in mothers’ IQ was negatively associated with daughters’ BMI across all age-groups, ranging from β = −0.12 (95% CI −0.22 to −0.02, p = 0.021) in late childhood, to β = −0.17 (95% C.I. −0.27 to −0.07, p = 0001), in early adolescence and a SD increment in boys’ IQ was positively associated with their BMI in early adolescence β = 0.09 (95% CI 0.01–0.18, p = 0.031). For Blacks, there was a non-linear relationship between mothers’ IQ and daughters’ BMI across childhood and between girls’ IQ and BMI across adolescence. There was a positive association between mothers’ IQ and sons’ BMI in early adolescence (β = 0.17, 95% CI 0.02–0.32, p = 0.030). For Hispanic boys, there was a positive IQ-BMI association in late childhood (β = 0.19, 95% CI 0.05–0.33, p = 0.008) and early adolescence (β = 0.17, 95% CI 0.04–0.31, p = 0.014). Conclusion Mothers’ IQ and offspring’s IQ were associated with offspring’s BMI. The relationships varied in direction and strength across ethnicity, age group and sex. Obesity interventions may benefit from acknowledging the heterogeneous influence that intelligence has on childhood BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wraw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, SCT, EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, SCT, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Geoff Der
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3QB, UK
| | - Catharine R Gale
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, SCT, EH8 9JZ, UK.,MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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Sutin AR, Luchetti M, Stephan Y, Robins RW, Terracciano A. Parental educational attainment and adult offspring personality: An intergenerational life span approach to the origin of adult personality traits. J Pers Soc Psychol 2017; 113:144-166. [PMID: 28287753 PMCID: PMC5472504 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Why do some individuals have more self-control or are more vulnerable to stress than others? Where do these basic personality traits come from? Although a fundamental question in personality, more is known about how traits are related to important life outcomes than their developmental origins. The present research took an intergenerational life span approach to address whether a significant aspect of the childhood environment-parental educational attainment-was associated with offspring personality traits in adulthood. We tested the association between parents' educational levels and adult offspring personality traits in 7 samples (overall age range 14-95) and meta-analytically combined the results (total N > 60,000). Parents with more years of education had children who were more open, extraverted, and emotionally stable as adults. These associations were small but consistent, of similar modest magnitude to the association between life events and change in personality in adulthood, and were also supported by longitudinal analyses. Contrary to expectations, parental educational attainment was unrelated to offspring Conscientiousness, except for a surprisingly negative association in the younger cohorts. The results were similar in a subsample of participants who were adopted, which suggested that environmental mechanisms were as relevant as shared genetic variants. Participant levels of education were associated with greater conscientiousness, emotional stability, extraversion, and openness and partially mediated the relation between parent education and personality. Child IQ and family income were also partial mediators. The results of this research suggest that parental educational attainment is 1 intergenerational factor associated with offspring personality development in adulthood. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina R Sutin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine
| | - Martina Luchetti
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine
| | - Yannick Stephan
- EA 4556 Dynamic of Human Abilities and Health Behaviors, Department of Sport Sciences, Psychology, and Medicine, University of Montpellier
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Branigan AR. (How) Does Obesity Harm Academic Performance? Stratification at the Intersection of Race, Sex, and Body Size in Elementary and High School. SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2017; 90:25-46. [PMID: 29593365 PMCID: PMC5868982 DOI: 10.1177/0038040716680271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study I hypothesize a larger penalty of obesity on teacher-assessed academic performance for white girls in English, where femininity is privileged, than in math, where stereotypical femininity is perceived to be a detriment. This pattern of associations would be expected if obesity largely influences academic performance through social pathways such as discrimination and stigma. In the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (~age 9) and the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 (~age 18), I find obesity to be associated with a penalty on academic performance among white girls in English but not in math, while no association is found in either subject for white boys or for black students net of controls. Findings suggest that the relationship between obesity and academic performance may result largely from how educational institutions interact with bodies of different sizes, rather than primarily via constraints on physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia R Branigan
- Cornell Population Center, Cornell University, MVR Hall, Ithaca, NY 14850
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31
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Bowling A, Pikhartova J, Dodgeon B. Is mid-life social participation associated with cognitive function at age 50? Results from the British National Child Development Study (NCDS). BMC Psychol 2016; 4:58. [PMID: 27908287 PMCID: PMC5134123 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-016-0164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some studies have indicated that social engagement is associated with better cognitive outcomes. This study aimed to investigate associations between life-course social engagement (civic participation) and cognitive status at age 50, adjusting for social networks and support, behavioural, health, social and socio-economic characteristics. Methods The vehicle for the study was the National Child Development Study (1958 Birth Cohort Study), which is a general population sample in England, Scotland and Wales (9119: 4497 men and 4622 women) participating in nationally representative, prospective birth cohort surveys. The primary outcome variable was cognitive status at age 50, measured by memory test (immediate and delayed word recall test) and executive functioning test (word fluency and letter cancelation tests). The influence of hypothesised predictor variables was analysed using linear multiple regression analysis. Results Cognitive ability at age 11 (β = 0.19;95% CI = 0.17 to 0.21), participation in civic activities at ages 33 (0.12; 0.02 to 0.22) and 50 (0.13; 0.07 to 0.20), frequent engagement in physical activity (sport) (β from 0.15 to 0.18), achieving higher level qualifications (β from 0.23 to 1.08), and female gender (β = 0.49;95% CI = 0.38 to 0.60) were positively, significantly and independently associated with cognitive status at age 50. Having low socio-economic status at ages 11 (β from -0.22 to -0.27) and 42 (β from -0.28 to -0.38), and manifesting worse mental well-being at age 42 (β = -0.18; 95% CI = -0.33 to -0.02) were inversely associated with cognitive status at age 50. The proportion of explained variance in the multiple regression model (18%), while modest, is impressive given the multi-faceted causal nature of cognitive status. Conclusions The results indicate that modest associations between adult social engagement and cognitive function at age 50 persist after adjusting for covariates which included health, socio-economic status and gender, supporting theories of neuroplasticity. In addition to the continuing emphasis on physical activity, the encouragement of civic participation, at least as early as mid-life, should be a targeted policy to potentially promote and protect cognitive function in later mid-life. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40359-016-0164-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Bowling
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO171BJ, UK.
| | - Jitka Pikhartova
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO171BJ, UK.,Brunel University London, College of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, London, UK
| | - Brian Dodgeon
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, 20 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AL20, UK
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Cheng H, Treglown L, Green A, Chapman BP, Κornilaki EN, Furnham A. Childhood onset of migraine, gender, parental social class, and trait neuroticism as predictors of the prevalence of migraine in adulthood. J Psychosom Res 2016; 88:54-8. [PMID: 27521654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of socio-demographic and psychological factors in childhood and adulthood on the prevalence of migraine in adulthood using data from The National Child Development Studies (NCDS), a birth cohort in the UK. The analytical sample comprises 5799 participants with complete data. Logistic regression analysis showed that higher professional parental social class (OR=2.0: 1.05, 3.86, p<0.05), female sex (OR=2.24: 1.68-2.99, p<0.001), migraine in childhood diagnosed by physicians (OR=1.76: 1.23-2.50, p<0.01), and higher trait neuroticism (OR=1.17:1.26-1.06, p<0.01):<0 were all significantly associated with the prevalence of migraine in adulthood. Both socio-demographic and personality factors were significantly associated with the prevalence of migraine in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Cheng
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; ESRC Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies, Institute of Education, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK
| | - Luke Treglown
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andy Green
- ESRC Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies, Institute of Education, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK
| | - Benjamin P Chapman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 300 Crittendon, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | - Adrian Furnham
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; BI: Norwegian Business School, Nydalsveien 37, 0484 Oslo, Norway.
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Kumpulainen SM, Heinonen K, Salonen MK, Andersson S, Wolke D, Kajantie E, Eriksson JG, Raikkonen K. Childhood cognitive ability and body composition in adulthood. Nutr Diabetes 2016; 6:e223. [PMID: 27525818 PMCID: PMC5022144 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Childhood cognitive ability has been identified as a novel risk factor for adulthood overweight and obesity as assessed by adult body mass index (BMI). BMI does not, however, distinguish fat-free and metabolically harmful fat tissue. Hence, we examined the associations between childhood cognitive abilities and body fat percentage (BF%) in young adulthood. Methods: Participants of the Arvo Ylppö Longitudinal Study (n=816) underwent tests of general reasoning, visuomotor integration, verbal competence and language comprehension (M=100; s.d.=15) at the age of 56 months. At the age of 25 years, they underwent a clinical examination, including measurements of BF% by the InBody 3.0 eight-polar tactile electrode system, weight and height from which BMI (kg m−2) was calculated and waist circumference (cm). Results: After adjustments for sex, age and BMI-for-age s.d. score at 56 months, lower general reasoning and visuomotor integration in childhood predicted higher BMI (kg m−2) increase per s.d. unit decrease in cognitive ability (−0.32, 95% confidence interval −0.60,−0.05; −0.45, −0.75,−0.14, respectively) and waist circumference (cm) increase per s.d. unit decrease in cognitive ability (−0.84, −1.56,−0.11; −1.07,−1.88,−0.26, respectively) in adulthood. In addition, lower visuomotor integration predicted higher BF% per s.d. unit decrease in cognitive ability (−0.62,−1.14,−0.09). Associations between general reasoning and BMI/waist were attenuated when adjusted for smoking, alcohol consumption, intake of fruits and vegetables and physical activity in adulthood, and all associations, except for visuomotor integration and BMI, were attenuated when adjusted for parental and/or own attained education and/or birth weight. Conclusions: Of the measured childhood cognitive abilities, only lower visuomotor integration was associated with BF% in adulthood. This challenges the view that cognitive ability, at least when measured in early childhood, poses a risk for adiposity in adulthood, as characterized by higher BF%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kumpulainen
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Heinonen
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M K Salonen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Andersson
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Wolke
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - E Kajantie
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - J G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Raikkonen
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Carpenter DM, Ledbetter C, Moore AL. LearningRx Cognitive Training Effects in Children Ages 8-14: A Randomized Controlled Trial. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 30:815-826. [PMID: 27867257 PMCID: PMC5108426 DOI: 10.1002/acp.3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In a randomized controlled study, we examined the effects of a one‐on‐one cognitive training program on memory, visual and auditory processing, processing speed, reasoning, attention, and General Intellectual Ability (GIA) score for students ages 8–14. Participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental group to complete 60 h of cognitive training or to a wait‐list control group. The purpose of the study was to examine changes in multiple cognitive skills after completing cognitive training with ThinkRx, a LearningRx program. Results showed statistically significant differences between groups on all outcome measures except for attention. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are examined. © 2016 The Authors Applied Cognitive Psychology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Do Executive Function and Impulsivity Predict Adolescent Health Behaviour after Accounting for Intelligence? Findings from the ALSPAC Cohort. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160512. [PMID: 27479488 PMCID: PMC4968814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Executive function, impulsivity, and intelligence are correlated markers of cognitive resource that predict health-related behaviours. It is unknown whether executive function and impulsivity are unique predictors of these behaviours after accounting for intelligence. Methods Data from 6069 participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were analysed to investigate whether components of executive function (selective attention, attentional control, working memory, and response inhibition) and impulsivity (parent-rated) measured between ages 8 and 10, predicted having ever drunk alcohol, having ever smoked, fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, and overweight at age 13, after accounting for intelligence at age 8 and childhood socioeconomic characteristics. Results Higher intelligence predicted having drunk alcohol, not smoking, greater fruit and vegetable consumption, and not being overweight. After accounting for intelligence, impulsivity predicted alcohol use (odds ratio = 1.10; 99% confidence interval = 1.02, 1.19) and smoking (1.22; 1.11, 1.34). Working memory predicted not being overweight (0.90; 0.81, 0.99). Conclusions After accounting for intelligence, executive function predicts overweight status but not health-related behaviours in early adolescence, whilst impulsivity predicts the onset of alcohol and cigarette use, all with small effects. This suggests overlap between executive function and intelligence as predictors of health behaviour in this cohort, with trait impulsivity accounting for additional variance.
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36
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Limbers C, Young D, Jernigan S, Bryant W, Stephen M. Comparison between objective measures and parental behavioral rating scales of memory and attention in pediatric endocrinology patients. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2016; 6:172-179. [PMID: 27183244 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2016.1152892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral rating scales represent one potential method for screening of cognitive functioning in routine clinical care. It is not yet known if objective performance based measures and behavioral rating scales of cognitive functioning completed by parents yield similar information in pediatric endocrinology patients. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the associations between performance-based measures and behavioral rating scales of memory and attention/concentration completed by parents of pediatric patients with Type 1 Diabetes or obesity. The sample consisted of 73 pediatric patients with Type 1 Diabetes or obesity (BMI > 95th percentile) ages 6-16 years (mean age = 12.29 years) referred to an outpatient pediatric endocrinology clinic. Youth were administered the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML-2). Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the PedsQL Cognitive Functioning Scale. Pearson's Product Moment Correlations were examined among the performance-based measures and behavioral rating scales. RESULTS All intercorrelations between the performance-based measures and behavioral rating scales completed by parents were in the small range. The only statistically significant (P < 0.05) and approaching medium correlation was between the PedsQL Cognitive Functioning Scale and WRAML-2 Verbal Memory Index (r = 0.28). On behavioral rating scales and performance-based measures of visual memory and attention/concentration, our sample exhibited greater difficulties than healthy youth from previously published data (P < 0.05). One possible explanation for our findings is that behavioral rating scales of attention/concentration and memory completed by parents measure different aspects of cognitive functioning than performance based measures in pediatric patients with Type 1 Diabetes or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William Bryant
- b Scott & White Memorial Hospital , Temple , Texas , USA
| | - Matt Stephen
- b Scott & White Memorial Hospital , Temple , Texas , USA
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Boccio CM, Beaver KM. The influence of nonshared environmental factors on number and word recall test performance. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Faienza MF, Wang DQH, Frühbeck G, Garruti G, Portincasa P. The dangerous link between childhood and adulthood predictors of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Intern Emerg Med 2016; 11:175-82. [PMID: 26758061 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-015-1382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to evaluate whether some risk factors in childhood work as significant predictors of the development of obesity and the metabolic syndrome in adulthood. These factors include exposures to risk factors in the prenatal period, infancy and early childhood, as well as other socio-demographic variables. We searched articles of interest in PubMed using the following terms: 'predictors AND obesity OR Metabolic syndrome AND (children OR adolescents) AND (dyslipidemia OR type 2 diabetes OR atherosclerosis OR hypertension OR hypercholesterolemia OR cardiovascular disease)' AND genetic OR epigenetic. Maternal age, smoking and weight gain during pregnancy, parental body mass index, birth weight, childhood growth patterns (early rapid growth and early adiposity rebound), childhood obesity and the parents' employment have a role in early life. Furthermore, urbanization, unhealthy diets, increasingly sedentary lifestyles and genetic/epigenetic variants play a role in the persistence of obesity in adulthood. Health promotion programs/agencies should consider these factors as reasonable targets to reduce the risk of adult obesity. Moreover, it should be a clinical priority to correctly identify obese children who are already affected by metabolic comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Felicia Faienza
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - David Q H Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitario de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica "A. Murri", University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
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Ranabhat C, Kim CB, Park MB, Kim CS, Freidoony L. Determinants of Body Mass Index and Intelligence Quotient of Elementary School Children in Mountain Area of Nepal: An Explorative Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 3:E3. [PMID: 27417241 PMCID: PMC4934477 DOI: 10.3390/children3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The physical growth and cognitive development of elementary school children are very crucial and this group is large in number but has little research dedicated to it. The physical growth and cognitive development of children occur simultaneously and can be measured by body mass index (BMI) and intelligence quotient (IQ). Previous studies could not sufficiently focus on both aspects. The aim of this study was to identify determinants of BMI and IQ of students in two elementary schools in the Humla district of Nepal. Two randomly selected elementary schools and all children available there (n = 173) participated in the study. BMI was calculated with the objective of proper measurement of height and weight of the children. Likewise, the updated universal nonverbal intelligence test (UNIT) was applied for IQ. Descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance and multiple linear regressions were used when appropriate. Study findings showed that one-tenth of the children had grade 2 thinness (-2SD) and about one-third had poor IQ (<85). The age of the children (p < 0.05) and household economic status (p < 0.001) were significant for the BMI. Likewise, frequencies of illness in the previous year, mother's education (p < 0.05) and father's education (p < 0.001) were significant factors for the IQ score. More commonly, BMI and IQ scores were significantly lower in the ultra-poor group. Economic status and parent education are still major determinants of IQ and BMI in these students. Special programs and strategies should be launched to improve the poor ranking of IQ and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhabi Ranabhat
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 20 Ilsanro, WonjuCity, Gangwon-do 26426, Korea.
- Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Yonseidae - gil, WonjuCity, Gangwon-do 26493, Korea.
- Health Science Foundations and Study Center, GPO - 44600 Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Chun-Bae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 20 Ilsanro, WonjuCity, Gangwon-do 26426, Korea.
- Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Yonseidae - gil, WonjuCity, Gangwon-do 26493, Korea.
| | - Myung Bae Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 20 Ilsanro, WonjuCity, Gangwon-do 26426, Korea.
- Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Yonseidae - gil, WonjuCity, Gangwon-do 26493, Korea.
| | - Chang Soo Kim
- Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Yonseidae - gil, WonjuCity, Gangwon-do 26493, Korea.
- Department of Business Administration, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae - gil , Wonju City, Gangwon-do 26493, Korea.
| | - Leila Freidoony
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 20 Ilsanro, WonjuCity, Gangwon-do 26426, Korea.
- Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Yonseidae - gil, WonjuCity, Gangwon-do 26493, Korea.
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Navinés R, Martín-Santos R, Olivé V, Valdés M. [Work-related stress: Implications for physical and mental health]. Med Clin (Barc) 2016; 146:359-66. [PMID: 26806767 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricard Navinés
- Servei de Psiquiatria i Psicologia, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, España.
| | - Rocío Martín-Santos
- Servei de Psiquiatria i Psicologia, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, España
| | - Victòria Olivé
- Servei de Prevenció de Riscos Laborals, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España
| | - Manuel Valdés
- Servei de Psiquiatria i Psicologia, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, España
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Gaul D, Mat A, O'Shea D, Issartel J. Impaired Visual Motor Coordination in Obese Adults. J Obes 2016; 2016:6178575. [PMID: 27994885 PMCID: PMC5138471 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6178575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. To investigate whether obesity alters the sensory motor integration process and movement outcome during a visual rhythmic coordination task. Methods. 88 participants (44 obese and 44 matched control) sat on a chair equipped with a wrist pendulum oscillating in the sagittal plane. The task was to swing the pendulum in synchrony with a moving visual stimulus displayed on a screen. Results. Obese participants demonstrated significantly (p < 0.01) higher values for continuous relative phase (CRP) indicating poorer level of coordination, increased movement variability (p < 0.05), and a larger amplitude (p < 0.05) than their healthy weight counterparts. Conclusion. These results highlight the existence of visual sensory integration deficiencies for obese participants. The obese group have greater difficulty in synchronizing their movement with a visual stimulus. Considering that visual motor coordination is an essential component of many activities of daily living, any impairment could significantly affect quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gaul
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- *David Gaul:
| | - Arimin Mat
- Weight Management Service, St. Columcille's Hospital, Loughlinstown, Ireland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Weight Management Service, St. Columcille's Hospital, Loughlinstown, Ireland
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Johann Issartel
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
Background The link between intelligence in youth and all-cause mortality in later-life is well established. To better understand this relationship, the current study examines the links between pre-morbid intelligence and a number of specific health outcomes at age 50 using the NLSY-1979 cohort. Methods Participants were the 5793 participants in the NLSY-79 who responded to questions about health outcomes at age 50. Sixteen health outcomes were examined: two were summary measures (physical health and functional limitation), 9 were diagnosed illness conditions, 4 were self-reported conditions, and one was a measure of general health status. Linear and logistic regressions were used, as appropriate, to examine the relationship between intelligence in youth and the health outcomes. Age, sex and both childhood and adult SES, and its sub-components – income, education, & occupational prestige – are all adjusted for separately. Results & conclusion Higher pre-morbid intelligence is linked with better physical health at age 50, and a lower risk for a number of chronic health conditions. For example, a 1 SD higher score in IQ was significantly associated with increased odds of having good, very good, or excellent health, with an odds ratio of 1.70 (C.I. 1.55–1.86). Thirteen of the illness outcomes were significantly and negatively associated with IQ in youth; the odds ratios ranged from 0.85 for diabetes/high blood sugar to 0.65 for stroke, per one standard deviation higher score in IQ. Adjustment for childhood SES led to little attenuation but adult SES partially mediated the relationship for a number of conditions. Mediation by adult SES was not consistently explained by any one of its components—income, education, and occupation status. The current findings contribute to our understanding of lower intelligence as a risk factor for poor health and how this may contribute to health inequalities. We examined links between intelligence in youth and health at age 50 in NLSY-1979. Higher intelligence in youth is linked with better physical health at age 50. Higher intelligence in youth is linked with lower risk for chronic illnesses. Adult but not childhood SES partially mediated the intelligence–health relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wraw
- Center for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Center for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine R. Gale
- Center for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- MRC Life Course Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Der
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3QB, United Kingdom
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Finn ES, Shen X, Scheinost D, Rosenberg MD, Huang J, Chun MM, Papademetris X, Constable RT. Functional connectome fingerprinting: identifying individuals using patterns of brain connectivity. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:1664-71. [PMID: 26457551 PMCID: PMC5008686 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1568] [Impact Index Per Article: 174.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies typically collapse data from many subjects, but brain functional organization varies between individuals. Here we establish that this individual variability is both robust and reliable, using data from the Human Connectome Project to demonstrate that functional connectivity profiles act as a 'fingerprint' that can accurately identify subjects from a large group. Identification was successful across scan sessions and even between task and rest conditions, indicating that an individual's connectivity profile is intrinsic, and can be used to distinguish that individual regardless of how the brain is engaged during imaging. Characteristic connectivity patterns were distributed throughout the brain, but the frontoparietal network emerged as most distinctive. Furthermore, we show that connectivity profiles predict levels of fluid intelligence: the same networks that were most discriminating of individuals were also most predictive of cognitive behavior. Results indicate the potential to draw inferences about single subjects on the basis of functional connectivity fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Finn
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Xilin Shen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | | | - Jessica Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Marvin M. Chun
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Xenophon Papademetris
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - R. Todd Constable
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
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Huang T, Larsen KT, Jepsen JRM, Møller NC, Thorsen AK, Mortensen EL, Andersen LB. Effects of an obesity intervention program on cognitive function in children: A randomized controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:2101-8. [PMID: 26337394 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adiposity may be associated with poorer cognitive function in children. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of an obesity intervention on cognitive function in children. METHODS One hundred and fifteen children were randomly allocated to either the Day Camp Intervention Arm (DCIA) or the Standard Intervention Arm (SIA). Children in the DCIA participated in a 6-week day camp intervention and a subsequent 46-week family-based intervention. The camp intervention mainly consisted of physical exercise and health classes. The SIA was offered one weekly physical exercise session for 6 weeks and one educational meeting. Anthropometrics and cognitive function were measured at baseline, 6 weeks, and 52 weeks. RESULTS At 6 weeks, the improvement in visuospatial construction skills was larger in the DCIA than the SIA (standardized mean difference, 0.47, 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.86, P = 0.02). At 52 weeks, the improvements in emotional control (standardized mean difference, -0.42, 95% CI, -0.68 to -0.16, P = 0.002) and monitoring (standardized mean difference, -0.32, 95% CI, -0.63 to -0.02, P = 0.04) were larger in the DCIA than the SIA. No group differences were observed in changes in other cognitive outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The obesity intervention may benefit emotional control, monitoring, and visuospatial construction skills in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kristian Traberg Larsen
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen
- Centre for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research at the Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Hospital Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Christian Møller
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne Kaer Thorsen
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Erik Lykke Mortensen
- Department of Public Health and Centre for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Relation of intelligence quotient and body mass index in preschool children: a community-based cross-sectional study. Nutr Diabetes 2015; 5:e176. [PMID: 26258767 PMCID: PMC4558558 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2015.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overweight and obesity in children is a global problem. Besides physical effects, obesity has harmful psychological effects on children. METHODS We carried out cross-sectional community-based study to investigate the relation between body mass index (BMI) and cognitive functioning in preschool children. Thirteen socioeconomical elements of 1151 children were measured and analyzed based on their intelligence quotient (IQ) test results. Thirteen out of 33 provinces were selected randomly, and schools were selected as clusters in rural and urban areas. Descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance and regression were used when appropriate. RESULTS Our analysis showed that IQ was associated with household income, place of residence, delivery type, type of infant feeding and father's and mother's education level (P<0.001 for all). Using penalized linear regression for eliminating the impact of confounding factor, our study shows that, living in metropolitan (β=2.411) and urban areas (β=2.761), the level of participants' father's education (β=5.251) was positively and BMI (β=-0.594) was negatively related with IQ test results.ConclusionsThe findings of the present study showed that a lower IQ score is associated with higher BMI. However, this relation appears to be largely mediated when the socioeconomic status was considered.
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Deary IJ, Weiss A, Batty GD. Intelligence and Personality as Predictors of Illness and Death: How Researchers in Differential Psychology and Chronic Disease Epidemiology Are Collaborating to Understand and Address Health Inequalities. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2015; 11:53-79. [PMID: 26168413 DOI: 10.1177/1529100610387081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh
| | | | - G David Batty
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh Medical Research Council Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Glasgow Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London
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Aslan AKD, Starr JM, Pattie A, Deary I. Cognitive consequences of overweight and obesity in the ninth decade of life? Age Ageing 2015; 44:59-65. [PMID: 25249169 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afu108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES the association between late-life obesity and late-life cognitive abilities is poorly understood. We studied the association between body mass index (BMI) and cognitive change in longitudinal population-based study spanning over the ninth decade of life. SUBJECTS/METHODS in total, 475 participants free of dementia at baseline from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 (mean age: 79.1 years, SD: 0.6) were included. Height and weight were assessed at baseline. BMI was calculated as kg/m(2). Cognitive abilities were assessed at age ∼11 years and at age ∼79, ∼83, ∼87 and ∼90 years. RESULTS latent growth models showed that men being overweight and obese had a 0.65 (SD: 0.3) and 1.10 (SD: 0.5) points less steep decline in general cognitive ability (as measured by the Moray House Test) for each year than people of normal weight. These associations were to some extent confounded by childhood intelligence. No other association between BMI and cognition was significant, either for men or women. People who were obese in old age had significantly lower childhood intelligence (m = 43.6, SD: 1.3) than people who were normal in weight (m = 47.0, SD: 0.8) and persons being overweight (m = 47.5, SD: 0.8), F (472, 3) = 3.2, P = 0.043. CONCLUSIONS the current study shows weak or no evidence for an association between BMI in old age and cognitive function, especially not when childhood intelligence is controlled for. Lower intelligence at the age of 11 years predicted obesity at the age of 79 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Dahl Aslan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden Institute of Gerontology, School of Health Sciences, Box 1026, Jönköping 551 11, Sweden
| | - John M Starr
- Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Royal Victoria Hospital, Craigleith Road, Edinburgh EH4 2DN, UK Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alison Pattie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Sörberg Wallin A, Falkstedt D, Allebeck P, Melin B, Janszky I, Hemmingsson T. Does high intelligence improve prognosis? The association of intelligence with recurrence and mortality among Swedish men with coronary heart disease. J Epidemiol Community Health 2014; 69:347-53. [PMID: 25488976 PMCID: PMC4392213 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower intelligence early in life is associated with increased risks for coronary heart disease (CHD) and mortality. Intelligence level might affect compliance to treatment but its prognostic importance in patients with CHD is unknown. METHODS A cohort of 1923 Swedish men with a measure of intelligence from mandatory military conscription in 1969-1970 at age 18-20, who were diagnosed with CHD 1991-2007, were followed to the end of 2008. PRIMARY OUTCOME recurrent CHD event. Secondary outcome: case fatality from the first event, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. National registers provided information on CHD events, comorbidity, mortality and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS The fully adjusted HRs for recurrent CHD for medium and low intelligence, compared with high intelligence, were 0.98, (95% CIs 0.83 to 1.16) and 1.09 (0.89 to 1.34), respectively. The risks were increased for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality with lower intelligence, but were attenuated in the fully adjusted models (fully adjusted HRs for cardiovascular mortality 1.92 (0.94 to 3.94) and 1.98 (0.89 to 4.37), respectively; for all-cause mortality 1.63 (1.00 to 2.65) and 1.62 (0.94 to 2.78), respectively). There was no increased risk for case-fatality at the first event (fully adjusted ORs 1.06 (0.73 to 1.55) and 0.97 (0.62 to 1.50), respectively). CONCLUSIONS Although we found lower intelligence to be associated with increased mortality in middle-aged men with CHD, there was no evidence for its possible effect on recurrence in CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Sörberg Wallin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Falkstedt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Allebeck
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Melin
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Imre Janszky
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Public Health and General Practice, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomas Hemmingsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Goldberg S, Werbeloff N, Fruchter E, Portuguese S, Davidson M, Weiser M. IQ and obesity in adolescence: a population-based, cross-sectional study. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:419-26. [PMID: 24339055 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT Low IQ is associated with high BMI in childhood. There are inconsistent findings on the association between low SES and high BMI. Youth with low IQ have been reported to have poorer health behaviors, such as poor nutrition and less physical activity. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS Low IQ is significantly associated with obesity for both male and female adolescents, though more strongly for female adolescents. Physical activity has a mediating effect on the association between low IQ and obesity among both male and female adolescents, though more strongly for male adolescents. The association between low IQ and obesity is strongest among adolescents from high SES backgrounds. BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown an association between low intelligence quotient (IQ), high body mass index and low socioeconomic status (SES). OBJECTIVES This study examined the cross-sectional association between IQ and obesity, exploring the roles of gender, SES and physical activity in this association. METHODS Subjects were 235,663 male and 169,259 female adolescents assessed by the Israeli military draft board. RESULTS Low IQ was significantly associated with increased odds of obesity among male (odds ratio [OR] = 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36-1.52) and female adolescents (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.51-1.73); this association was significantly stronger among female adolescents. Sobel tests indicated that physical activity had a significant mediating effect on this association for male and female adolescents, although more strongly for male adolescents. Dividing the sample according to SES, the association between low IQ and obesity was strongest in the high SES group (male adolescents: OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.10-1.43, female adolescents: OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.38-1.89), even when controlling for physical activity. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that low IQ is associated with increased odds of obesity, particularly in female adolescents and in adolescents with high SES. Physical activity has a mediating effect on this association, although more strongly for male than for female adolescents. Public health measures on decreasing obesity might focus on these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goldberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Lyerly JE, Reeve CL. Evaluating the unique effects of cognitive ability and parental socioeconomic status on adult dietary behaviors and receipt of preventive health services. INTELLIGENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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