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Packard A, Klein WH, Costantini F. Ret signaling in ureteric bud epithelial cells controls cell movements, cell clustering and bud formation. Development 2021; 148:261695. [PMID: 33914865 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ret signaling promotes branching morphogenesis during kidney development, but the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unclear. While Ret-expressing progenitor cells proliferate at the ureteric bud tips, some of these cells exit the tips to generate the elongating collecting ducts, and in the process turn off Ret. Genetic ablation of Ret in tip cells promotes their exit, suggesting that Ret is required for cell rearrangements that maintain the tip compartments. Here, we examine the behaviors of ureteric bud cells that are genetically forced to maintain Ret expression. These cells move to the nascent tips, and remain there during many cycles of branching; this tip-seeking behavior may require positional signals from the mesenchyme, as it occurs in whole kidneys but not in epithelial ureteric bud organoids. In organoids, cells forced to express Ret display a striking self-organizing behavior, attracting each other to form dense clusters within the epithelium, which then evaginate to form new buds. The ability of forced Ret expression to promote these events suggests that similar Ret-dependent cell behaviors play an important role in normal branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Packard
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - William H Klein
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frank Costantini
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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2
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Liu M, Chen P, Hu HY, Ou-Yang DJ, Khushbu RA, Tan HL, Huang P, Chang S. Kinase gene fusions: roles and therapeutic value in progressive and refractory papillary thyroid cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:323-337. [PMID: 33387037 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the major type of thyroid cancer, is increasing rapidly around the world, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. There is poor prognosis for PTC involved in rapidly progressive tumors and resistance to radioiodine therapy. Kinase gene fusions have been discovered to be present in a wide variety of malignant tumors, and an increasing number of novel types have been detected in PTC, especially progressive tumors. As a tumor-driving event, kinase fusions are constitutively activated or overexpress their kinase function, conferring oncogenic potential, and their frequency is second only to BRAFV600E mutation in PTC. Diverse forms of kinase fusions have been observed and are associated with specific pathological features of PTC (usually at an advanced stage), and clinical trials of therapeutic strategies targeting kinase gene fusions are feasible for radioiodine-resistant PTC. This review summarizes the roles of kinase gene fusions in PTC and the value of clinical therapy of targeting fusions in progressive or refractory PTC, and discusses the future perspectives and challenges related to kinase gene fusions in PTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Hui-Yu Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Deng-Jie Ou-Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Rooh-Afza Khushbu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Hai-Long Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Shi Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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3
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Lin CC, Suen KM, Stainthorp A, Wieteska L, Biggs GS, Leitão A, Montanari CA, Ladbury JE. Targeting the Shc-EGFR interaction with indomethacin inhibits MAP kinase pathway signalling. Cancer Lett 2019; 457:86-97. [PMID: 31100409 PMCID: PMC6584941 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated hyperactivation of the MAPK/Erk pathway is responsible for a large number of pathogenic outcomes including many cancers. Considerable effort has been directed at targeting this pathway with varying degrees of long term therapeutic success. Under non-stimulated conditions Erk is bound to the adaptor protein Shc preventing aberrant signalling by sequestering Erk from activation by Mek. Activated RTK recruits Shc, via its phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain (ShcPTB), precipitating the release of Erk to engage in a signalling response. Here we describe a novel approach to inhibition of MAP kinase signal transduction through attempting to preserve the Shc-Erk complex under conditions of activated receptor. A library of existing drug molecules was computationally screened for hits that would bind to the ShcPTB and block its interaction with the RTKs EGFR and ErbB2. The primary hit from the screen was indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Validation of this molecule in vitro and in cellular efficacy studies in cancer cells provides proof of principle of the approach to pathway down-regulation and a potential optimizable lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chuan Lin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Kin Man Suen
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Amy Stainthorp
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lukasz Wieteska
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - George S Biggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EQ, UK
| | - Andrei Leitão
- Medicinal Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (IQSC-USP), 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Montanari
- Medicinal Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (IQSC-USP), 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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4
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Abstract
Shc (Src homology and collagen homology) proteins are considered prototypical signalling adaptors in mammalian cells. Consisting of four unique members, ShcA, B, C and D, and multiple splice isoforms, the family is represented in nearly every cell type in the body, where it engages in an array of fundamental processes to transduce environmental stimuli. Two decades of investigation have begun to illuminate the mechanisms of the flagship ShcA protein, whereas much remains to be learned about the newest discovery, ShcD. It is clear, however, that the distinctive modular architecture of Shc proteins, their promiscuous phosphotyrosine-based interactions with a multitude of membrane receptors, involvement in central cascades including MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and Akt, and unconventional contributions to oxidative stress and apoptosis all require intricate regulation, and underlie diverse physiological function. From early cardiovascular development and neuronal differentiation to lifespan determination and tumorigenesis, Shc adaptors have proven to be more ubiquitous, versatile and dynamic than their structures alone suggest.
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Da Riva L, Bozzi F, Mondellini P, Miccichè F, Fumagalli E, Vaghi E, Tarantino E, Huber V, Gronchi A, Tamborini E, Pierotti MA, Pilotti S, Bongarzone I. Proteomic detection of a large amount of SCGFα in the stroma of GISTs after imatinib therapy. J Transl Med 2011; 9:158. [PMID: 21943129 PMCID: PMC3192683 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most frequent mesenchymal tumors to develop in the digestive tract. These tumors are highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy and only the introduction of imatinib mesylate has improved the prognosis of patients. However, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors are inappropriate for assessing tumor response, and the histological/pathological response to imatinib is variable, heterogeneous, and does not associate with clinical response. The effects of imatinib on responding GISTs are still being explored, and few studies correlate the clinical response with the histological response after pharmacological treatment. Recently, apoptosis and autophagy were suggested as possible alternative mechanisms of pharmacological response. Methods Here, we used a proteomic approach, combined with other analyses, to identify some molecular stromal components related to the response/behavior of resected, high-risk GISTs after neoadiuvant imatinib therapy. Results Our proteomic results indicate an elevated concentration of Stem Cell Growth Factor (SCGF), a hematopoietic growth factor having a role in the development of erythroid and myeloid progenitors, in imatinib-responsive tumor areas. SCGFα expression was detected by mass spectrometry, immunohistochemistry and/or western blot and attributed to acellular matrix of areas scored negative for KIT (CD117). RT-PCR results indicated that GIST samples did not express SCGF transcripts. The recently reported demonstration by Gundacker et al. [1] of the secretion of SCGF in mature pro-inflammatory dendritic cells would indicate a potential importance of SCGF in tissue inflammatory response. Accordingly, inflammatory infiltrates were detected in imatinib-affected areas and the CD68-positivity of the SCGF-positive and KIT-negative areas suggested previous infiltration of monocytes/macrophages into these regions. Thus, chronic inflammation subsequent to imatinib treatment may determine monocyte/macrophage recruitment in imatinib-damaged areas; these areas also feature prominent tumor-cell loss that is replaced by dense hyalinization and fibrosis. Conclusions Our studies highlight a possible role of SCGFα in imatinib-induced changes of GIST structure, consistent with a therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Da Riva
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Fazioli F, Piccinini G, Appolloni G, Bacchiocchi R, Palmonella G, Recchioni R, Pierpaoli E, Silvetti F, Scarpelli M, Bruglia M, Melillo RM, Santoro M, Boscaro M, Taccaliti A. A new germline point mutation in Ret exon 8 (cys515ser) in a family with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2008; 18:775-82. [PMID: 18631007 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2007.0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel Cys-Ser Ret germline point mutation in a 58-year-old woman with bilateral medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) prompted us to perform genetic analysis of the family and evaluate the biological consequences of such a mutation. METHODS Ret analysis by direct sequencing was performed in five family members. The biological activity and biochemical properties of the Ret- Cys515Ser mutant were analyzed in NIH-3T3 cells. RESULTS The proband's son, age 35, had the Ret- Cys515Ser mutation and the L769 CTT/CTG exon 13 polymorphic variant, which was also found in his father. Clinical evaluation of the son also revealed bilateral multifocal microscopic MTC and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). In vitro and in vivo analysis indicated ligand-independent activation of the Ret-Cys515Ser mutant due to aberrant disulfide homodimerization, increased mitogenic activity, and ability to induce anchorage-independent growth in NIH-3T3 cells in comparison to wild-type Ret, suggesting a possible role of Cys515Ser in tumor development. CONCLUSIONS The Cys515Ser mutation adds to cysteine substitution groups that have been described in association with MTC. Our data also highlight the importance of performing a complete genetic analysis in patients who present with MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fazioli
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy.
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Smith MJ, Hardy WR, Murphy JM, Jones N, Pawson T. Screening for PTB domain binding partners and ligand specificity using proteome-derived NPXY peptide arrays. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:8461-74. [PMID: 16982700 PMCID: PMC1636785 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01491-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Modular interaction domains that recognize peptide motifs in target proteins can impart selectivity in signaling pathways. Phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains are components of cytoplasmic docking proteins that bind cell surface receptors through NPXY motifs. We have employed a library of human proteome-derived NXXY sequences to explore PTB domain specificity and function. SPOTS peptide arrays were used to create a comprehensive matrix of receptor motifs that were probed with a set of 10 diverse PTB domains. This approach confirmed that individual PTB domains have selective and distinct recognition properties and provided a means to explore over 2,500 potential PTB domain-NXXY interactions. The results correlated well with previously known associations between full-length proteins and predicted novel interactions, as well as consensus binding data for specific PTB domains. Using the Ret, MuSK, and ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinases, we show that interactions of these receptors with PTB domains predicted to bind by the NXXY arrays do occur in cells. Proteome-based peptide arrays can therefore identify networks of receptor interactions with scaffold proteins that may be physiologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Smith
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
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8
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Gorla L, Cantù M, Miccichè F, Patelli C, Mondellini P, Pierotti MA, Bongarzone I. RET oncoproteins induce tyrosine phosphorylation changes of proteins involved in RNA metabolism. Cell Signal 2006; 18:2272-82. [PMID: 16843637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of proteins induced in response to RET/PTC2, an oncogene implicated in thyroid cancers. Anti-phosphotyrosine antibody affinity resin was used to purify Tyr(P)-containing and interacting proteins from 293T and NIH3T3 cells which were transfected with kinase active or inactive RET/PTC and RETMEN2 oncogenes. Proteins were separated by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE, extracted by in-gel digestion, and identified by MALDI-TOF peptide mass fingerprinting. The expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of Sam68, a protein implicated in mRNA nucleocytoplasmic translocation and splicing, were further examined in RET-transfected cells and thyroid tumors. Of relevance, cells transfected with RETMEN2B examined for anti-phosphotyrosine bound proteins, showed other proteins implicated in splicing: DEAD-box p68 RNA helicase, SYNCRIP, and hnRNP K. Western blotting analysis suggested that these proteins are singularly tyrosine phosphorylated in RETMEN2B-transfected cells, and that they constitutively bind with Sam68. The study concludes that regulation of splicing factors is likely to be important in RET-mediated thyroid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gorla
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Experimental Oncology and Lab. Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan Italy
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9
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Arighi E, Borrello MG, Sariola H. RET tyrosine kinase signaling in development and cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 16:441-67. [PMID: 15982921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The variety of diseases caused by mutations in RET receptor tyrosine kinase provides a classic example of phenotypic heterogeneity. Gain-of-function mutations of RET are associated with human cancer. Gene rearrangements juxtaposing the tyrosine kinase domain to heterologous gene partners have been found in sporadic papillary carcinomas of the thyroid (PTC). These rearrangements generate chimeric RET/PTC oncogenes. In the germline, point mutations of RET are responsible for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2A and 2B) and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC). Both MEN 2 mutations and PTC gene rearrangements potentiate the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of RET and, ultimately, activate the RET downstream targets. Loss-of-function mutations of RET cause Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) or colonic aganglionosis. A deeper understanding of the molecular signaling of normal versus abnormal RET activity in cancer will enable the development of potential new treatments for patients with sporadic and inherited thyroid cancer or MEN 2 syndrome. We now review the role and mechanisms of RET signaling in development and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Arighi
- Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Borrello MG, Alberti L, Fischer A, Degl'innocenti D, Ferrario C, Gariboldi M, Marchesi F, Allavena P, Greco A, Collini P, Pilotti S, Cassinelli G, Bressan P, Fugazzola L, Mantovani A, Pierotti MA. Induction of a proinflammatory program in normal human thyrocytes by the RET/PTC1 oncogene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:14825-30. [PMID: 16203990 PMCID: PMC1253545 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503039102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase gene generating RET/PTC oncogenes are specific to papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most frequent thyroid tumor. Here, we show that the RET/PTC1 oncogene, when exogenously expressed in primary normal human thyrocytes, induces the expression of a large set of genes involved in inflammation and tumor invasion, including those encoding chemokines (CCL2, CCL20, CXCL8, and CXCL12), chemokine receptors (CXCR4), cytokines (IL1B, CSF-1, GM-CSF, and G-CSF), matrix-degrading enzymes (metalloproteases and urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor), and adhesion molecules (L-selectin). This effect is strictly dependent on the presence of the RET/PTC1 Tyr-451 (corresponding to RET Tyr-1062 multidocking site). Selected relevant genes (CCL20, CCL2, CXCL8, CXCR4, L-selectin, GM-CSF, IL1B, MMP9, UPA, and SPP1/OPN) were found up-regulated also in clinical samples of PTC, particularly those characterized by RET/PTC activation, local extrathyroid spread, and lymph node metastases, when compared with normal thyroid tissue or follicular thyroid carcinoma. These results, demonstrating that the RET/PTC1 oncogene activates a proinflammatory program, provide a direct link between a transforming human oncogene, inflammation, and malignant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Borrello
- Departments of Experimental Oncology, Research Units 3 and 14, and Pathology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
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11
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Baughn LB, Rosenberg N. Disruption of the Shc/Grb2 complex during abelson virus transformation affects proliferation, but not apoptosis. J Virol 2005; 79:2325-34. [PMID: 15681433 PMCID: PMC546584 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.4.2325-2334.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The v-Abl protein tyrosine kinase encoded by Abelson murine leukemia virus (Ab-MLV) induces pre-B-cell transformation. Signals emanating from the SH2 domain of the protein are required for transformation, and several proteins bind this region of v-Abl. One such protein is the adaptor molecule Shc, a protein that complexes with Grb2/Sos and facilitates Ras activation, an event associated with Ab-MLV transformation. To test the role this interaction plays in growth and survival of infected pre-B cells, dominant-negative (DN) Shc proteins were coexpressed with v-Abl and transformation was examined. Expression of DN Shc reduced Ab-MLV pre-B-cell transformation and decreased the ability of v-Abl to stimulate Ras activation and Erk phosphorylation in a Raf-dependent but Rac-independent fashion. Further analysis revealed that Shc is required for v-Abl-mediated Raf tyrosine 340 and 341 phosphorylation, an event associated with Erk phosphorylation. In contrast to effects on proliferation, survival of the cells and activation of Akt were not affected by expression of DN Shc. Together, these data reveal that v-Abl-Shc interactions are a critical part of the growth stimulatory signals delivered during transformation but that they do not affect antiapoptotic pathways. Furthermore, these data highlight a novel role for Shc in signaling from v-Abl to Raf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda B Baughn
- Immunology Graduate Program, Sacker School of Graduate Biomedicals Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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12
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Degl'Innocenti D, Arighi E, Popsueva A, Sangregorio R, Alberti L, Rizzetti MG, Ferrario C, Sariola H, Pierotti MA, Borrello MG. Differential requirement of Tyr1062 multidocking site by RET isoforms to promote neural cell scattering and epithelial cell branching. Oncogene 2004; 23:7297-309. [PMID: 15326489 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase RET is alternatively spliced to yield two main isoforms, RET9 and RET51, which differ in their carboxyl terminal. Activated RET induces different biological responses such as morphological transformation, neurite outgrowth, proliferation, cell migration and branching. The two isoforms have been suggested to have separate intracellular signaling pathways and different roles in mouse development. Here we show that both isoforms are able to induce cell scattering of SK-N-MC neuroepithelioma cell line and branching tubule formation in MDCK cell line. However, the Y1062F mutation, which abrogates the transforming activity of both activated RET isoforms in NIH3T3 cells, does not abolish scattering and branching morphogenesis of RET51, whereas impairs these biological effects of RET9. The GDNF-induced biological effects of RET51 are inhibited by the simultaneous abrogation of both Tyr1062 and Tyr1096 docking sites. Thus, Tyr1096 may substitute the functions of Tyr1062. GRB2 is the only known adaptor protein binding to Tyr1096. Dominant-negative GRB2 expressed in MDCK cells together with RET9 or RET51 significantly reduces branching. Therefore, GRB2 is necessary for RET-mediated branching of MDCK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Degl'Innocenti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Unit #3, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian, 1 20133 Milan, Italy
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13
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Hwang ES, Kim DW, Hwang JH, Jung HS, Suh JM, Park YJ, Chung HK, Song JH, Park KC, Park SH, Yun HJ, Kim JM, Shong M. Regulation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT1-Dependent Genes by RET/PTC (Rearranged in Transformation/Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma) Oncogenic Tyrosine Kinases. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 18:2672-84. [PMID: 15297606 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Chimeric RET/PTC (rearranged in transformation/papillary thyroid carcinoma) oncoproteins are constitutively active tyrosine kinases found in thyroid papillary carcinoma and nonneoplastic Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Although several proteins have been identified to be substrates of RET/PTC kinases, the pathogenic roles played by RET/PTC in malignant and benign thyroid diseases and the molecular mechanisms that are involved are not fully understood. We found that RET/PTC expression phosphorylates the Y701 residue of STAT1, a type II interferon (IFN)-responsive protein. RET/PTC-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation requires RET/PTC kinase activity to be intact but other tyrosine kinases, such as Janus kinases or c-Src, are not involved. RET/PTC-induced STAT1 transcriptional activation was not inhibited by suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 or -3, or protein inhibitors of activated STAT3 [(protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS3)], but PIAS1 strongly repressed the RET/PTC-induced transcriptional activity of STAT1. RET/PTC-induced STAT1 activation caused IFN regulatory factor-1 expression. We found that STAT1 and IFN regulatory factor-1 cooperated to significantly increase transcription from type IV IFN-γresponsive promoters of class II transactivator genes. Significantly, cells stably expressing RET/PTC expressed class II transactivator and showed enhanced de novo membrane expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II proteins. Furthermore, RET/PTC1-bearing papillary thyroid carcinoma cells strongly expressed MHC class II (human leukocyte-associated antigen-DRα) genes, whereas the surrounding normal tissues did not. Thus, RET/PTC is able to phosphorylate and activate STAT1. This may lead to enhanced MHC class II expression, which may explain why the tissues surrounding RET/PTC-positive cancers are infiltrated with lymphocytes. Such immune response-promoting activity of RET/PTC may also relate to the development of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Suk Hwang
- Laboratory of Endocrine Cell Biology, National Research Laboratory Program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Castellone MD, Celetti A, Guarino V, Cirafici AM, Basolo F, Giannini R, Medico E, Kruhoffer M, Orntoft TF, Curcio F, Fusco A, Melillo RM, Santoro M. Autocrine stimulation by osteopontin plays a pivotal role in the expression of the mitogenic and invasive phenotype of RET/PTC-transformed thyroid cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:2188-96. [PMID: 14981541 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinomas are characterized by rearrangements of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase generating RET/PTC oncogenes. Here we show that osteopontin (OPN), a secreted glycoprotein, is a major RET/PTC-induced transcriptional target in PC Cl 3 thyroid follicular cells. OPN upregulation depended on the integrity of the RET/PTC kinase and tyrosines Y1015 and Y1062, two major RET/PTC autophosphorylation sites. RET/PTC also induced a strong overexpression of CD44, a cell surface signalling receptor for OPN. Upregulation of CD44 was dependent on RET/PTC Y1062, as well. Constitutive OPN overexpression or treatment with exogenous recombinant OPN sharply increased proliferation, Matrigel invasion and spreading in collagen gels of RET/PTC-transformed PC Cl 3 cells. These effects were impaired by the treatment of PC Cl 3-RET/PTC cells with OPN- and CD44-locking antibodies. Thus, RET/PTC signalling triggers an autocrine loop involving OPN and CD44 that sustains proliferation and invasion of transfomed PC Cl 3 thyrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Domenica Castellone
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, University Federico II c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, Naples, Italy
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Sarlis
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia & Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas--M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77082, USA
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16
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Fischer AH, Taysavang P, Jhiang SM. Nuclear envelope irregularity is induced by RET/PTC during interphase. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:1091-100. [PMID: 12937150 PMCID: PMC1868259 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear envelope (NE) irregularity is an important diagnostic feature of cancer, and its molecular basis is not understood. One possible cause is abnormal postmitotic NE re-assembly, such that a rounded contour is never achieved before the next mitosis. Alternatively, dynamic forces could deform the NE during interphase following an otherwise normal postmitotic NE re-assembly. To distinguish these possibilities, normal human thyroid epithelial cells were microinjected with the papillary thyroid carcinoma oncogene (RET/PTC1 short isoform, known to induce NE irregularity), an attenuated version of RET/PTC1 lacking the leucine zipper dimerization domain (RET/PTC1 Deltazip), H (V-12) RAS, and labeled dextran. Cells were fixed at 6 or 18 to 24 hours, stained for lamins and the products of microinjected plasmids, and scored blindly using previously defined criteria for NE irregularity. 6.5% of non-injected thyrocytes showed NE irregularity. Neither dextran nor RAS microinjections increased NE irregularity. In contrast, RET/PTC1 microinjection induced NE irregularity in 27% of cells at 6 hours and 37% of cells at 18 to 24 hours. RET/PTC1 Deltazip induced significantly less irregularity. Since irregularity develops quickly, and since no mitoses and only rare possible postmitotic cells were scored, postmitotic NE re-assembly does not appear necessary for RET/PTC signaling to induce an irregular NE contour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Fischer
- Department of Pathology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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17
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Knauf JA, Kuroda H, Basu S, Fagin JA. RET/PTC-induced dedifferentiation of thyroid cells is mediated through Y1062 signaling through SHC-RAS-MAP kinase. Oncogene 2003; 22:4406-12. [PMID: 12853977 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the RET proto-oncogene in papillary thyroid carcinomas results from rearrangements linking the promoter(s) and N-terminal domains of unrelated genes to the C-terminus of RET tyrosine kinase (RET/PTC). RET/PTC expression has been demonstrated to inhibit transcription of thyroid-specific genes. To study the signal transduction pathways responsible for this, we generated PCCL3 thyroid cells with doxycycline-inducible expression of RET/PTC3, RET/PTC3(Y541F), or PTC2/PDZ. Acute expression of RET/PTC(Y541F) appropriately interacted with Shc, an intermediate in the activation of the Ras pathway, but failed to activate PLCgamma. By contrast, PTC2/PDZ failed to bind Shc, but interacted normally with PLCgamma. Acute expression of RET/PTC3 or RET/PTC3(Y541F), but not PTC2/PDZ, inhibited TSH-induced Tg and NIS expression, suggesting that activation of Shc-Ras, but not PLCgamma, is required for RET/PTC-induced dedifferentiation. Accordingly, acute expression of H-Ras(V12) or of a constitutively active MEK1 also blocked TSH-induced expression of Tg and NIS. Moreover, MEK inhibitors restored Tg and NIS levels. In conclusion, activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK pathway through Shc mediates RET/PTC-induced thyroid cell dedifferentiation. This suggests that inhibition of this pathway may promote redifferentiation in poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas with constitutive activation of either Ras or RET/PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Knauf
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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18
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Castellone MD, Cirafici AM, De Vita G, De Falco V, Malorni L, Tallini G, Fagin JA, Fusco A, Melillo RM, Santoro M. Ras-mediated apoptosis of PC CL 3 rat thyroid cells induced by RET/PTC oncogenes. Oncogene 2003; 22:246-55. [PMID: 12527893 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
RET gene rearrangements, which generate chimeric RET/PTC oncogenes, are early events in the evolution of thyroid papillary carcinomas. Expression of RET/PTC oncogenes promotes neoplastic transformation of cultured thyroid cells and of thyroid glands in transgenic mice. Notwithstanding these oncogenic effects, we have found that the expression of two RET/PTC oncogenes (H4-RET and RFG-RET) induces apoptosis of rat thyroid PC CL 3 cells. Promotion of thyroid cell death depends on the kinase activity of RET/PTC and on the phosphorylation of a tyrosine residue (tyrosine 1062) that maps in the carboxy-terminus of the RET protein. Tyrosine 1062 is essential for RET/PTC-mediated activation of the Ras/ERK pathway. Inhibition of Ras/ERK by a dominant negative Ras or by the MEKI inhibitor, PD98059, obstructed RET/PTC-mediated apoptosis. We also show that signals transmitted by tyrosine 1062 mediate proapoptotic events like Bcl-2 down regulation and Bax upregulation, and that adoptive overexpression of Bcl-2 overcomes RET/PTC-induced apoptosis. Thus, gene rearrangements that generate RET/PTC oncogenes subvert RET function by converting it into a chronically active kinase that is constitutively phosphorylated on tyrosine 1062. In turn, Y1062 phosphorylation transmits not only mitogenic but also proapoptotic signals to thyroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Domenica Castellone
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, c/o Dipartimento di Biologia, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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19
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Roccato E, Miranda C, Ranzi V, Gishizki M, Pierotti MA, Greco A. Biological activity of the thyroid TRK-T3 oncogene requires signalling through Shc. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:645-53. [PMID: 12237775 PMCID: PMC2364237 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2002] [Revised: 06/25/2002] [Accepted: 06/26/2002] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid TRK-T3 oncogene, produced by a chromosomal translocation, is a chimeric, constitutively activated version of the NTRK1/NGF receptor and it is able to transform NIH3T3 cells and differentiate PC12 cells. TRK-T3 oncoprotein triggers multiple signal transduction pathways. Among others, TRK-T3 binds and phosphorylates the Shc and SNT1/FRS2 adaptor proteins both involved in coupling the receptor tyrosine kinase to the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by recruiting Grb2/SOS. We were interested in defining the role of Shc in the oncogenesis by TRK-T3. The mutation of TRK-T3 tyrosine 291, docking site for both Shc and FRS2, abrogates the oncogene biological activity. To directly explore the role of Shc we used the ShcY317F mutant, which carries the mutation of a tyrosine residue involved in Grb2 recruitment. We demonstrated that the ShcY317F mutant exerts an inhibitory effect on TRK-T3 transforming activity. Such effect can be modulated by the amount of ShcY317F protein and affects the viability of cells expressing TRK-T3 by means of a mechanism involving apoptosis. Our results indicate a definitive role of the adaptor protein Shc in TRK-T3 transforming activity.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Fragmentation
- Genes, Dominant
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mutation
- Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Plasmids
- Precipitin Tests
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor, trkA/genetics
- Receptor, trkA/metabolism
- Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins
- Signal Transduction
- Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- src Homology Domains
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roccato
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
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20
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Borrello MG, Mercalli E, Perego C, Degl'Innocenti D, Ghizzoni S, Arighi E, Eroini B, Rizzetti MG, Pierotti MA. Differential interaction of Enigma protein with the two RET isoforms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 296:515-22. [PMID: 12176011 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase RET, with a known role in embryonic development and in human pathologies, is alternatively spliced to yield at least two functional isoforms, which differ only in their carboxyl terminal. Enigma protein is a member of the PDZ-LIM family and is known to interact with the short isoform of RET/PTC2, a chimeric oncoprotein isolated from papillary thyroid carcinoma. Here, we show that Enigma also interacts in intact cells with the short isoform of RET-wt and of its pathologic mutants associated to MEN2 syndromes, RET-C634R and RET-M918T. In contrast, Enigma binds all the corresponding RET long isoforms very poorly and colocalizes with short but not long RET/PTC2 isoforms. The RET docking tyrosine for Enigma is the last but one before the divergence between the two isoforms and we demonstrated that short-isoform-specific amino acid residues +2 to +4 to this tyrosine are required for the interaction of RET/PTC2 with Enigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Borrello
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Unit #3, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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