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Myo Min KK, Ffrench CB, Jessup CF, Shepherdson M, Barreto SG, Bonder CS. Overcoming the Fibrotic Fortress in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2354. [PMID: 37190281 PMCID: PMC10137060 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An overabundance of desmoplasia in the tumour microenvironment (TME) is one of the defining features that influences pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) development, progression, metastasis, and treatment resistance. Desmoplasia is characterised by the recruitment and activation of fibroblasts, heightened extracellular matrix deposition (ECM) and reduced blood supply, as well as increased inflammation through an influx of inflammatory cells and cytokines, creating an intrinsically immunosuppressive TME with low immunogenic potential. Herein, we review the development of PDAC, the drivers that initiate and/or sustain the progression of the disease and the complex and interwoven nature of the cellular and acellular components that come together to make PDAC one of the most aggressive and difficult to treat cancers. We review the challenges in delivering drugs into the fortress of PDAC tumours in concentrations that are therapeutic due to the presence of a highly fibrotic and immunosuppressive TME. Taken together, we present further support for continued/renewed efforts focusing on aspects of the extremely dense and complex TME of PDAC to improve the efficacy of therapy for better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay K. Myo Min
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (K.K.M.M.); (C.B.F.)
| | - Charlie B. Ffrench
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (K.K.M.M.); (C.B.F.)
| | - Claire F. Jessup
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Mia Shepherdson
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Hepatopancreatobiliary & Liver Transplant Unit, Division of Surgery & Perioperative Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Savio George Barreto
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Hepatopancreatobiliary & Liver Transplant Unit, Division of Surgery & Perioperative Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Claudine S. Bonder
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (K.K.M.M.); (C.B.F.)
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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2
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Konen FF, Möhn N, Witte T, Schefzyk M, Wiestler M, Lovric S, Hufendiek K, Schwenkenbecher P, Sühs KW, Friese MA, Klotz L, Pul R, Pawlitzki M, Hagin D, Kleinschnitz C, Meuth SG, Skripuletz T. Treatment of autoimmunity: The impact of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis and comorbid autoimmune disorders. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103312. [PMID: 36924922 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
More than 10 disease-modifying therapies (DMT) are approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and new therapeutic options are on the horizon. Due to different underlying therapeutic mechanisms, a more individualized selection of DMTs in MS is possible, taking into account the patient's current situation. Therefore, concomitant treatment of various comorbid conditions, including autoimmune mediated disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, should be considered in MS patients. Because the pathomechanisms of autoimmunity partially overlap, DMT could also treat concomitant inflammatory diseases and simplify the patient's treatment. In contrast, the exacerbation and even new occurrence of several autoimmune diseases have been reported as a result of immunomodulatory treatment of MS. To simplify treatment and avoid disease exacerbation, knowledge of the beneficial and adverse effects of DMT in other autoimmune disorders is critical. Therefore, we conducted a literature search and described the beneficial and adverse effects of approved and currently studied DMT in a large number of comorbid autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel diseases, cutaneous disorders including psoriasis, Sjögren´s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic vasculitis, autoimmune hepatitis, and ocular autoimmune disorders. Our review aims to facilitate the selection of an appropriate DMT in patients with MS and comorbid autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Felix Konen
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany..
| | - Nora Möhn
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany..
| | - Torsten Witte
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany..
| | - Matthias Schefzyk
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany..
| | - Miriam Wiestler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Svjetlana Lovric
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Karsten Hufendiek
- University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Kurt-Wolfram Sühs
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany..
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany.
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Refik Pul
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany; Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Essen 45147, Germany.
| | - Marc Pawlitzki
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
| | - David Hagin
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, University of Tel Aviv, 6 Weizmann St., Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel.
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany; Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Essen 45147, Germany.
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany..
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3
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Pancreatic Cancer: Beyond Brca Mutations. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12122076. [PMID: 36556296 PMCID: PMC9787452 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The outcomes in patients with pancreatic cancer remain unsatisfactory. In the current review, we summarize the genetic and epigenetic architecture of metastatic pancreatic cancer beyond the BRCA mutations, focusing on the genetic alterations and the molecular pathology in pancreatic cancer. This review focuses on the molecular targets for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, with a correlation to future treatments. The potential approach addressed in this review may lead to the identification of a subset of patients with specific biological behaviors and treatment responses.
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Yao J, Chen Q, Zhu J, Cai R. Targeted gene next‐generation sequencing reveals genomic profile in a cohort of 46 Chinese patients with breast cancer. J Gene Med 2022; 24:e3420. [PMID: 35470535 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fu Xing Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | | | | | - Rui‐gang Cai
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
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Chen S, Zhu H, Sun J, Zhu L, Qin L, Wan J. Anti-inflammatory effects of miR-150 are associated with the downregulation of STAT1 in macrophages following lipopolysaccharide treatment. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1049. [PMID: 34434263 PMCID: PMC8353636 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a condition that is associated with high rates of mortality. It is characterized by serious systemic inflammatory responses induced by pathogenic invasion. Although microRNA-150 (miR-150) has been previously reported to be involved in the modulation of sepsis, the underlying molecular mechanism in sepsis remains poorly understood. In the present study, the human monocytic cell line THP-1 was treated with LPS to mimic sepsis in vitro, following which miR-150 and STAT1 expression were measured using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR or western blotting. Secretion of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) into the medium were measured by ELISA. The potential relationship between STAT1 and miR-150 was determined using dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. miR-150 expression was found to be was downregulated by LPS treatment in THP-1 cells in both dose- and time-dependent manners. LPS treatment also induced IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α secretion in a manner that could be inhibited by miR-150 overexpression and enhanced by transfection with the miR-150 inhibitor. miR-150 was revealed to directly target STAT1 by negatively regulating its expression. In addition, STAT1 expression was demonstrated to be upregulated by LPS treatment. STAT1 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-150 overexpression on IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α secretion whilst STAT1 knockdown attenuated IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α secretion induced by miR-150 inhibitor transfection. In conclusion, the present study suggested that miR-150 regulates the inflammatory response in macrophages following LPS challenge by regulating the expression of STAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The People's Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai University of Health and Science, Shanghai 201200, P.R. China
| | - Haijun Zhu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The People's Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai University of Health and Science, Shanghai 201200, P.R. China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The People's Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai University of Health and Science, Shanghai 201200, P.R. China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The People's Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai University of Health and Science, Shanghai 201200, P.R. China
| | - Long Qin
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The People's Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai University of Health and Science, Shanghai 201200, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The People's Hospital of Pudong New Area, Shanghai University of Health and Science, Shanghai 201200, P.R. China
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6
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Dessie G, Ayelign B, Akalu Y, Shibabaw T, Molla MD. Effect of Leptin on Chronic Inflammatory Disorders: Insights to Therapeutic Target to Prevent Further Cardiovascular Complication. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:3307-3322. [PMID: 34305402 PMCID: PMC8296717 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s321311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to obesity-associated chronic inflammatory disorders, adipose tissue releases a biologically active peptide known as leptin. Leptin activates the secretion of chemical mediators, which contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and psoriasis. Conversely, adiposity and obesity are the major aggravating risk factors in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS), including type II diabetes mellitus and obesity-associated hypertension. Elevated level of leptin in obesity-associated hypertension causes an increase in the production of aldosterone, which also results in elevation of arterial blood pressure. Hyperleptinemia is associated with the progress of the atherosclerosis through secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, like interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-17, and other cytokines to promote inflammation. The release of those cytokines leads to chronic inflammatory disorders and obesity-associated MetS. Thus, the aberrant leptin level in both MetS and chronic inflammatory disorders also leads to the complication of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Therapeutic target of leptin regarding its pro-inflammatory effect and dysregulated sympathetic nervous system activity may prevent further cardiovascular complication. This review mainly assesses the mechanism of leptin on the pathogenesis and further cardiovascular risk complication of chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gashaw Dessie
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Gashaw Dessie Tel +251 975152796 Email
| | - Birhanu Ayelign
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Akalu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tewodros Shibabaw
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Derbew Molla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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DiScala M, Najor MS, Yung T, Morgan D, Abukhdeir AM, Cobleigh MA. Loss of STAT6 leads to anchorage-independent growth and trastuzumab resistance in HER2+ breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234146. [PMID: 32525891 PMCID: PMC7289443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20% of breast cancers are HER2-positive. Trastuzumab has improved patient outcomes significantly for these cancers. However, acquired resistance remains a major hurdle in the clinical management of these patients. Therefore, identifying molecular changes that cause trastuzumab resistance is worthwhile. STAT6 is a transcription factor that regulates a variety of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, growth inhibition, and apoptosis. STAT6 expression is lost in approximately 3% of breast cancers, but little work has been done in the context of trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer. In isogenic cell line pairs, we observed that trastuzumab-resistant cells expressed significantly lower levels of STAT6 compared to trastuzumab-sensitive cells. Therefore, in order to study the consequences of STAT6 loss in HER2+ breast cancer, we knocked out both alleles of the STAT6 gene using somatic cell gene targeting. Interestingly, loss of STAT6 resulted in anchorage-independent growth and changes in several genes involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This study suggests that STAT6 may play a role in the pathophysiology of HER2+ human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly DiScala
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Najor
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Timothy Yung
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Deri Morgan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Abde M. Abukhdeir
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Melody A. Cobleigh
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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8
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Liu Y, Che G, Di Z, Sun W, Tian J, Ren M. Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway via the regulation of IL-10 secretion in mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 463:175-187. [PMID: 31712941 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (CG) is the component of Astragali Radix, and the aim of the present study is to investigate whether CG protects myocardium from I/R-induced damage by the regulation of IL-10/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. H9C2 cells were subjected to I/R treatment and pretreated with 1 μm CG in vitro. In addition, a mouse model of myocardial I/R injury was induced by left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation and administrated with 30 mg/kg CG by intravenous injection before I/R surgery. In vitro and in vivo results showed that CG up-regulated IL-10 level, activated the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, and protected myocardial cells from I/R-induced apoptosis. The hemodynamic measurement, TTC staining, TUNEL staining, and western blot results in vivo showed that the protective effects of CG on myocardial function and cell apoptosis were all reversed by the IL-10R α neutralizing antibody. CG-induced phosphorylation activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway was also suppressed by the blocking of IL-10. In summary, these findings suggest that CG might alleviate myocardial I/R injury by activating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway via up-regulation of IL-10 secretion, which provides us insights into the mechanism underlying the protective effect of CG on myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Che
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Di
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weinan Sun
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Tian
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Ren
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 536 Changle Road, Shanghai, 200126, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Vyas SP, Hansda AK, Goswami R. Rheumatoid arthritis: ‘melting pot’ of T helper subsets. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 38:212-231. [PMID: 31155981 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1621865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Liu M, Xiao C, Sun M, Tan M, Hu L, Yu Q. Parthenolide Inhibits STAT3 Signaling by Covalently Targeting Janus Kinases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061478. [PMID: 29921758 PMCID: PMC6100543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activations of the STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) signaling pathway are associated with cancer and inflammatory diseases. Three of the four Janus kinases, JAK1, JAK2, and Tyk2, are the major upstream kinases of STAT3 in responses to cytokine stimulations. Among them, JAK2 is the key kinase in the IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Here we report the mechanisms of a natural compound parthenolide from the medicinal herb Feverfew in regulating the JAK/STAT3 signaling. We found that parthenolide was a potent inhibitor of JAKs. It covalently modified the Cys178, Cys243, Cys335, and Cys480 of JAK2 and suppressed its kinase activity. It also interacted with other JAKs in a similar fashion. The binding of parthenolide to JAKs was selective. It preferentially bound to the JAKs, but not to the abundant proteins, such as tubulin and actin. Parthenolide also induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the increased ROS did not seem to contribute to the inhibition of JAK/STAT3 signaling. Furthermore, parthenolide inhibited the IL-6-induced cancer cell migration and preferentially inhibited the growth of cancer cells that had constitutively activated STAT3. Our study suggests a novel strategy to inactivate JAKs and provides a promising anti-inflammation and anticancer drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chengqian Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Stake Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Mingwei Sun
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- The Chemical Proteomics Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Minjia Tan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- The Chemical Proteomics Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Lihong Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Stake Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Qiang Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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11
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Wonganan O, He YJ, Shen XF, Wongkrajang K, Suksamrarn A, Zhang GL, Wang F. 6-Hydroxy-3-O-methyl-kaempferol 6-O-glucopyranoside potentiates the anti-proliferative effect of interferon α/β by promoting activation of the JAK/STAT signaling by inhibiting SOCS3 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 336:31-39. [PMID: 29031523 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is a key negative regulator of type I interferon (IFN α/β) signaling. Inhibition of SOCS3 by small molecules may be a new strategy to enhance the efficacy of type I IFN and reduce its side effects. We established a cell-based screening assay using human hepatoma HepG2 cells stably transfected with a plasmid wherein the luciferase reporter activity was propelled by interferon α-stimulated response element (ISRE), which is a motif specifically recognized by type I IFN-induced activation of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. After screening our chemical library, 6-hydroxy-3-O-methyl-kaempferol 6-O-glucopyranoside (K6G) was identified to be a potent activator of type I IFN with EC50 value of 3.33±0.04μM. K6G enhanced the phosphorylation of JAK1, Tyk2, and STAT1/2 but decreased the phosphorylation of STAT3. K6G also promoted endogenous IFN-α-regulated genes expression. More interestingly, K6G significantly decreased the expression of SOCS3 without affecting the expression of SOCS1. Furthermore, K6G enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of IFN-α on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. These results suggested that K6G potentiated the inhibitory effect of IFN-α on HCC cell proliferation through activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by inhibiting SOCS3 expression. K6G warrants further investigation as a novel therapeutic method to enhance the efficacy of IFN-α/β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orawan Wonganan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Clinical Translation, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yu-Jiao He
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Clinical Translation, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Antibiotic Research & Re-evaluation, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Clinical Translation, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kanjana Wongkrajang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Clinical Translation, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Guo-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Clinical Translation, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Clinical Translation, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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12
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Ruess DA, Görgülü K, Wörmann SM, Algül H. Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Current and Emerging Concepts. Drugs Aging 2017; 34:331-357. [PMID: 28349415 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-017-0453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a devastating malignancy, which is the result of late diagnosis, aggressive disease, and a lack of effective treatment options. Thus, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death by 2030. This review summarizes recent developments of oncological therapy in the palliative setting of metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. It further compiles novel targets and therapeutic approaches as well as promising treatment combinations, which are presently in preclinical evaluation, covering several aspects of the hallmarks of cancer. Finally, challenges to the implementation of an individualized therapy approach in the context of precision medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich A Ruess
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Kivanc Görgülü
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja M Wörmann
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Hana Algül
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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13
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Kivitz AJ, Gutierrez‐Ureña SR, Poiley J, Genovese MC, Kristy R, Shay K, Wang X, Garg JP, Zubrzycka‐Sienkiewicz A. Peficitinib, a JAK Inhibitor, in the Treatment of Moderate‐to‐Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients With an Inadequate Response to Methotrexate. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:709-719. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Kivitz
- Altoona Center for Clinical ResearchDuncansville Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - R. Kristy
- Astellas Pharma Global DevelopmentNorthbrook Illinois
| | - K. Shay
- Astellas Pharma Global DevelopmentNorthbrook Illinois
| | - X. Wang
- Astellas Pharma Global DevelopmentNorthbrook Illinois
| | - J. P. Garg
- Astellas Pharma Global DevelopmentNorthbrook Illinois
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St. John’s wort extract and hyperforin inhibit multiple phosphorylation steps of cytokine signaling and prevent inflammatory and apoptotic gene induction in pancreatic β cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:92-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Kimbara S, Kondo S. Immune checkpoint and inflammation as therapeutic targets in pancreatic carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7440-52. [PMID: 27672267 PMCID: PMC5011660 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i33.7440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) is one of the most deadly malignant neoplasms, and the efficacy of conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy is far from satisfactory. Recent research studies have revealed that immunosuppression and inflammation are associated with oncogenesis, as well as tumor development, invasion, and metastasis in PAC. Thus, immunosuppression-related signaling, especially that involving immune checkpoint and inflammation, has emerged as novel treatment targets for PAC. However, PAC is an immune-resistant tumor, and it is still unclear whether immune checkpoint or anti-inflammation therapies would be an ideal strategy. In this article, we will review immune checkpoint and inflammation as potential targets, as well as clinical trials and the prospects for immunotherapy in PAC.
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16
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Targeting the JAK-STAT pathway in the treatment of 'Th2-high' severe asthma. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:405-19. [PMID: 26934038 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.16.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction, chronic inflammation and airway remodeling. Phenotyping and/or endotyping can lead to a more personalized treatment strategy, improving the efficacy of novel drugs. Atopic asthma is associated with high levels of Th2 cells, implicated in a number of inflammatory responses. Differentiation of these cells from naive T cells occurs primarily via the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Targeting this pathway through inhibition of activating cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) and their receptors, the JAKs or the STATs, has been shown to have a therapeutic effect on asthma pathology. There are a number of novel drugs currently in development, which target various pathway components; these include both biologics and small molecules at various stages of development.
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Matsuoka T, Yashiro M. Molecular targets for the treatment of pancreatic cancer: Clinical and experimental studies. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:776-789. [PMID: 26811624 PMCID: PMC4716076 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Although recent therapeutic developments for patients with pancreatic cancer have provided survival benefits, the outcomes for patients with pancreatic cancer remain unsatisfactory. Molecularly targeted cancer therapy has advanced in the past decade with the use of a number of pathways as candidates of therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the molecular features of this refractory disease while focusing on the recent clinical and experimental findings on pancreatic cancer. It also discusses the data supporting current standard clinical outcomes, and offers conclusions that may improve the management of pancreatic cancer in the future.
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18
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Sen M, Pollock NI, Black J, DeGrave KA, Wheeler S, Freilino ML, Joyce S, Lui VWY, Zeng Y, Chiosea SI, Grandis JR. JAK kinase inhibition abrogates STAT3 activation and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumor growth. Neoplasia 2015; 17:256-64. [PMID: 25810010 PMCID: PMC4372647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 has been implicated in cell proliferation and survival of many cancers including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). AZD1480, an orally active pharmacologic inhibitor of JAK1/JAK2, has been tested in several cancer models. In the present study, the in vitro and in vivo effects of AZD1480 were evaluated in HNSCC preclinical models to test the potential use of JAK kinase inhibition for HNSCC therapy. AZD1480 treatment decreased HNSCC proliferation in HNSCC cell lines with half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values ranging from 0.9 to 4 μM in conjunction with reduction of pSTAT3Tyr705 expression. In vivo antitumor efficacy of AZD1480 was demonstrated in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models derived from two independent HNSCC tumors. Oral administration of AZD1480 reduced tumor growth in conjunction with decreased pSTAT3Tyr705 expression that was observed in both PDX models. These findings suggest that the JAK1/2 inhibitors abrogate STAT3 signaling and may be effective in HNSCC treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabika Sen
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Netanya I Pollock
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John Black
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kara A DeGrave
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Wheeler
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria L Freilino
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sonali Joyce
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vivian W Y Lui
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simion I Chiosea
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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19
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Izzedine H, Perazella MA. Onco-nephrology: an appraisal of the cancer and chronic kidney disease links. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30:1979-88. [PMID: 25648910 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A bidirectional relationship has been observed for kidney disease and cancer. On the one hand, cancer is an important complication noted in kidney disease as well as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in this group. On the other hand, improved cancer treatment has prolonged survival, but also increased the development of acute and chronic kidney disease. The combination of cancer and kidney disease makes it challenging for clinicians to provide comprehensive and safe therapies for this group of patients. As such, clinicians caring for this group must develop expertise and become competent in the practice of a newly evolving subspecialty of nephrology known as 'onco-nephrology'. This brief narrative review will focus on the cancer risk in patients with underlying kidney disease, the therapies such as erythropoiesis-stimulating agents on cancer progression and other outcomes, and the appropriate dosing of anti-cancer agents in patients with underlying kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Izzedine
- Department of Nephrology, Monceau Park International Clinic, Paris, France
| | - Mark A Perazella
- Department of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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20
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Novelli M, Beffy P, Menegazzi M, De Tata V, Martino L, Sgarbossa A, Porozov S, Pippa A, Masini M, Marchetti P, Masiello P. St. John's wort extract and hyperforin protect rat and human pancreatic islets against cytokine toxicity. Acta Diabetol 2014; 51:113-21. [PMID: 24121871 PMCID: PMC3923109 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-013-0518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The extract of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort, SJW) and its component hyperforin (HPF) were previously shown to inhibit cytokine-induced activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 and nuclear factor κB and prevent apoptosis in a cultured β-cell line. Objective of this study was to assess the protection exerted by SJW and HPF on isolated rat and human islets exposed to cytokines in vitro. Functional, ultrastructural, biomolecular and cell death evaluation studies were performed. In both rat and human islets, SJW and HPF counteracted cytokine-induced functional impairment and down-regulated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory target genes, such as iNOS, CXCL9, CXCL10, COX2. Cytokine-induced NO production from cultured islets, evaluated by nitrites measurement in the medium, was significantly reduced in the presence of the vegetal compounds. Noteworthy, the increase in apoptosis and necrosis following 48-h exposure to cytokines was fully prevented by SJW and partially by HPF. Ultrastructural morphometric analysis in human islets exposed to cytokines for 20 h showed that SJW or HPF avoided early β-cell damage (e.g., mitochondrial alterations and loss of insulin granules). In conclusion, SJW compounds protect rat and human islets against cytokine effects by counteracting key mechanisms of cytokine-mediated β-cell injury and represent promising pharmacological tools for prevention or limitation of β-cell dysfunction and loss in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Novelli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pascale Beffy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Menegazzi
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Tata
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Martino
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Sgarbossa
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Svetlana Porozov
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Matilde Masini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Masiello
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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21
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Liu G, Jiang Y, Chen X, Zhang R, Ma G, Feng R, Zhang L, Liao M, Miao Y, Chen Z, Zeng R, Li K. Measles contributes to rheumatoid arthritis: evidence from pathway and network analyses of genome-wide association studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75951. [PMID: 24204584 PMCID: PMC3799991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence from epidemiological studies indicates the association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and measles. However, the exact mechanism for this association is still unclear now. We consider that the strong association between both diseases may be caused by shared genetic pathways. We performed a pathway analysis of large-scale RA genome-wide association studies (GWAS) dataset with 5,539 cases and 20,169 controls of European descent. Meanwhile, we evaluated our findings using previously identified RA loci, protein-protein interaction network and previous results from pathway analysis of RA and other autoimmune diseases GWAS. We confirmed four pathways including Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Jak-STAT signaling, T cell receptor signaling and Cell adhesion molecules. Meanwhile, we highlighted for the first time the involvement of Measles and Intestinal immune network for IgA production pathways in RA. Our results may explain the strong association between RA and measles, which may be caused by the shared genetic pathway. We believe that our results will be helpful for future genetic studies in RA pathogenesis and may significantly assist in the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyou Liu
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
- Genome Analysis Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongshuai Jiang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Genetic Breeding, Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guoda Ma
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Rennan Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liangcai Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Division of Quantitative Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mingzhi Liao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingbo Miao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zugen Chen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
- * E-mail: (RZ); (KL)
| | - Keshen Li
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
- * E-mail: (RZ); (KL)
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22
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Albasanz-Puig A, Murray J, Namekata M, Wijelath ES. Opposing roles of STAT-1 and STAT-3 in regulating vascular endothelial growth factor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 428:179-84. [PMID: 23068100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased microvessel density in atherosclerotic plaques plays a major role in promoting plaque destabilization resulting in increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. Previously we have shown that expression of the inflammatory cytokine, Oncostatin-M (OSM), in human atherosclerotic plaques correlated with increased microvessel density, indicating a role for OSM in promoting plaque angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism by which OSM regulates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) expression in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Using shRNA and overexpression studies, we have shown that the transcription factor, STAT-1 inhibited VEGF expression, while STAT-3 promoted the expression of VEGF. We further show that the mechanism by which STAT-1 and STAT-3 regulates VEGF expression is through modulation of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α). STAT-1 suppresses HIF-1α expression, whereas STAT-3 positively regulates HIF-1α expression. These results provide evidence that activated STAT-1 and STAT-3 regulate VEGF expression indirectly, by modulating HIF-1α activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaia Albasanz-Puig
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and the University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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23
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Yue H, Tanaka K, Furukawa T, Karnik SS, Li W. Thymidine phosphorylase inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation via upregulation of STAT3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1823:1316-23. [PMID: 22668509 PMCID: PMC4133185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated growth and motility of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) play important role in obstructive vascular diseases. We previously reported that gene transfer of thymidine phosphorylase (TP) into rat VSMC inhibits cell proliferation and attenuates balloon injury induced neointimal hyperplasia; however, the mechanism remains unclear. The current study identified a signaling pathway that mediates effect of TP inhibited VSMC proliferation with a TP activity-dependent manner. Rat VSMC overexpressing human TP gene (C2) or control empty vector (PC) were used. Serum stimulation induced constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation at tyrosine705 in C2 cell but not in PC, which was independent of JAK2 signaling pathway. Inhibition of Src family kinases activity inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation in C2 cells. Lyn activity was higher in C2 cell than in PC. SiRNA based gene knockdown of Lyn significantly decreased serum induced STAT3 phosphorylation in C2 and dramatically increased proliferation of this cell, suggesting that Lyn plays a pivotal role in TP inhibited VSMC proliferation. Unphosphorylated STAT3 (U-STAT3) expression was significantly increased in C2 cells, which may be due to the increased STAT3 transcription. Gene transfection of mouse wild-type or Y705F mutant STAT3 into PC cell or mouse primary cultured VSMC significantly reduced proliferation of these cells, suggesting that overexpression of U-STAT3 inhibits VSMC proliferation. We conclude that Lyn mediates TP induced STAT3 activation, which subsequently contributes to upregulate expression of U-STAT3. The U-STAT3 plays a critical role in inhibiting VSMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yue
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Ohio USA
| | - Kuniyoshi Tanaka
- Second Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Furukawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima Japan
| | - Sadashiva S. Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Ohio USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Second Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Ohio USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, USA
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24
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Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) is an essential hormone that binds and activates the Epo receptor (EpoR) resident on the surface of erythroid progenitor cells, thereby promoting erythropoiesis. Recombinant human erythropoietin has been used successfully for over 20 years to treat anemia in millions of patients. In addition to erythropoiesis, Epo has also been reported to have other effects, such as tissue protection and promotion of tumor cell growth or survival. This became of significant concern in 2003, when some clinical trials in cancer patients reported increased tumor progression and worse survival outcomes in patients treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). One of the potential mechanisms proffered to explain the observed safety issues was that functional EpoR was expressed in tumors and/or endothelial cells, and that ESAs directly stimulated tumor growth and/or antagonized tumor ablative therapies. Since then, numerous groups have performed further research evaluating this potential mechanism with conflicting data and conclusions. Here, we review the biology of endogenous Epo and EpoR expression and function in erythropoiesis, and evaluate the evidence pertaining to the expression of EpoR on normal nonhematopoietic and tumor cells.
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25
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Aapro M, Jelkmann W, Constantinescu SN, Leyland-Jones B. Effects of erythropoietin receptors and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents on disease progression in cancer. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1249-58. [PMID: 22395661 PMCID: PMC3314780 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) increase red blood cell (RBC) production in bone marrow by activating the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) on erythrocytic-progenitor cells. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents are approved in the United States and Europe for treating anaemia in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy based on randomised, placebo-controlled trials showing that ESAs reduce RBC transfusions. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent-safety issues include thromboembolic events and concerns regarding whether ESAs increase disease progression and/or mortality in cancer patients. Several trials have reported an association between ESA use and increased disease progression and/or mortality, whereas other trials in the same tumour types have not provided similar findings. This review thoroughly examines available evidence regarding whether ESAs affect disease progression. Both clinical-trial data on ESAs and disease progression, and preclinical data on how ESAs could affect tumour growth are summarised. Preclinical topics include (i) whether tumour cells express EpoR and could be directly stimulated to grow by ESA exposure and (ii) whether endothelial cells express EpoR and could be stimulated by ESA exposure to undergo angiogenesis and indirectly promote tumour growth. Although assessment and definition of disease progression vary across studies, the current clinical data suggest that ESAs may have little effect on disease progression in chemotherapy patients, and preclinical data indicate a direct or indirect effect of ESAs on tumour growth is not strongly supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aapro
- Institut Multidisciplinaire d' Oncologie, Clinique de Genolier, Route du Muids 3, PO Box 100, Genolier CH-1272, Switzerland.
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Tai ZF, Zhang GL, Wang F. Identification of Small Molecule Activators of the Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Pathway Using a Cell-Based Screen. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:65-71. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fu Tai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Guo Lin Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Fei Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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27
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PPAR Regulation of Inflammatory Signaling in CNS Diseases. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:658520. [PMID: 18670616 PMCID: PMC2490815 DOI: 10.1155/2008/658520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) is an immune privileged site, nevertheless inflammation associates with many CNS diseases. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear hormone receptors that regulate immune and inflammatory responses. Specific ligands for PPARα, γ, and δ isoforms have proven effective in the animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and trauma/stroke, suggesting their use in the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases. The activation of NF-κB and Jak-Stat signaling pathways and secretion of inflammatory cytokines are critical in the pathogenesis of CNS diseases. Interestingly, PPAR agonists mitigate CNS disease by modulating inflammatory signaling network in immune cells. In this manuscript, we review the current knowledge on how PPARs regulate neuroinflammatory signaling networks in CNS diseases.
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28
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Albasanz-Puig A, Murray J, Preusch M, Coan D, Namekata M, Patel Y, Dong ZM, Rosenfeld ME, Wijelath ES. Oncostatin M is expressed in atherosclerotic lesions: a role for Oncostatin M in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2011; 216:292-8. [PMID: 21376322 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The inflammatory response is mediated by cytokines. The aim of this study was to determine if Oncostatin M (OSM), a monocyte and T-lymphocyte specific cytokine is present in atherosclerotic lesions. We also investigated the roles of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1 and STAT-3 in regulating OSM-induced smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, migration and cellular fibronectin (cFN) synthesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunostaining of atherosclerotic lesions from human carotid plaques demonstrated the expression of OSM antigen in both macrophages and SMCs. Explanted SMCs from human carotid plaques expressed OSM mRNA and protein as determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Using the chow-fed ApoE(-/-) mouse model of atherosclerosis, we observed that OSM was initially expressed in the intima at 20 weeks of age. By 30 weeks, OSM was expressed in both the intima and media. In vitro studies show that OSM promotes SMC proliferation, migration and cFN synthesis. Lentivirus mediated-inhibition of STAT-1 and STAT-3 prevented OSM-induced SMC proliferation, migration and cellular fibronectin synthesis. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that OSM is expressed in atherosclerotic lesions and may contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis by promoting SMC proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix protein synthesis through the STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaia Albasanz-Puig
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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29
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Malemud CJ. Suppression of Autoimmune Arthritis by Small Molecule Inhibitors of the JAK/STAT Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1446-1455. [PMID: 27713312 PMCID: PMC4033991 DOI: 10.3390/ph3051446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A skewed ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines, elevated growth factor synthesis and T- and B-lymphocyte activation are 3 hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathology. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-7, IL-17, IL-12/IL-23 and growth factors, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, IL-3, and erythropoietin activate the Janus Kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. Evidence showed that STAT protein phosphorylation (p-STAT) by activated JAKs is permissive for p-STAT to act as transcription factors by binding to STAT-responsive gene promoter sequences. This event is critical for perpetuating RA, in part, by up-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokine gene transcription. Activation of JAK/STAT by cytokines and growth factors can induce ‘cross-talk’ with other signaling pathways by which Stress-Activated Protein/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (SAP/MAPK) and Phosphatidylinositide-3-Kinase (PI3K)-mediated signaling are also activated. JAK-specific small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) were developed to test whether JAK/STAT pathway blockade would regulate autoimmune-mediated inflammation. JAK-specific SMI blockade inhibited p-STAT induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. Systemically administered JAK-specific SMI blockade also ameliorated biomarkers of inflammation in well-validated arthritis animal models. A few JAK-specific SMIs have made their way into RA clinical trials. In fact, the JAK3-specific SMI, CP-690,500 is the first JAK/STAT SMI to be assessed for clinical efficacy in a Phase III RA trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Malemud
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Departments of Medicine & Anatomy, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Wang Y, Ma X, Yan S, Shen S, Zhu H, Gu Y, Wang H, Qin G, Yu Q. 17-Hydroxy-jolkinolide B Inhibits Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 Signaling by Covalently Cross-Linking Janus Kinases and Induces Apoptosis of Human Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:7302-10. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zídek Z, Anzenbacher P, Kmonícková E. Current status and challenges of cytokine pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:342-61. [PMID: 19371342 PMCID: PMC2707982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The major concern of pharmacology about cytokines has originated from plentiful data showing association between gross changes in their production and pathophysiological processes. Despite the enigmatic role of cytokines in diseases, a number of them have become a subject of cytokine and anti-cytokine immunotherapies. Production of cytokines can be influenced by many endogenous and exogenous stimuli including drugs. Cells of the immune system, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, are richly endowed with receptors for the mediators of physiological functions, such as biogenic amines, adenosine, prostanoids, steroids, etc. Drugs, agonists or antagonists of these receptors can directly or indirectly up- and down-regulate secretion of cytokines and expression of cytokine receptors. Vice versa, cytokines interfere with drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics through the interactions with cytochrome P450 and multiple drug resistance proteins. The aim of the review is to encourage more intensive studies in these fields of cytokine pharmacology. It also outlines major areas of searching promising candidates for immunotherapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zídek
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Chau MN, Banerjee PP. Development of a STAT3 reporter prostate cancer cell line for high throughput screening of STAT3 activators and inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:627-631. [PMID: 18930029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
STAT3 is constitutively activated in several cancers, including prostate cancer, and is therefore, a potential target for cancer therapy. DU-145 prostate cancer cells were stably co-transfected with STAT3 reporter and puromycin resistant plasmids to create a stable STAT3 reporter cell line that can be used for high throughput screening of STAT3 modulators. The applicability of this cell line was tested with two known activators and inhibitors of STAT3. As expected, EGF and IL-6 increased STAT3 reporter activity and enhanced the nuclear localization of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3); whereas Cucurbitacin I and AG490 decreased STAT3 reporter activity dose and time-dependently and reduced the localization of pSTAT3 in the nuclei of prostate cancer cells. Given the importance of STAT3 in cancer initiation and progression, the development of a stable STAT3 reporter cell line in prostate cancer cells provides a rapid, sensitive, and cost effective method for the screening of potential STAT3 modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- My N Chau
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Medical-Dental Building, Room C406B, 3900 Reservoir Road, Northwest, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Partha P Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Medical-Dental Building, Room C406B, 3900 Reservoir Road, Northwest, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Tong H, Ren Y, Zhang F, Jin J. Homoharringtonine affects the JAK2-STAT5 signal pathway through alteration of protein tyrosine kinase phosphorylation in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Eur J Haematol 2008; 81:259-66. [PMID: 18616510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2008.01116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Homoharringtonine (HHT) was efficient in therapying patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in China, but little is known about the mechanism of its action. As the abnormal activation of JAK2 associated pathway is important to AML, we try to explore the effect of HHT on JAK2-STAT pathway in AML cells, thus supplying theoretical basis for wider use of HHT. METHODS The cell viability was tested by MTT. Apoptosis was tested by flow cytometry. RT-PCR was used to measure the expression of JAK2, STAT5 and the effect gene Bcl-xL. The signal proteins such as p-JAK2, p-STAT5, p-AKT, p-ERK activated by abnormal activated JAK2 were tested by Western blotting. RESULTS HHT obviously inhibited the viability of primary AML cells and AML cell lines HEL, K562 and HL-60 cells, AnnexinV-PI double staining confirmed early apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In immunoblotting analysis, when AML cells were affected by HHT for 6 h (much ahead of the time when apoptosis could be induced). The expressions of p-JAK2, p-STAT5, and p-AKT were down-regulated, while the total JAK2, STAT5 and AKT protein levels were stable. There were no changes in p-ERK and BcL-xL proteins. When it prolonged to 24 h, Bcl-xL decreased obviously. Similar results were obtained by using JAK2 specific inhibitor AG490. CONCLUSIONS HHT possibly acts as a broad-spectrum PTK inhibitor and inhibits the phosphorylation of the signal proteins caused by oncogenic proteins such as JAK2V617F, BCR/ABL, thus blocking the survival and proliferative signal pathway of malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Tong
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.
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Binder C, Lafayette A, Archibeque I, Sun Y, Plewa C, Sinclair A, Emkey R. Optimization and Utilization of the SureFire Phospho-STAT5 Assay for a Cell-Based Screening Campaign. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2008; 6:27-37. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2007.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yu Sun
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
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Abstract
The immune system has evolved to protect the host from microbial infection; nevertheless, a breakdown in the immune system often results in infection, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, myocarditis, thyroiditis, uveitis, systemic lupus erythromatosis, and myasthenia gravis are organ-specific autoimmune diseases that afflict more than 5% of the population worldwide. Although the etiology is not known and a cure is still wanting, the use of herbal and dietary supplements is on the rise in patients with autoimmune diseases, mainly because they are effective, inexpensive, and relatively safe. Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound isolated from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa that has traditionally been used for pain and wound-healing. Recent studies have shown that curcumin ameliorates multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease in human or animal models. Curcumin inhibits these autoimmune diseases by regulating inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma and associated JAK-STAT, AP-1, and NF-kappaB signaling pathways in immune cells. Although the beneficial effects of nutraceuticals are traditionally achieved through dietary consumption at low levels for long periods of time, the use of purified active compounds such as curcumin at higher doses for therapeutic purposes needs extreme caution. A precise understanding of effective dose, safe regiment, and mechanism of action is required for the use of curcumin in the treatment of human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Bright
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Clarian Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Sinclair AM, Todd MD, Forsythe K, Knox SJ, Elliott S, Begley CG. Expression and function of erythropoietin receptors in tumors. Cancer 2007; 110:477-88. [PMID: 17582631 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Safety concerns surrounding the use of recombinant human erythropoietin (Epo) to treat anemia in cancer patients were raised after 2 recent clinical studies reported a worse survival outcome in patients who received epoetin alpha or epoetin beta compared with patients who received placebo. Although those findings contrasted with previous clinical studies, which demonstrated no difference in survival for cancer patients who received erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), some investigators have suggested a potential role for ESAs in promoting tumor growth through 1) stimulation of Epo receptors (EpoR) expressed in tumors, 2) stimulation and formation of tumor vessels, and/or 3) enhanced tumor oxygenation. The first and second hypotheses appeared to be supported by some EpoR expression and ESA in vitro studies. However, these conclusions have been challenged because of poor specificity of EpoR-detection methodologies, conflicting data from different groups, and the lack of correlation between in vitro data and in vivo findings in animal tumor models. For this report, the authors reviewed the biology of EpoR in erythropoiesis and compared and contrasted the reported findings on the role of ESAs and EpoR in tumors.
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Faderl S, Ferrajoli A, Harris D, Van Q, Kantarjian HM, Estrov Z. Atiprimod blocks phosphorylation of JAK-STAT and inhibits proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Leuk Res 2006; 31:91-5. [PMID: 16828865 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In studies of multiple myeloma cells, atiprimod was shown to block Stat3 activation and inhibited colony-forming cell proliferation. We hypothesized that atiprimod may also inhibit activation of intracellular signaling pathways in AML cells resulting in apoptosis and growth inhibition. We demonstrate that atiprimod inhibited clonogenic growth of AML cell lines and fresh AML marrow cells whereas it did not significantly affect growth of normal hematopoietic progenitors from marrow samples of healthy controls. Atiprimod decreased phosphorylation of Stat3 and Stat5, and protein levels of Jak2, whereas gene expression of Jak2 was not affected. Atiprimod further induced apoptosis by cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP. In summary, our data suggest that atiprimod has a significant antiproliferative and proapoptotic effect on AML cells. This effect may be facilitated by inhibition of the Jak-Stat signaling pathway. Further evaluation of atiprimod in clinical trials of AML should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Faderl
- Department of Leukemia, Unit 428, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 428, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Petterino C, Ratto A, Arcicasa E, Podestà G, Drigo M, Pellegrino C. Expression of Stat3 in Feline Mammary Gland Tumours and its Relation to Histological Grade. Vet Res Commun 2006; 30:599-611. [PMID: 16838202 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The expression of Stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) in normal and neoplastic feline mammary gland tissue was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 72 cats. The samples included 3 normal nonlactating mammary tissues, 17 hyperplastic lesions (11 lobular and 6 fibroepithelial) and 52 neoplasms (5 benign and 47 malignant). For immunohistochemistry, tissue sections were incubated with anti-Stat3 monoclonal antibody and visualized with EnVision-DAB polymer. Stat3 positivity was assessed in a semiquantitative manner. Normal mammary tissue showed occasional cytoplasmic and nuclear positivity, although the number of positive cells was lower than in the hyperplastic specimens. In neoplastic tissue, high numbers of neoplastic cells with a moderate to intense cytoplasmic and nuclear positivity were observed. Selected variations in the staining pattern correlated with malignancy. Moreover, a positive association was seen between the histological grade and the Stat3 score (p < 0.0001; correlation coefficient 0.750). A linear regression model showed a positive association between mitotic count and Stat3 expression (p < 0.001). These results further support published data found in humans regarding to the relation between the expression of Stat3 and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Petterino
- Department of Public Health, Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Hygiene School of Veterinary Medicine, AGRIPOLIS, Legnaro, University of Padua, Italy.
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Dezawa M, Hoshino M, Ide C. Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases using adult bone marrow stromal cell-derived neurons. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 5:427-35. [PMID: 15934822 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.4.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases are attributed to the degeneration of neurons with subsequent functional loss. Cell transplantation is a strategy with potential for treating such diseases, and many kinds of cells are considered candidates for transplantation therapy. Bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) have great potential as therapeutic agents, as they are easy to isolate and expand from patients without serious ethical and technical problems. The authors have found a method for the highly efficient, exclusive and specific induction of functional postmitotic neuronal cells from both rat and human MSCs. Gene transfer of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) followed by the administration of certain trophic factors induced mature neurons expressing neuronal markers, some of which showed action potentials. Induced neurons were transplanted to animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease and ischaemic brain injury, resulting in the successful integration of transplanted cells and improvement in function of the transplanted animals. This review summarises the respective potentials, benefits and drawbacks of MSC-derived neurons, and discusses the possibility of their clinical application in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Dezawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Lee YK, Isham CR, Kaufman SH, Bible KC. Flavopiridol disrupts STAT3/DNA interactions, attenuates STAT3-directed transcription, and combines with the Jak kinase inhibitor AG490 to achieve cytotoxic synergy. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:138-48. [PMID: 16432172 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Up-regulated signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)-mediated signaling is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of solid and hematologic cancers. Consequently, inhibition of STAT-mediated signaling has recently been proposed as a potential new therapeutic approach to the treatment of cancers. Having shown previously that the pan-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol binds to DNA and seems to kill cancer cells via that process in some circumstances, we evaluated the hypothesis that flavopiridol might consequently disrupt STAT3/DNA interactions, attenuate STAT3-directed transcription, and down-regulate STAT3 downstream polypeptides, including the antiapoptotic polypeptide Mcl-1. SDS-PAGE/immunoblotting and reverse transcription-PCR were used to assess RNA and polypeptide levels, respectively. DNA cellulose affinity chromatography and a nuclear elution assay were used to evaluate the ability of flavopiridol to disrupt STAT3/DNA interactions. A STAT3 luciferase reporter assay was used to examine the ability of flavopiridol to attenuate STAT3-directed transcription. Colony-forming assays were used to assess cytotoxic synergy between flavopiridol and AG490. Flavopiridol was found to (a) disrupt STAT3/DNA interactions (DNA cellulose affinity chromatography and nuclear elution assay), (b) attenuate STAT3-directed transcription (STAT3 luciferase reporter assay), and (c) down-regulate the STAT3 downstream antiapoptotic polypeptide Mcl-1 at the transcriptional level (reverse transcription-PCR and SDS-PAGE/immunoblotting). Furthermore, flavopiridol, but not the microtubule inhibitor paclitaxel, could be combined with the STAT3 pathway inhibitor AG490 to achieve cytotoxic synergy in A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Collectively, these data suggest that flavopiridol can attenuate STAT3-directed transcription in a targeted fashion and may therefore be exploitable clinically in the development of chemotherapy regimens combining flavopiridol and other inhibitors of STAT3 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Kit Lee
- Division of Developmental Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Schuettauf F, Zurakowski D, Quinto K, Varde MA, Besch D, Laties A, Anderson R, Wen R. Neuroprotective effects of cardiotrophin-like cytokine on retinal ganglion cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005; 243:1036-42. [PMID: 15838664 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-005-1152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature neuronal cell death is a feature of numerous central nervous system and eye diseases, including glaucoma. Neurons (including retinal ganglion cells, RGCs) are protected by several neurotrophic factors, among those the IL-6 family of cytokines. Lately, a novel member of the IL-6 family of cytokines has been identified and cloned. This cytokine is known as novel neurotrophin-1/B-cell-stimulating factor-3 (NNT-1/BSF-3) or cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC). It shows neurotrophic as well as B-cell stimulatory effects. METHODS In this study, the neuroprotective properties of CLC on RGC loss in vivo were investigated. RESULTS CLC significantly protected RGCs from degeneration in both chosen models of retinal neuronal damage: optic nerve crush (P<0.01) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) injection (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS CLC shows neuroprotective effects on RGCs in vivo and might be a treatment option for chronic neurodegenerative eye diseases such as glaucoma. Clinical feasibility for the substance requires further investigation since the immunomodulatory and possible adverse effects have not yet been thoroughly characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schuettauf
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Nguyen J, Knapnougel P, Lesavre P, Bauvois B. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by interferons and TGF-β1 through distinct signalings accounts for reduced monocyte invasiveness. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:5487-93. [PMID: 16213498 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines may provide signals for regulating human monocyte matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity. In this study, we investigated the roles of interferons (IFN) type I/II and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in MMP-9-mediated invasiveness. MMP-9 antibody and inhibitor, IFNs and TGF-beta1 inhibited monocyte transmigration through Matrigel. IFNs and TGF-beta1 downregulated MMP-9 mRNA, protein and activity levels. The inhibitory action of IFNs was associated with the STAT1/IRF-1 pathway since the JAK inhibitor AG490 blocked STAT1 phosphorylation, IRF-1 synthesis and counteracted the blockade of MMP-9 release. TGF-beta1-mediated MMP-9 inhibition appeared STAT1/IRF-1-independent but reversed by the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin 25. Our data point out the importance of IFNs and TGF-beta1 in the control of monocyte MMP-9-mediated extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Nguyen
- INSERM 507, Hôpital Necker, Bâtiment Lavoisier, Paris, France
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Tan JC, Rabkin R. Suppressors of cytokine signaling in health and disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 20:567-75. [PMID: 15723195 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-004-1766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Revised: 11/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines consist of a large family of secreted proteins, including pro-inflammatory agents, growth hormone and erythropoietin, that utilize the Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signal transduction pathway to mediate many of their key physiologic and pathologic actions. These actions include cytokine-mediated inflammation, immunoregulation, hematopoiesis and growth. The JAK-STAT pathway is regulated by several processes, among which negative feedback regulation by the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), members of a family of eight proteins, is particularly important. Each cytokine induces one or more specific SOCS proteins that in turn down-regulate the signal initiated by the cytokine. Through their impact on the cytokine-activated JAK-STAT pathway, the SOCS proteins are involved in many diseases that come to the attention of the pediatric nephrologist. For example, an increase in the expression of SOCS-2 and -3 may be a cause of growth hormone resistance and thus may contribute to the growth retardation that affects children with chronic renal failure. Because of their obvious biologic importance, the SOCS proteins have been the subject of intense research that includes the development of strategies to utilize these proteins to control cytokine-induced JAK/STAT signal transduction for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Tan
- Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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Abstract
The signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) were originally identified in the signaling pathway activated by the nontyrosine kinase containing cytokine receptors. The role of these STATs in hematopoietic cell signaling has been well described. In the case of cytokine receptors, activation of STAT tyrosine phosphorylation occurs through ligand-induced recruitment, and activation of the intracellular JAK kinases. However, STATs can also be activated by growth factor receptors, particularly the EGFR; as well as by members of the Src Family of Kinases (SFKs), particularly c-Src. In many cases, there is a differential activation of the STATs by these tyrosine kinases as compared to activation by the cytokine receptors. This difference provides for the potential of unique actions of STATs in response to growth factor receptor and SFK activation. Since there are many cancers in which SFKs and c-Src in particular, are co-overexpressed with growth factor receptors, it is not surprising that STATs play an important role in the tumorigenesis process induced by c-Src. The activation paradigm and role of STATs in these cancers, with particular emphasis on breast cancer models, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne M Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, the Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Health System, Box 800578, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Clevenger CV. Roles and regulation of stat family transcription factors in human breast cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:1449-60. [PMID: 15509516 PMCID: PMC1618660 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stats (for signal transducers and activators of transcription) are a family of transcription factors that regulate cell growth and differentiation. Their activity is latent until phosphorylation by receptor-associated kinases. A sizable body of data from cell lines, mouse models, and human tissues now implicates these transcription factors in the oncogenesis of breast cancer. Because Stat activity is modulated by several posttranslational modifications and protein-protein interactions, these transcription factors are capable of integrating inputs from multiple signaling networks. Given this, the future utilization of Stats as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in human breast cancer appears likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles V Clevenger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 513 SC Labs, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Li L, Shaw PE. A STAT3 dimer formed by inter-chain disulphide bridging during oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 322:1005-11. [PMID: 15336564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are activated by cytokines and growth factors to play distinct roles in immune responses and developmental processes. STATs were thought to exist as latent, cytoplasmic monomers and activation to require dimer formation was mediated exclusively by reciprocal phospho-tyrosine/SH2-domain interactions, but recent evidence of cytoplasmic STAT complexes, including dimers, and unphosphorylated STATs in the nucleus has challenged these notions. STAT complexes detected by conventional SDS-PAGE, including a STAT3 dimer, have been reported. We show that such complexes can form during cell lysis and be disrupted with DTT, suggesting inter-chain disulphide bridging. STAT3 also forms a related complex in cells upon oxidative stress. We map the interaction to the amino-terminal domain of STAT3 and use mass spectrometry to implicate cysteine 259 as the reactive residue. The redox sensitivity of STAT3 may be significant, given its activation in cells in response to reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Li L, Hooi D, Chhabra SR, Pritchard D, Shaw PE. Bacterial N-acylhomoserine lactone-induced apoptosis in breast carcinoma cells correlated with down-modulation of STAT3. Oncogene 2004; 23:4894-902. [PMID: 15064716 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell growth is promoted by mitogens and survival factors, which activate intracellular signalling pathways to control cell cycle progression and cellular integrity. Proliferation signals are transmitted through Ras and Rho family small G-proteins coupled to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, while survival signals are propagated by lipid-dependent kinases such as phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and protein kinase B (Akt/PKB). Recently, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins were identified as positive regulators of proliferation in a variety of cell types. Persistent activation of these pathways is associated with tumour cell growth, whereas their inhibition can halt proliferation and precipitate apoptotic cell death. The human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses quorum-sensing signal molecules (QSSMs) to regulate virulence gene expression. QSSMs also suppress host immune responses although the mechanism of suppression is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the QSSM N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (OdDHL) from P. aeruginosa blocks proliferation and induces apoptosis in human BC cell lines. Analyses of signalling events reveal that OdDHL has little or no effect on MAPK cascades, partially inhibits the Akt/PKB pathway and ablates STAT3 activity. Pharmacological inhibition of each pathway independently indicates that STAT3 activity is critical for BC cell proliferation and survival, while a constitutively active STAT3 confers resistance to OdDHL. These results support the notion of OdDHL as a bioactive molecule in eukaryotic systems and a paradigm for a novel class of antiproliferative compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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48
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Schust J, Berg T. A high-throughput fluorescence polarization assay for signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Anal Biochem 2004; 330:114-8. [PMID: 15183768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is overactive in a wide variety of human tumors. Activity of STAT3 requires its own SH2-domain-mediated binding to phosphotyrosine-containing sequences. We have developed a high-throughput binding assay, based on fluorescence polarization, which allows screening for small molecules that bind to the STAT3 SH2 domain and thereby inhibit its activity. The basis of this assay is the binding of a fluorescein-labeled phosphotyrosine-peptide derived from the interleukin-6 receptor subunit gp130 to unphosphorylated STAT3 with a K(d) of 150 nM. The assay is stable with regard to salt concentration, dimethyl sulfoxide concentration, and time. It has been adapted to a 384-well format, with a Z' value of 0.87, and can be used to screen for small molecules that bind to the STAT3 SH2 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Schust
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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49
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50
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Turkson J, Kim JS, Zhang S, Yuan J, Huang M, Glenn M, Haura E, Sebti S, Hamilton AD, Jove R. Novel peptidomimetic inhibitors of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 dimerization and biological activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.261.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The critical role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) in the growth and survival of human tumor cells identifies it as a promising target for cancer drug discovery. We previously identified a Stat3 SH2 domain-binding phosphopeptide, PY*LKTK, and its tripeptide derivatives, PY*L and AY*L (where Y* represents phosphotyrosine), which inhibit Stat3 biochemical activity and biological function. Here, we report novel peptidomimetic compounds based on PY*L (or AY*L) with substitution of the Y-1 residue by benzyl, pyridyl, or pyrazinyl derivatives that are selective and greater than 5-fold more potent in disrupting Stat3 activity in vitro than lead tripeptides. The biological activities of these derivatives mirror that originally observed for peptides. In this context, the representative peptidomimetic ISS 610 with 4-cyanobenzoate substitution inhibits constitutive Stat3 activity in Src-transformed mouse fibroblasts and human breast and lung carcinoma cells. This effect is not evident with the non-phosphorylated counterpart, ISS 610NP, consistent with interaction of peptidomimetics with the SH2 domain of Stat3. Moreover, ISS 610 induces cell growth inhibition and apoptosis of Src-transformed fibroblasts that contain persistently active Stat3. We present the first report of a peptidomimetic approach to design of small-molecule inhibitors of Stat3 that are also among the first examples of disruptors of transcription factor dimerization with the potential for novel cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Turkson
- 1Molecular Oncology and
- 3Interdisciplinary Oncology, Departments of
| | - Joon S. Kim
- 6Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Shumin Zhang
- 1Molecular Oncology and
- 3Interdisciplinary Oncology, Departments of
| | - Jing Yuan
- 1Molecular Oncology and
- 3Interdisciplinary Oncology, Departments of
| | - Mei Huang
- 1Molecular Oncology and
- 3Interdisciplinary Oncology, Departments of
| | - Matthew Glenn
- 6Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Eric Haura
- 3Interdisciplinary Oncology, Departments of
| | - Said Sebti
- 2Drug Discovery Programs, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
- 3Interdisciplinary Oncology, Departments of
- 4Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
| | | | - Richard Jove
- 1Molecular Oncology and
- 3Interdisciplinary Oncology, Departments of
- 4Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
- 5Pathology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; and
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