1
|
Raffegerst SH, Hoelzlwimmer G, Kunder S, Mysliwietz J, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Schendel DJ. Diverse hematological malignancies including hodgkin-like lymphomas develop in chimeric MHC class II transgenic mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8539. [PMID: 20046882 PMCID: PMC2796171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A chimeric HLA-DR4-H2-E (DR4) homozygous transgenic mouse line spontaneously develops diverse hematological malignancies with high frequency (70%). The majority of malignancies were distributed equally between T and B cell neoplasms and included lymphoblastic T cell lymphoma (LTCL), lymphoblastic B cell lymphoma (LBCL), diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the histiocyte/T cell rich variant of DLBCL (DLBCL-HA/T cell rich DLBCL), splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL), follicular B cell lymphoma (FBL) and plasmacytoma (PCT). Most of these neoplasms were highly similar to human diseases. Also, some non-lymphoid malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and histiocytic sarcoma were found. Interestingly, composite lymphomas, including Hodgkin-like lymphomas, were also detected that had CD30(+) Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (H/RS)-like cells, representing a tumor type not previously described in mice. Analysis of microdissected H/RS-like cells revealed their origin as germinal center B cells bearing somatic hypermutations and, in some instances, crippled mutations, as described for human Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Transgene integration in an oncogene was excluded as an exclusive driving force of tumorigenesis and age-related lymphoma development suggests a multi-step process. Thus, this DR4 line is a useful model to investigate common molecular mechanisms that may contribute to important neoplastic diseases in man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke H Raffegerst
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nielsen AA, Kjartansdóttir KR, Rasmussen MH, Sørensen AB, Wang B, Wabl M, Pedersen FS. Activation of the brain-specific neurogranin gene in murine T-cell lymphomas by proviral insertional mutagenesis. Gene 2009; 442:55-62. [PMID: 19376211 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurogranin (Nrgn) is a highly expressed brain-specific protein, which sequesters calmodulin at low Ca(2+)-levels. We report here on retroviral activation of the Nrgn gene in tumors induced by the T-cell lymphomagenic SL3-3 murine leukemia virus. We have performed a systematic expression analysis of Nrgn in various mouse tissues and SL3-3 induced T-cell tumors. This demonstrated that insertional activation of Nrgn increased RNA and protein expression levels to that observed in brain. Furthermore, elevated Nrgn expression was also observed in some T-cell tumors with no detected provirus integrations into this genomic region. The presented data demonstrate that Nrgn can be produced at high levels outside the brain, and suggest a novel oncogenic role in T-cell lymphomas in mice.
Collapse
|
3
|
Toyonaga K, Kikuchi H, Yamashita K, Nakayama M, Chijiiwa K, Nakayama T. E2A participates in a fine control of pre-mature B-cell apoptosis mediated by B-cell receptor signaling via transcriptional regulation of survivin, IAP2 and caspase-8 genes. FEBS J 2009; 276:1418-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
4
|
Liu J, Sørensen AB, Wang B, Wabl M, Nielsen AL, Pedersen FS. Identification of novel Bach2 transcripts and protein isoforms through tagging analysis of retroviral integrations in B-cell lymphomas. BMC Mol Biol 2009; 10:2. [PMID: 19159451 PMCID: PMC2635362 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bach2 gene functions as a transcriptional repressor in B-cells, showing high expression level only before the plasma cell stage. Several lines of evidence indicate that Bach2 is a B-cell specific tumor suppressor. We here address patterns of insertional mutagenesis and expression of Bach2 is a murine retroviral model of B-cell lymphoma induction. RESULTS We report that the Bach2 gene is a target of proviral integrations in B-cell lymphomas induced by murine leukemia virus. An alternative Bach2 promoter was identified within intron 2 and this promoter was activated in one of the tumors harboring proviral integration. The alternative promoter was active in both normal and tumor tissue and the tissue specificity of the two Bach2 promoters was similar. Three different alternatively used Bach2 terminal exons were identified to be located in intron 4. The inclusion of these exons resulted in the generation of Bach2 mRNA with open reading frames lacking the bZIP DNA binding domain present in the normal Bach2 protein, but retaining a partial BTB protein dimerization domain. Such Bach2 protein was excluded from the cell nucleus. CONCLUSION We have identified an alternative promoter and new protein isoforms of Bach2. Our data imply that activation of an alternative promoter by proviral integration serves as a possible mechanism of up-regulation of the Bach2 gene with a potential role in B-cell lymphomagenesis. The finding of novel Bach2 transcripts and protein isoforms will facilitate a better insight into the normal and pathophysiological regulation of the Bach2 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, C.F. Møllers Allé 1.130, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Palamarchuk A, Zanesi N, Aqeilan RI, Efanov A, Maximov V, Santanam U, Hagan JP, Croce CM, Pekarsky Y. Tal1 transgenic expression reveals absence of B lymphocytes. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6014-7. [PMID: 16778172 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
TAL1 oncogene encodes a helix-loop-helix transcription factor, Tal1, which is required for blood cell development, and its activation is a frequent event in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Tal1 interacts and inhibits other helix-loop-helix factors such as E47 and HEB. To investigate the function of Tal1 in B cells, we generated Emu-TAL1 transgenic mouse line, expressing Tal1 in mouse B-cell lineage. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of lymphocytes isolated from spleens of five out of five founders reveals complete absence of IgM- or CD19-expressing cells. Only 2% to 3% of these cells were B220+ and 100% of B220+ cells were CD43+, indicating that these mice were able to make pro-B cells. Similarly, FACS analysis of bone marrow cells in Emu-TAL1 mice revealed complete absence of B220+IgM+ and B220+CD19+ cells. Analysis of the recombination status of IgH genes revealed the presence of D-J but absence or drastic reduction of V-D-J rearrangements. Our results suggest that Tal1 overexpression in B cells results in a phenotype similar to that of B cells of E47/E2A knockout animals. This represents first in vivo evidence that Tal1 can completely inhibit E47/E2A function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Palamarchuk
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Human Cancer Genetics Program, OSU School of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma SL, Sørensen AB, Kunder S, Sørensen KD, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Morris DW, Schmidt J, Pedersen FS. The Icsbp locus is a common proviral insertion site in mature B-cell lymphomas/plasmacytomas induced by exogenous murine leukemia virus. Virology 2006; 352:306-18. [PMID: 16780917 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
ICSBP (interferon consensus sequence binding protein)/IRF8 (interferon regulatory factor 8) is an interferon gamma-inducible transcription factor expressed predominantly in hematopoietic cells, and down-regulation of this factor has been observed in chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia in man. By screening about 1200 murine leukemia virus (MLV)-induced lymphomas, we found proviral insertions at the Icsbp locus in 14 tumors, 13 of which were mature B-cell lymphomas or plasmacytomas. Only one was a T-cell lymphoma, although such tumors constituted about half of the samples screened. This indicates that the Icsbp locus can play a specific role in the development of mature B-lineage malignancies. Two proviral insertions in the last Icsbp exon were found to act by a poly(A)-insertion mechanism. The remaining insertions were found within or outside Icsbp. Since our results showed expression of Icsbp RNA and protein in all end-stage tumor samples, a simple tumor suppressor function of ICSBP is not likely. Interestingly, proviral insertions at Icsbp have not been reported from previous extensive screenings of mature B-cell lymphomas induced by endogenous MLVs. We propose that ICSBP might be involved in an early modulation of an immune response to exogenous MLVs that might also play a role in proliferation of the mature B-cell lymphomas.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/pathogenicity
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/etiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology
- Mice
- Plasmacytoma/etiology
- Plasmacytoma/genetics
- Plasmacytoma/pathology
- Plasmacytoma/virology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Virus Integration/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Liang Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, C.F. Møllers Alle, Bldg. 130, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Uren AG, Kool J, Berns A, van Lohuizen M. Retroviral insertional mutagenesis: past, present and future. Oncogene 2005; 24:7656-72. [PMID: 16299527 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral insertion mutagenesis screens in mice are powerful tools for efficient identification of oncogenic mutations in an in vivo setting. Many oncogenes identified in these screens have also been shown to play a causal role in the development of human cancers. Sequencing and annotation of the mouse genome, along with recent improvements in insertion site cloning has greatly facilitated identification of oncogenic events in retrovirus-induced tumours. In this review, we discuss the features of retroviral insertion mutagenesis screens, covering the mechanisms by which retroviral insertions mutate cellular genes, the practical aspects of insertion site cloning, the identification and analysis of common insertion sites, and finally we address the potential for use of somatic insertional mutagens in the study of nonhaematopoietic and nonmammary tumour types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G Uren
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pegram MD, Pietras R, Bajamonde A, Klein P, Fyfe G. Targeted therapy: wave of the future. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:1776-81. [PMID: 15755985 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Pegram
- Division on Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Meidcine at Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Retroviral insertional mutagenesis has been applied to identify oncogenes that are important for both human and rodent carcinogenesis. The method reveals not only primary oncogenes but also cooperative genes that might be affected as second or third hits in multistep carcinogenesis. The use of genetically engineered mice such as NUP98-HOXA9 transgenic mice enabled efficient identification of cooperative genes, which provides important information for the molecular pathway in carcinogenesis/leukemogenesis. With use of the retrovirus mediated gene transfer system, retroviral insertional mutagenesis will provide invaluable information to understand genetic interaction in complex mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Nakamura
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 1-37-1 Kami-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8455.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Theodorou V, Boer M, Weigelt B, Jonkers J, van der Valk M, Hilkens J. Fgf10 is an oncogene activated by MMTV insertional mutagenesis in mouse mammary tumors and overexpressed in a subset of human breast carcinomas. Oncogene 2004; 23:6047-55. [PMID: 15208658 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) infection causes a high incidence of murine mammary carcinomas by insertion of its proviral DNA in the genome of mammary epithelial cells. Retroviral insertion can activate flanking proto-oncogenes by a process called insertional mutagenesis. By sequencing the DNA adjacent to MMTV proviral insertions in mammary tumors from BALB/c mice infected with C3H-MMTV, we have found a common MMTV insertion site in the Fgf10 locus. RT-PCR studies showed that Fgf10 is expressed only in those tumors harboring a MMTV proviral insertion in this locus, suggesting that Fgf10 is a proto-oncogene. The oncogenicity of Fgf10 was evaluated in vivo by subcutaneous transplantation of retrovirally transduced HC11 mammary epithelial cells into BALB/c mice. Highly vascularized invasive subcutaneous tumors developed indicating that Fgf10 can act as an oncogene. A survey of primary human breast carcinomas revealed strongly elevated Fgf10 mRNA levels in approximately 10% of the tumors tested, suggesting that Fgf10 may also be involved in oncogenicity of a subset of human breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Theodorou
- Division of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Broussard DR, Lozano MM, Dudley JP. Rorgamma (Rorc) is a common integration site in type B leukemogenic virus-induced T-cell lymphomas. J Virol 2004; 78:4943-6. [PMID: 15078980 PMCID: PMC387709 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.9.4943-4946.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The retrovirus type B leukemogenic virus (TBLV) causes T-cell lymphomas in mice. We have identified the Rorgamma locus as an integration site in 19% of TBLV-induced tumors. Overexpression of one or more Rorgamma isoforms in >77% of the tumors tested may complement apoptotic effects of c-myc overexpression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana R Broussard
- Section of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tarantul VZ. Transgenic Mice as an In Vivo Model of Lymphomagenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2004; 236:123-80. [PMID: 15261738 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)36004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review covers multiple data obtained on genetically modified mice that help to elucidate various intricate molecular mechanisms of lymphomagenesis in humans. We are in a "golden age" of mouse genetics. The mouse is by far the most accessible mammalian system physiologically similar to humans. Transgenic mouse models have illuminated how different genes contribute to human lymphomagenesis. Multiple experiments with transgenic mice have not only confirmed the data obtained for human lymphomas but also gave additional evidence for the role of some genes and cooperative participation of their products in the development of human lymphomas. Genes and gene networks detected on transgenic mice can successfully serve as molecular targets for tumor therapy. This review demonstrates the extraordinary possibilities of transgenic technology, which is presently one of the readily available, efficient, and accurate tools to solve the problem of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Z Tarantul
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 123182, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim HJ, Kim JY, Park YY, Choi HS. Synergistic activation of the human orphan nuclear receptor SHP gene promoter by basic helix-loop-helix protein E2A and orphan nuclear receptor SF-1. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:6860-72. [PMID: 14627819 PMCID: PMC290273 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2003] [Revised: 10/14/2003] [Accepted: 10/14/2003] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2) is an unusual orphan nuclear receptor that lacks a conventional DNA-binding domain and acts as a modulator of transcriptional activities of a number of nuclear receptors. We have previously reported that the orphan nuclear receptor ERRgamma activates the SHP promoter. In this study, we have found that basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, the E2A proteins (E47, E12 and E2/5), activated the human but not the mouse SHP promoter. In contrast, the tissue-specific E47 heterodimer partner BETA2 repressed the E47- mediated transactivation of the human SHP (hSHP) promoter. Using serial deletions and E-box mutant constructs of the hSHP promoter, we identified two E-boxes (E6 and E7) as E47-responsive E-boxes, which are not conserved in the mouse SHP promoter. Moreover, gel shift, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and northern blot assays demonstrated that E47 directly binds to the hSHP promoter in vivo and in vitro and that Id proteins inhibited E47 binding to the hSHP promoter. Finally, we found that E47 and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), a regulator of the SHP promoter, synergistically activate the human but not the mouse SHP promoter. Our findings suggest that the E2A proteins differentially regulate the human and mouse SHP promoters and cooperate with orphan nuclear receptor SF-1 for transcriptional activation of the hSHP promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jong Kim
- Hormone Research Center, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Slow transforming retroviruses, such as the Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV), induce tumors upon infection of a host after a relatively long latency period. The underlying mechanism leading to cell transformation is the activation of proto-oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes as a consequence of proviral insertions into the host genome. Cells carrying proviral insertions that confer a selective advantage will preferentially grow out. This means that proviral insertions mark genes contributing to tumorigenesis, as was demonstrated by the identification of numerous proto-oncogenes in retrovirally induced tumors in the past. Since cancer is a complex multistep process, the proviral insertions in one clone of tumor cells also represent oncogenic events that cooperate in tumorigenesis. Novel advances, such as the launch of the complete mouse genome, high-throughput isolation of proviral flanking sequences, and genetically modified animals have revolutionized proviral tagging into an elegant and efficient approach to identify signaling pathways that collaborate in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Mikkers
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|