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Nguyen H, Vandewalle G, Mertens B, Collard JF, Hinsenkamp M, Verschaeve L, Feipel V, Magne I, Souques M, Beauvois V, Ledent M. Exposure assessment and cytogenetic biomonitoring study of workers occupationally exposed to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2024; 45:260-280. [PMID: 38862415 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Human cytogenetic biomonitoring (HCB) has long been used to evaluate the potential effects of work environments on the DNA integrity of workers. However, HCB studies on the genotoxic effects of occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-MFs) were limited by the quality of the exposure assessment. More specifically, concerns were raised regarding the method of exposure assessment, the selection of exposure metrics, and the definition of exposure group. In this study, genotoxic effects of occupational exposure to ELF-MFs were assessed on peripheral blood lymphocytes of 88 workers from the electrical sector using the comet and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay, considering workers' actual exposure over three consecutive days. Different methods were applied to define exposure groups. Overall, the summarized ELF-MF data indicated a low exposure level in the whole study population. It also showed that relying solely on job titles might misclassify 12 workers into exposure groups. We proposed combining hierarchical agglomerative clustering on personal exposure data and job titles to define exposure groups. The final results showed that occupational MF exposure did not significantly induce more genetic damage. Other factors such as age or past smoking rather than ELF-MF exposure could affect the cytogenetic test outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Orthopédie Traumatologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giovani Vandewalle
- External Occupational Health Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Mensura, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Birgit Mertens
- Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Francois Collard
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Orthopédie Traumatologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maurice Hinsenkamp
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Orthopédie Traumatologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Verschaeve
- Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veronique Feipel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Orthopédie Traumatologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Véronique Beauvois
- Applied and Computational Electromagnetics Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maryse Ledent
- Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Cluster Analysis of Residential Personal Exposure to ELF Magnetic Field in Children: Effect of Environmental Variables. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224363. [PMID: 31717366 PMCID: PMC6888053 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Personal exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields (ELF MF) in children is a very timely topic. We applied cluster analysis to 24 h indoor personal exposures of 884 children in France to identify possible common patterns of exposures. We investigated how electric networks near child home and other variables potentially affecting residential exposure, such as indoor sources of ELF MF, the age and type of the residence and family size, characterized the magnetic field exposure patterns. We identified three indoor personal exposure patterns: children living near overhead lines of high (63–150 kV), extra-high (225 kV) and ultra-high voltage (400 kV) were characterized by the highest exposures; children living near underground networks of low (400 V) and mid voltage (20 kV) and substations (20 kV/400 V) were characterized by mid exposures; children living far from electric networks had the lowest level of exposure. The harmonic component was not relevant in discriminating the exposure patterns, unlike the 50 Hz or broadband (40–800 Hz) component. Children using electric heating appliances, or living in big buildings or in larger families had generally a higher level of personal indoor exposure. Instead, the age of the residence was not relevant in differentiating the exposure patterns.
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Tognola G, Bonato M, Chiaramello E, Fiocchi S, Magne I, Souques M, Parazzini M, Ravazzani P. Use of Machine Learning in the Analysis of Indoor ELF MF Exposure in Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071230. [PMID: 30959870 PMCID: PMC6479449 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of children exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields is an important issue because of the possible correlation of leukemia onset with ELF exposure. Cluster analysis—a Machine Learning approach—was applied on personal exposure measurements from 977 children in France to characterize real-life ELF exposure scenarios. Electric networks near the child’s home or school were considered as environmental factors characterizing the exposure scenarios. The following clusters were identified: children with the highest exposure living 120–200 m from 225 kV/400 kV overhead lines; children with mid-to-high exposure living 70–100 m from 63 kV/150 kV overhead lines; children with mid-to-low exposure living 40 m from 400 V/20 kV substations and underground networks; children with the lowest exposure and the lowest number of electric networks in the vicinity. 63–225 kV underground networks within 20 m and 400 V/20 kV overhead lines within 40 m played a marginal role in differentiating exposure clusters. Cluster analysis is a viable approach to discovering variables best characterizing the exposure scenarios and thus it might be potentially useful to better tailor epidemiological studies. The present study did not assess the impact of indoor sources of exposure, which should be addressed in a further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Tognola
- CNR IEIIT-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marta Bonato
- CNR IEIIT-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Emma Chiaramello
- CNR IEIIT-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Serena Fiocchi
- CNR IEIIT-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Isabelle Magne
- EDF Electricite de France, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France.
| | | | - Marta Parazzini
- CNR IEIIT-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ravazzani
- CNR IEIIT-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Bonato M, Parazzini M, Chiaramello E, Fiocchi S, Le Brusquet L, Magne I, Souques M, Röösli M, Ravazzani P. Characterization of Children's Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields by Stochastic Modeling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15091963. [PMID: 30205571 PMCID: PMC6163697 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, children’s exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF, 40–800 Hz) is investigated. The interest in this thematic has grown due to a possible correlation between the increased risk of childhood leukemia and a daily average exposure above 0.4 µT, although the causal relationship is still uncertain. The aim of this paper was to present a new method of characterizing the children’s exposure to ELF-MF starting from personal measurements using a stochastic approach based on segmentation (and to apply it to the personal measurements themselves) of two previous projects: the ARIMMORA project and the EXPERS project. The stochastic model consisted in (i) splitting the 24 h recordings into stationary events and (ii) characterizing each event with four parameters that are easily interpretable: the duration of the event, the mean value, the dispersion of the magnetic field over the event, and a final parameter characterizing the variation speed. Afterward, the data from the two databases were divided in subgroups based on a characteristic (i.e., children’s age, number of inhabitants in the area, etc.). For every subgroup, the kernel density estimation (KDE) of each parameter was calculated and the p-value histogram of the parameters together was obtained, in order to compare the subgroups and to extract information about the children’s exposure. In conclusion, this new stochastic approach allows for the identification of the parameters that most affect the level of children’s exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bonato
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Marta Parazzini
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Emma Chiaramello
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Serena Fiocchi
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Laurent Le Brusquet
- Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes (L2S), CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Isabelle Magne
- Medical Studies Department of EDF (Electricite de France), 92300 Paris, France.
| | - Martine Souques
- Medical Studies Department of EDF (Electricite de France), 92300 Paris, France.
| | - Martin Röösli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Paolo Ravazzani
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Struchen B, Liorni I, Parazzini M, Gängler S, Ravazzani P, Röösli M. Analysis of personal and bedroom exposure to ELF-MFs in children in Italy and Switzerland. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:586-596. [PMID: 26669849 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the real everyday exposure of children in Europe to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs). The aims of this study are to (i) assess personal ELF-MF exposure in children; (ii) to identify factors determining personal and bedroom ELF-MF exposure measurements in children; (iii) to evaluate the reproducibility of exposure summary measures; and (iv) to compare personal with bedroom measurements. In Switzerland and Italy, 172 children aged between 5 and 13 years were equipped with ELF-MF measurement devices (EMDEX II, measuring 40-800 Hz) during 24-72 h twice, in the warm and the cold season. In addition, 24-h measurements were taken in the bedroom of children. In our study, sample geometric mean ELF-MF exposure was 0.04 μT for personal and 0.05 μT for bedroom measurements. Living within 100 m of a highest voltage power line increased geometric mean personal exposure by a factor of 3.3, and bedroom measurements by a factor 6.8 compared to a control group. Repeated measurements within the same subject showed high reproducibility for the geometric mean (Spearman's correlation 0.78 for personal and 0.86 for bedroom measurements) but less for the 95th and 99th percentile of the personal measurements (≤0.42). Spearman's correlation between bedroom and personal exposure was 0.86 for the geometric mean but considerably lower for the 95th and 99th percentiles (≤0.60). Most previous studies on ELF-MF childhood leukaemia used mean bedroom exposure. Our study demonstrates that geometric mean bedroom measurements is well correlated with personal geometric mean exposure, and has high temporal reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Struchen
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Liorni
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Parazzini
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milano, Italy
| | - Stephanie Gängler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, Switzerland
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Irenes 95, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Paolo Ravazzani
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milano, Italy
| | - Martin Röösli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
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Liorni I, Parazzini M, Struchen B, Fiocchi S, Röösli M, Ravazzani P. Children's Personal Exposure Measurements to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields in Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13060549. [PMID: 27258295 PMCID: PMC4924006 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) exposure is still a topic of concern due to their possible impact on children's health. Although epidemiological studies claimed an evidence of a possible association between ELF-MF above 0.4 μT and childhood leukemia, biological mechanisms able to support a causal relationship between ELF-MF and this disease were not found yet. To provide further knowledge about children's ELF-MF exposure correlated to children's daily activities, a measurement study was conducted in Milan (Italy). Eighty-six children were recruited, 52 of whom were specifically chosen with respect to the distance to power lines and built-in transformers to oversample potentially highly exposed children. Personal and bedroom measurements were performed for each child in two different seasons. The major outcomes of this study are: (1) median values over 24-h personal and bedroom measurements were <3 μT established by the Italian law as the quality target; (2) geometric mean values over 24-h bedroom measurements were mostly <0.4 μT; (3) seasonal variations did not significantly influence personal and bedroom measurements; (4) the highest average MF levels were mostly found at home during the day and outdoors; (5) no significant differences were found in the median and geometric mean values between personal and bedroom measurements, but were found in the arithmetic mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Liorni
- CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Marta Parazzini
- CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Benjamin Struchen
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4002, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland.
| | - Serena Fiocchi
- CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Martin Röösli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4002, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland.
| | - Paolo Ravazzani
- CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, Milano 20133, Italy.
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Chang ET, Adami HO, Bailey WH, Boffetta P, Krieger RI, Moolgavkar SH, Mandel JS. Validity of geographically modeled environmental exposure estimates. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:450-66. [PMID: 24766059 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.902029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Geographic modeling is increasingly being used to estimate long-term environmental exposures in epidemiologic studies of chronic disease outcomes. However, without validation against measured environmental concentrations, personal exposure levels, or biologic doses, these models cannot be assumed a priori to be accurate. This article discusses three examples of epidemiologic associations involving exposures estimated using geographic modeling, and identifies important issues that affect geographically modeled exposure assessment in these areas. In air pollution epidemiology, geographic models of fine particulate matter levels have frequently been validated against measured environmental levels, but comparisons between ambient and personal exposure levels have shown only moderate correlations. Estimating exposure to magnetic fields by using geographically modeled distances is problematic because the error is larger at short distances, where field levels can vary substantially. Geographic models of environmental exposure to pesticides, including paraquat, have seldom been validated against environmental or personal levels, and validation studies have yielded inconsistent and typically modest results. In general, the exposure misclassification resulting from geographic models of environmental exposures can be differential and can result in bias away from the null even if non-differential. Therefore, geographic exposure models must be rigorously constructed and validated if they are to be relied upon to produce credible scientific results to inform epidemiologic research. To our knowledge, such models have not yet successfully predicted an association between an environmental exposure and a chronic disease outcome that has eventually been established as causal, and may not be capable of doing so in the absence of thorough validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T Chang
- Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc. , Menlo Park, CA, Bowie, MD, and Bellevue, WA , USA
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Calvente I, Dávila-Arias C, Ocón-Hernández O, Pérez-Lobato R, Ramos R, Artacho-Cordón F, Olea N, Núñez MI, Fernández MF. Characterization of indoor extremely low frequency and low frequency electromagnetic fields in the INMA-Granada cohort. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106666. [PMID: 25192253 PMCID: PMC4156360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the exposure to electric fields and magnetic fields of non-ionizing radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum (15 Hz to 100 kHz) in the dwellings of children from the Spanish Environment and Childhood-"INMA" population-based birth cohort. METHODOLOGY The study sample was drawn from the INMA-Granada cohort. Out of 300 boys participating in the 9-10 year follow-up, 123 families agreed to the exposure assessment at home and completed a specific ad hoc questionnaire gathering information on sources of non-ionizing radiation electric and magnetic fields inside the homes and on patterns of use. Long-term indoor measurements were carried out in the living room and bedroom. RESULTS Survey data showed a low exposure in the children's homes according to reference levels of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection but with large differences among homes in mean and maximum values. Daytime electrostatic and magnetic fields were below the quantification limit in 78.6% (92 dwellings) and 92.3% (108 dwellings) of houses, with an arithmetic mean value (± standard deviation) of 7.31±9.32 V/m and 162.30±91.16 nT, respectively. Mean magnetic field values were 1.6 lower during the night than the day. Nocturnal electrostatic values were not measured. Exposure levels were influenced by the area of residence (higher values in urban/semi-urban versus rural areas), type of dwelling, age of dwelling, floor of the dwelling, and season. CONCLUSION Given the greater sensitivity to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields of children and following the precautionary principle, preventive measures are warranted to reduce their exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Calvente
- University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Unit Research Support of the San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Dávila-Arias
- Unit Research Support of the San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Olga Ocón-Hernández
- Unit Research Support of the San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rocío Pérez-Lobato
- University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Unit Research Support of the San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa Ramos
- Unit Research Support of the San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Artacho-Cordón
- University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Radiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Nicolás Olea
- University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Radiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Núñez
- University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Radiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mariana F. Fernández
- University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Radiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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9
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Tomitsch J, Dechant E, Frank W. Survey of electromagnetic field exposure in bedrooms of residences in lower Austria. Bioelectromagnetics 2009; 31:200-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Bailey WH, Wagner ME. IARC evaluation of ELF magnetic fields: public understanding of the 0.4-microT exposure metric. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2008; 18:233-235. [PMID: 18421295 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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11
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Foliart DE, Pollock BH, Mezei G, Iriye R, Silva JM, Ebi KL, Kheifets L, Link MP, Kavet R. Magnetic field exposure and long-term survival among children with leukaemia. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:161-4. [PMID: 16404370 PMCID: PMC2361064 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the association between magnetic field (MF) exposure and survival among children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) treated at 51 Pediatric Oncology Group centres between 1996 and 2001. Of 1672 potentially eligible children under treatment, 482 (29%) participated and personal 24-h MF measurements were obtained from 412 participants. A total of 386 children with ALL and 361 with B-precursor ALL were included in the analysis of event-free survival (time from diagnosis to first treatment failure, relapse, secondary malignancy, or death) and overall survival. After adjustment for risk group and socioeconomic status, the event-free survival hazard ratio (HR) for children with measurements ⩾0.3 μT was 1.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8, 4.9), compared to <0.1 μT. For survival, elevated HRs were found for children exposed to ⩾0.3 μT (multivariate HR=4.5, 95% CI 1.5–13.8) but based on only four deaths among 19 children. While risk was increased among children with exposures above 0.3 μT, the small numbers limited inferences for this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Foliart
- Public Health Institute, 555 12th St, Oakland, CA 94607, USA.
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12
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Foliart DE, Mezei G, Iriye R, Silva JM, Ebi KL, Kheifets L, Link MP, Kavet R, Pollock BH. Magnetic field exposure and prognostic factors in childhood leukemia. Bioelectromagnetics 2006; 28:69-71. [PMID: 16988997 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association between magnetic field (MF) exposure and the presence of prognostic risk factors among 482 children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) between 1996 and 2001. Personal 24-h MF measurements were obtained for 412 children; 386 children were included in analyses. There were no trends seen between increasing exposure to MF and the presence of adverse clinical and tumor-specific prognostic factors. Our results suggest that exposure to MF is not associated with the presence of unfavorable cytogenetic abnormalities in leukemic blast cells or with clinical factors at the time of diagnosis that predict poor survival.
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