1
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Fuente R, Gehring N, Bettoni C, Gil-Peña H, Alonso-Durán L, Michalke B, Santos F, Wagner CA, Rubio-Aliaga I. Systemic Jak1 activation causes extrarenal calcitriol production and skeletal alterations provoking stunted growth. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21721. [PMID: 34118090 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100587r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mineral homeostasis is regulated by a complex network involving endocrine actions by calcitriol, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and FGF23 on several organs including kidney, intestine, and bone. Alterations of mineral homeostasis are found in chronic kidney disease and other systemic disorders. The interplay between the immune system and the skeletal system is not fully understood, but cytokines play a major role in modulating calcitriol production and function. One of the main cellular signaling pathways mediating cytokine function is the Janus kinase (JAK)--signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. Here, we used a mouse model (Jak1S645P+/- ) that resembles a constitutive activating mutation of the Jak1/Stat3 signaling pathway in humans, and shows altered mineral metabolism, with higher fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels, lower PTH levels, and higher calcitriol levels. The higher calcitriol levels are probably due to extrarenal calcitriol production. Furthermore, systemic Jak1/Stat3 activation led to growth impairment and skeletal alterations. The growth plate in long bones showed decreased chondrocyte proliferation rates and reduced height of terminal chondrocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Jak1 is also involved in bone remodeling early in life. Jak1S645P+/- animals have decreased bone and cortical volume, imbalanced bone remodeling, reduced MAP kinase signaling, and local inflammation. In conclusion, Jak1 plays a major role in bone health probably both, directly and systemically by regulating mineral homeostasis. Understanding the role of this signaling pathway will contribute to a better knowledge in bone growth and in mineral physiology, and to the development of selective Jak inhibitors as osteoprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Fuente
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Pediatrics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nicole Gehring
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Bettoni
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Bernhard Michalke
- Department of Environmental Science, Research Unit Analytical, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fernando Santos
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Rubio-Aliaga
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
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Santos F, Díaz-Anadón L, Ordóñez FA, Haffner D. Bone Disease in CKD in Children. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 108:423-438. [PMID: 33452890 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript discusses mineral and bone disorders of chronic kidney disease (MBD-CKD) in pediatric patients with special emphasis on the underlying pathophysiology, the causes and clinical profile of growth retardation, the alterations in the growth plate, the strategies to optimize growth and the medical recommendations for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Santos
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Hospital, Universitario Central de Asturias, Avda de Roma s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Lucas Díaz-Anadón
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Hospital, Universitario Central de Asturias, Avda de Roma s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Flor A Ordóñez
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Hospital, Universitario Central de Asturias, Avda de Roma s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Dieter Haffner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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3
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Fuente R, Gil-Peña H, Claramunt-Taberner D, Hernández-Frías O, Fernández-Iglesias Á, Alonso-Durán L, Rodríguez-Rubio E, Hermida-Prado F, Anes-González G, Rubio-Aliaga I, Wagner C, Santos F. MAPK inhibition and growth hormone: a promising therapy in XLH. FASEB J 2019; 33:8349-8362. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802007r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Fuente
- Division of PediatricsDepartment of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Department of Developmental BiologyHarvard School of Dental MedicineHarvard University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Helena Gil-Peña
- Department of PediatricsHospital Universitario Central de Asturias Oviedo Spain
| | - Débora Claramunt-Taberner
- Division of PediatricsDepartment of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Olaya Hernández-Frías
- Division of PediatricsDepartment of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Ángela Fernández-Iglesias
- Division of PediatricsDepartment of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Laura Alonso-Durán
- Division of PediatricsDepartment of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Enrique Rodríguez-Rubio
- Division of PediatricsDepartment of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Francisco Hermida-Prado
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyHospital Universitario Central de AsturiasInstituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias Oviedo Spain
| | | | - Isabel Rubio-Aliaga
- Kidney and Acid-Base Physiology GroupInstitute of PhysiologyUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Carsten Wagner
- Kidney and Acid-Base Physiology GroupInstitute of PhysiologyUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Fernando Santos
- Division of PediatricsDepartment of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Department of PediatricsHospital Universitario Central de Asturias Oviedo Spain
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4
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Fuente R, Gil-Peña H, Claramunt-Taberner D, Hernández-Frías O, Fernández-Iglesias Á, Hermida-Prado F, Anes-González G, Rubio-Aliaga I, Lopez JM, Santos F. Marked alterations in the structure, dynamics and maturation of growth plate likely explain growth retardation and bone deformities of young Hyp mice. Bone 2018; 116:187-195. [PMID: 30096468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying growth impairment and bone deformities in X-linked hypophosphatemia are not fully understood. We here describe marked alterations in the structure, dynamics and maturation of growth plate in growth-retarded young Hyp mice, in comparison with wild type mice. Hyp mice exhibited reduced proliferation and apoptosis rates of chondrocytes as well as severe disturbance in the process of chondrocyte hypertrophy disclosed by abnormal expression of proteins likely involved in cell enlargement, irregular chondro-osseous junction and disordered bone trabecular pattern and vascular invasion in the primary spongiosa. (Hyp mice had elevated circulating FGF23 levels and over activation of ERK in the growth plate.) All these findings provide a basis to explain growth impairment and metaphyseal deformities in XLH. Hyp mice were compared with wild type mice serum parameters, nutritional status and growth impairment by evaluation of growth cartilage and bone structures. Hyp mice presented hyphosphatemia with high FGF23 levels. Weight gain and longitudinal growth resulted reduced in them with numerous skeletal abnormalities at cortical bone. It was also observed aberrant trabecular organization at primary spongiosa and atypical growth plate organization with abnormal proliferation and hypertrophy of chondrocytes and diminished apoptosis and vascular invasion processes. The present results show for the first time the abnormalities present in the growth plate of young Hyp mice and suggest that both cartilage and bone alterations may be involved in the growth impairment and the long bone deformities of XLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Fuente
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Developmental Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helena Gil-Peña
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Débora Claramunt-Taberner
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Olaya Hernández-Frías
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ángela Fernández-Iglesias
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Francisco Hermida-Prado
- Department of Otolaryngologist, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Anes-González
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Isabel Rubio-Aliaga
- University of Zurich, Institute of Physiology, Kidney and Acid-base Physiology Group, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jose Manuel Lopez
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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5
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Effects of growth hormone treatment on growth plate, bone, and mineral metabolism of young rats with uremia induced by adenine. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:148-154. [PMID: 28376076 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundIn a model of growth retardation secondary to chronic kidney disease (CKD) induced by adenine, this study explores the effects of growth hormone (GH) therapy on growth plate and mineral metabolism.MethodsWeaning female rats receiving a 0.5% adenine diet during 21 days, untreated (AD) or treated with GH (ADGH) for 1 week, were compared with control rats receiving normal diet, either ad libitum or pair-fed with AD animals. AD and ADGH rats had similarly elevated serum concentrations of urea nitrogen, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23).ResultsUremia induced by adenine caused growth retardation and disturbed growth cartilage chondrocyte hypertrophy. We demonstrated marked expression of aquaporin 1 in the growth plate, but its immunohistochemical signal and the expression levels of other proteins potentially related with chondrocyte enlargement, such as Na-K-2Cl cotransporter, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and IGF-1 receptor, were not different among the four groups of rats. The distribution pattern of vascular endothelial growth factor was also similar. AD rats developed femur bone structure abnormalities analyzed by micro-computerized tomography.ConclusionGH treatment accelerated longitudinal growth velocity, stimulated the proliferation and enlargement of chondrocytes, and did not modify the elevated serum PTH or FGF23 concentrations or the abnormal bone structure.
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Akchurin O, Sureshbabu A, Doty SB, Zhu YS, Patino E, Cunningham-Rundles S, Choi ME, Boskey A, Rivella S. Lack of hepcidin ameliorates anemia and improves growth in an adenine-induced mouse model of chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F877-F889. [PMID: 27440777 PMCID: PMC5130453 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00089.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth delay is common in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD), often associated with poor quality of life. The role of anemia in uremic growth delay is poorly understood. Here we describe an induction of uremic growth retardation by a 0.2% adenine diet in wild-type (WT) and hepcidin gene (Hamp) knockout (KO) mice, compared with their respective littermates fed a regular diet. Experiments were started at weaning (3 wk). After 8 wk, blood was collected and mice were euthanized. Adenine-fed WT mice developed CKD (blood urea nitrogen 82.8 ± 11.6 mg/dl and creatinine 0.57 ± 0.07 mg/dl) and were 2.1 cm shorter compared with WT controls. WT adenine-fed mice were anemic and had low serum iron, elevated Hamp, and elevated IL6 and TNF-α. WT adenine-fed mice had advanced mineral bone disease (serum phosphorus 16.9 ± 3.1 mg/dl and FGF23 204.0 ± 115.0 ng/ml) with loss of cortical and trabecular bone volume seen on microcomputed tomography. Hamp disruption rescued the anemia phenotype resulting in improved growth rate in mice with CKD, thus providing direct experimental evidence of the relationship between Hamp pathway and growth impairment in CKD. Hamp disruption ameliorated CKD-induced growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 axis derangements and growth plate alterations. Disruption of Hamp did not mitigate the development of uremia, inflammation, and mineral and bone disease in this model. Taken together, these results indicate that an adenine diet can be successfully used to study growth in mice with CKD. Hepcidin appears to be related to pathways of growth retardation in CKD suggesting that investigation of hepcidin-lowering therapies in juvenile CKD is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve B Doty
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Adele Boskey
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York; and
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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7
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Abstract
The regulation of organ size is essential to human health and has fascinated biologists for centuries. Key to the growth process is the ability of most organs to integrate organ-extrinsic cues (eg, nutritional status, inflammatory processes) with organ-intrinsic information (eg, genetic programs, local signals) into a growth response that adapts to changing environmental conditions and ensures that the size of an organ is coordinated with the rest of the body. Paired organs such as the vertebrate limbs and the long bones within them are excellent models for studying this type of regulation because it is possible to manipulate one member of the pair and leave the other as an internal control. During development, growth plates at the end of each long bone produce a transient cartilage model that is progressively replaced by bone. Here, we review how proliferation and differentiation of cells within each growth plate are tightly controlled mainly by growth plate-intrinsic mechanisms that are additionally modulated by extrinsic signals. We also discuss the involvement of several signaling hubs in the integration and modulation of growth-related signals and how they could confer remarkable plasticity to the growth plate. Indeed, long bones have a significant ability for "catch-up growth" to attain normal size after a transient growth delay. We propose that the characterization of catch-up growth, in light of recent advances in physiology and cell biology, will provide long sought clues into the molecular mechanisms that underlie organ growth regulation. Importantly, catch-up growth early in life is commonly associated with metabolic disorders in adulthood, and this association is not completely understood. Further elucidation of the molecules and cellular interactions that influence organ size coordination should allow development of novel therapies for human growth disorders that are noninvasive and have minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Roselló-Díez
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065
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8
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Claramunt D, Gil-Peña H, Fuente R, García-López E, Loredo V, Hernández-Frías O, Ordoñez FA, Rodríguez-Suárez J, Santos F. Chronic kidney disease induced by adenine: a suitable model of growth retardation in uremia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F57-62. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00051.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth retardation is a major manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in pediatric patients. The involvement of the various pathogenic factors is difficult to evaluate in clinical studies. Here, we present an experimental model of adenine-induced CKD for the study of growth failure. Three groups ( n = 10) of weaning female rats were studied: normal diet (control), 0.5% adenine diet (AD), and normal diet pair fed with AD (PF). After 21 days, serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, parathyroid hormone (PTH), weight and length gains, femur osseous front advance as an index of longitudinal growth rate, growth plate histomorphometry, chondrocyte proliferative activity, bone structure, aorta calcifications, and kidney histology were analyzed. Results are means ± SE. AD rats developed renal failure (serum urea nitrogen: 70 ± 6 mg/dl and creatinine: 0.6 ± 0.1 mg/dl) and secondary hyperparathyroidism (PTH: 480 ± 31 pg/ml). Growth retardation of AD rats was demonstrated by lower weight (AD rats: 63.3 ± 4.8 g, control rats: 112.6 ± 4.7 g, and PF rats: 60.0 ± 3.8 g) and length (AD rats: 7.2 ± 0.2 cm, control rats: 11.1 ± 0.3 cm, and PF rats: 8.1 ± 0.3 cm) gains as well as lower osseous front advances (AD rats: 141 ± 13 μm/day, control rats: 293 ± 16 μm/day, and PF rats: 251 ± 10 μm/day). The processes of chondrocyte maturation and proliferation were impaired in AD rats, as shown by lower growth plate terminal chondrocyte height (21.7 ± 2.3 vs. 26.2 ± 1.9 and 23.9 ± 1.3 μm in control and PF rats) and proliferative activity index (AD rats: 30 ± 2%, control rats: 38 ± 2%, and PF rats: 42 ± 3%). The bone primary spongiosa structure of AD rats was markedly disorganized. In conclusion, adenine-induced CKD in young rats is associated with growth retardation and disturbed endochondral ossification. This animal protocol may be a useful new experimental model to study growth in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julián Rodríguez-Suárez
- Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; and
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos
- Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; and
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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9
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Brito I, Gil-Peña H, Molinos I, Loredo V, Henriques-Coelho T, Caldas-Afonso A, Santos F. Growth cartilage expression of growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I axis in spontaneous and growth hormone induced catch-up growth. Growth Horm IGF Res 2012; 22:129-133. [PMID: 22583947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Catch-up growth following the cessation of a growth inhibiting cause occurs in humans and animals. Although its underlying regulatory mechanisms are not well understood, current hypothesis confer an increasing importance to local factors intrinsic to the long bones' growth plate (GP). AIM The present study was designed to analyze the growth-hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) axis in the epiphyseal cartilage of young rats exhibiting catch-up growth as well as to evaluate the effect of GH treatment on this process. MATERIAL AND METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly grouped: controls (group C), 50% diet restriction for 3 days+refeeding (group CR); 50% diet restriction for 3 days+refeeding & GH treatment (group CRGH). Analysis of GH receptor (GHR), IGF-I, IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and IGF binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) expressions by real-time PCR was performed in tibial growth plates extracted at the time of catch-up growth, identified by osseous front advance greater than that of C animals. RESULTS In the absence of GH treatment, catch-up growth was associated with increased IGF-I and IGFBP5 mRNA levels, without changes in GHR or IGF-IR. GH treatment maintained the overexpression of IGF-I mRNA and induced an important increase in IGF-IR expression. CONCLUSIONS Catch-up growth that happens after diet restriction might be related with a dual stimulating local effect of IGF-I in growth plate resulting from overexpression and increased bioavailability of IGF-I. GH treatment further enhanced expression of IGF-IR which likely resulted in a potentiation of local IGF-I actions. These findings point out to an important role of growth cartilage GH/IGF-I axis regulation in a rat model of catch-up growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Brito
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Pediatric Department, Hospital São João, Porto, Portugal.
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10
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Álvarez-García Ó, García-López E, Loredo V, Gil-Peña H, Mejía-Gaviria N, Rodríguez-Suárez J, Ordóñez FÁ, Santos F. Growth hormone improves growth retardation induced by rapamycin without blocking its antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects on rat growth plate. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34788. [PMID: 22493717 PMCID: PMC3321024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin, an immunosuppressant agent used in renal transplantation with antitumoral properties, has been reported to impair longitudinal growth in young individuals. As growth hormone (GH) can be used to treat growth retardation in transplanted children, we aimed this study to find out the effect of GH therapy in a model of young rat with growth retardation induced by rapamycin administration. Three groups of 4-week-old rats treated with vehicle (C), daily injections of rapamycin alone (RAPA) or in combination with GH (RGH) at pharmacological doses for 1 week were compared. GH treatment caused a 20% increase in both growth velocity and body length in RGH animals when compared with RAPA group. GH treatment did not increase circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor I, a systemic mediator of GH actions. Instead, GH promoted the maturation and hypertrophy of growth plate chondrocytes, an effect likely related to AKT and ERK1/2 mediated inactivation of GSK3β, increase of glycogen deposits and stabilization of β-catenin. Interestingly, GH did not interfere with the antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities of rapamycin in the growth plate and did not cause changes in chondrocyte autophagy markers. In summary, these findings indicate that GH administration improves longitudinal growth in rapamycin-treated rats by specifically acting on the process of growth plate chondrocyte hypertrophy but not by counteracting the effects of rapamycin on proliferation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Álvarez-García
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Laboratory of Growth and Cancer, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Enrique García-López
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Vanessa Loredo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Helena Gil-Peña
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Julián Rodríguez-Suárez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Flor Á. Ordóñez
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Laboratory of Growth and Cancer, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- * E-mail:
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11
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Álvarez-García Ó, García-López E, Loredo V, Gil-Peña H, Rodríguez-Suárez J, Ordóñez FÁ, Carbajo-Pérez E, Santos F. Rapamycin induces growth retardation by disrupting angiogenesis in the growth plate. Kidney Int 2010; 78:561-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Growth-plate cartilage in chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25:643-9. [PMID: 19816714 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-009-1307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone growth occurs in the growth-plate cartilage located at the ends of long bones. Changes in the architecture, abnormalities in matrix organization, reduction in protein staining and RNA expression of factors involved in cell signaling have been described in the growth-plate cartilage of nephrectomized animals. These changes can lead to a smaller growth plate associated with decrease in chondrocyte proliferation, delayed hypertrophy, and prolonged initiation of mineralization and vascular invasion. As a result, chronic renal failure can result in stunted body growth and skeletal deformities. Multiple etiologic factors can contribute to impaired bone growth in renal failure, including suboptimal nutrition, metabolic acidosis, and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Recent findings have also shown the tight connection between chondro/osteogenesis, hematopoiesis, and immunogenesis.
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13
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Reich A, Maziel SS, Ashkenazi Z, Ornan EM. Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in the growth plate response to physiological mechanical load. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:172-80. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00821.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes from the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family play a crucial role in growth-plate vascularization and ossification via proteolytic cleavage and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Their regulation in the growth plate is crucial for normal matrix assembly. Endochondral ossification, which takes place at the growth plates, is influenced by mechanical loading. Using an in vivo avian model for mechanical loading, we have found increased blood penetration into the growth plates of loaded chicks. The purpose of this work was to study the involvement of MMP-2, -3, -9, -13, and -16 in the growth plate's response to loading and in the catch-up growth resulting from load release. We found that mechanical loading, as well as release from load, upregulated MMP-2, -9, and -13 expressions. In contrast, MMP-3, associated with cartilage injuries, and its associated protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), were downregulated by the load. However, after release from load, MMP-3 was upregulated and CTGF levels were elevated and caught up with the control. MMP-3 and CTGF were also downregulated after 60 min of mechanical stretching in vitro. These results demonstrate the central role of MMPs in the growth plate's response to mechanical loading, as well as in the catch-up growth followed load release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Reich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stav Simsa Maziel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Ashkenazi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Monsonego Ornan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
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Gil-Peña H, Garcia-Lopez E, Alvarez-Garcia O, Loredo V, Carbajo-Perez E, Ordoñez FA, Rodriguez-Suarez J, Santos F. Alterations of growth plate and abnormal insulin-like growth factor I metabolism in growth-retarded hypokalemic rats: effect of growth hormone treatment. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F639-45. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00188.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypokalemic tubular disorders may lead to growth retardation which is resistant to growth hormone (GH) treatment. The mechanism of these alterations is unknown. Weaning female rats were grouped ( n = 10) in control, potassium-depleted (KD), KD treated with intraperitoneal GH at 3.3 mg·kg−1·day−1 during the last week (KDGH), and control pair-fed with KD (CPF). After 2 wk, KD rats were growth retarded compared with CPF rats, the osseous front advance (±SD) being 67.07 ± 10.44 and 81.56 ± 12.70 μm/day, respectively. GH treatment did not accelerate growth rate. The tibial growth plate of KD rats had marked morphological alterations: lower heights of growth cartilage (228.26 ± 23.58 μm), hypertrophic zone (123.68 ± 13.49 μm), and terminal chondrocytes (20.8 ± 2.39 μm) than normokalemic CPF (264.21 ± 21.77, 153.18 ± 15.80, and 24.21 ± 5.86 μm). GH administration normalized these changes except for the distal chondrocyte height. Quantitative PCR of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-I receptor, and GH receptor genes in KD growth plates showed downregulation of IGF-I and upregulation of IGF-I receptor mRNAs, without changes in their distribution as analyzed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. GH did not further modify IGF-I mRNA expression. KD rats had normal hepatic IGF-I mRNA levels and low serum IGF-I values. GH increased liver IGF-I mRNA, but circulating IGF-I levels remained reduced. This study discloses the structural and molecular alterations induced by potassium depletion on the growth plate and shows that the lack of response to GH administration is associated with persistence of the disturbed process of chondrocyte hypertrophy and depressed mRNA expression of local IGF-I in the growth plate.
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15
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Growth and development. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:79-101. [PMID: 18185067 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282f4f084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Alvarez-Garcia O, Carbajo-Pérez E, Garcia E, Gil H, Molinos I, Rodriguez J, Ordoñez FA, Santos F. Rapamycin retards growth and causes marked alterations in the growth plate of young rats. Pediatr Nephrol 2007; 22:954-61. [PMID: 17370095 PMCID: PMC7064183 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-007-0456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin is a potent immunosuppressant with antitumoral properties widely used in the field of renal transplantation. To test the hypothesis that the antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activity of rapamycin interferes with the normal structure and function of growth plate and impairs longitudinal growth, 4-week-old male rats (n = 10/group) receiving 2 mg/kg per day of intraperitoneal rapamycin (RAPA) or vehicle (C) for 14 days were compared. Rapamycin markedly decreased bone longitudinal growth rate (94 +/- 3 vs. 182 +/- 3 microm/day), body weight gain (60.2 +/- 1.4 vs. 113.6 +/- 1.9 g), food intake (227.8 +/- 2.6 vs. 287.5 +/- 3.4 g), and food efficiency (0.26 +/- 0.00 vs. 0.40 +/- 0.01 g/g). Signs of altered cartilage formation such as reduced chondrocyte proliferation (bromodeoxiuridine-labeled cells 32.9 +/- 1.4 vs. 45.2 +/- 1.1%), disturbed maturation and hypertrophy (height of terminal chondrocytes 26 +/- 0 vs. 29 +/- 0 microm), and decreased cartilage resorption (18.7 +/- 0.5 vs. 31.0 +/- 0.8 tartrate-resistant phosphatase alkaline reactive cells per 100 terminal chondrocytes), together with morphological evidence of altered vascular invasion, were seen in the growth plate of RAPA animals. This study indicates that rapamycin can severely impair body growth in fast-growing rats and distort growth-plate structure and dynamics. These undesirable effects must be kept in mind when rapamycin is administered to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Alvarez-Garcia
- Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncologia del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eduardo Carbajo-Pérez
- Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncologia del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Departamento de Morfologia y Biologia Celular, Facultad de Medicina, c/Julian Claveria 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Enrique Garcia
- Instituto Universitario de Oncologia del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Hospital Alvarez Buylla, Mieres, Spain
| | - Helena Gil
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ines Molinos
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | - Fernando Santos
- Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncologia del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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